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Polyimide materials with high mechanical strength are widely used in various fields, but pose certain challenges in achieving sustainable material utilization. A poly(imide‐imide) vitrimer material (ADTA) based on multiple dynamic covalent bonds (imide, imine, and disulfide bonds) was constructed by preparing vanillin difunctionalized derivatives (DVA) for aldolamine condensation reactions with bis‐amine monomers (ATFA) and tris(2‐aminoethyl) amines (TAEA) with imide structures. The ADTA material has good 5% thermal stability Td5% (278.87°C), high energy storage modulus E (2421.26 MPa), and fast relaxation time (36.39 s). The thermal stability and mechanical properties of the material are enhanced by the more stable alicyclic structure of the imide structure. The material also demonstrated excellent solvent resistance and self‐healing properties. This study provides a new option for the development of sustainable utilization of polyimide materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst the global trend of advancing renewable energies toward carbon neutrality, energy storage becomes increasingly critical due to the intermittency of renewables. As an alternative to lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), aqueous batteries have received growing attention for large‐scale energy storage due to their economical and safe features. Despite the fruitful achievements at the material level, the reliability and lifetime of aqueous batteries are still far from satisfactory. Alike LIBs, integrating smartness is essential for more reliable and long‐life aqueous batteries via operando monitoring and automatic response to extreme abuses. In this review, recent advances in sensing techniques and multifunctional battery‐sensor systems together with self‐healing methods in aqueous batteries is summarized. The significant role of artificial intelligence in designing and optimizing aqueous batteries with high efficiency is also highlighted. Ultimately, it is extrapolated toward the future and present the humble perspective for building smarter aqueous batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor‐associated thrombus (TAT) accounts for a high proportion of venous thromboembolism. Traditional thrombolysis and anticoagulation methods are not effective due to various complications and contraindications, which can easily lead to patients dying from TAT rather than the tumor itself. These clinical issues demonstrate the need to research diverse pathways for adjuvant thrombolysis in antitumor therapy. Previously, the phenotypic and functional transformation of monocytes/macrophages is widely reported to be involved in intratribal collagen regulation. This study finds that myeloid deficiency of the oncogene SHP2 sensitizes Ly6Clow monocyte/macrophage differentiation and can alleviate thrombus organization by increasing thrombolytic Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2/9 activities. Moreover, pharmacologic inhibition by SHP099, examined in mouse lung metastatic tumor models, reduces tumor and thrombi burden in tumor metastatic lung tissues. Furthermore, SHP099 increases intrathrombus Ly6Clow monocyte/macrophage infiltration and exhibits thrombolytic function at high concentrations. To improve the thrombolytic effect of SHP099, NanoSHP099 is constructed to achieve the specific delivery of SHP099. NanoSHP099 is identified to be simultaneously enriched in tumor and thrombus foci, exerting dual tumor‐suppression and thrombolysis effects. NanoSHP099 presents a superior thrombus dissolution effect than that of the same dosage of SHP099 because of the higher Ly6Clow monocyte/macrophage proportion and MMP2/MMP9 collagenolytic activities in organized thrombi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic electrodes in aqueous batteries rely on electrochemical redox reactions for charge and discharge. The organic cathode at a discharged state can be spontaneously oxidized when exposed to air, which facilitates the development of air‐charging batteries. However, polymer cathodes in aqueous rechargeable Zn‐ion batteries (ARZIBs) generally show low discharge median voltage below 1 V. Herein, a new polymer cathode is reported that is prepared by electrodepositing poly(4‐hydroxydiphenylamine, HDPA) onto mesoporous activated carbon and shows a relatively high discharge voltage plateau at ≈1.1 V when coupled with a Zn anode. Its self‐charging performances at different conditions are investigated. Also, a high areal capacity of 3.8 mAh cm−2 of the cathode is achieved. The poly(4‐HDPA) contains both amino and carbonyl groups, and the carbonyl group is found to be fully responsible for redox reaction. Further investigation suggests that both Zn2+ and H+ in the ZnSO4 electrolyte participate in the charge storage process, and the H+ plays a dominant role. The air‐charging mechanism of this polymer cathode is elucidated both experimentally and theoretically. To demonstrate the practical applications, prototypes of box‐shaped battery pack are air‐charged to either drive a mini electric fan or light up LEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retinal ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common cause of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis and axonal degeneration, resulting in irreversible visual impairment. However, there are no available neuroprotective and neurorestorative therapies for retinal I/R injury, and more effective therapeutic approaches are needed. The role of the myelin sheath of the optic nerve after retinal I/R remains unknown. Here, we report that demyelination of the optic nerve is an early pathological feature of retinal I/R and identify sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) as a therapeutic target for alleviating demyelination in a model of retinal I/R caused by rapid changes in intraocular pressure. Targeting the myelin sheath via S1PR2 protected RGCs and visual function. In our experiment, we observed early damage to the myelin sheath and persistent demyelination accompanied by S1PR2 overexpression after injury. Blockade of S1PR2 by the pharmacological inhibitor JTE‐013 reversed demyelination, increased the number of oligodendrocytes, and inhibited microglial activation, contributing to the survival of RGCs and alleviating axonal damage. Finally, we evaluated the postoperative recovery of visual function by recording visual evoked potentials and assessing the quantitative optomotor response. In conclusion, this study is the first to reveal that alleviating demyelination by inhibiting S1PR2 overexpression may be a therapeutic strategy for retinal I/R‐related visual impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bleeding is an effective method to improve the starting performance of the inlet, and the conventional method often adopts the bleeding to longitudinal direction. This article proposes the use of transversal bleeding method to explore the influence on starting capacity by changing the bleeding direction. The paper designs 6 bleeding inlets. By calculating the starting performance, it is found that the projected bleeding rate of the inlet, which is the direct factor influencing the starting performance, would change due to the direction change of bleeding, although designed with the same entrance. For the inlet designed with longitudinal slots and bleeding, it could reach the starting state at Mach 3.6, but it showed the unstart state when they are transversal direction. The same entrance, when inlet is designed by transversal bleeding with longitudinal slots, the starting Mach number would decrease to 3.8. For the changes of aerodynamic capabilities, there would be the "point jump" tendency when reaching starting state, but the same inlets would keep the similar performance when they get the starting state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A feeding trial was conducted to assess the effects of dietary American cockroach Periplaneta americana meal (PAM) inclusion on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and immunity of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to contain 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 g/kg PAM (defined as PAM100-PAM300), respectively. The final body weight and weight gain rate of PAM250 were significantly higher than those of PAM100 and PAM150, and a higher specific growth rate was recorded in PAM200-PAM300. The highest levels of liver alanine aminotransferase and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) as well as serum total amino acids were detected in PAM150, while higher levels of liver AST and serum total protein were detected in PAM200-PAM300. The liver lipase activity of PAM150, PAM200, and PAM300 was significantly higher than that of PAM100. The liver glucose content in PAM150 was significantly higher than that in PAM250-PAM300. The highest liver catalase, alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and lysozyme activities were detected in PAM300; the lowest liver malondialdehyde content was detected in PAM250, while the highest serum total antioxidant capacity, catalase, and total superoxide dismutase activities were detected in PAM250. The highest serum AKP and acid phosphatase activities were detected in PAM150, while higher serum IgM and complement C3 contents were detected in PAM200-PAM300. In conclusion, dietary PAM inclusion at 200-300 g/kg could improve the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and immunity of juvenile O. mykiss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the following singularly perturbed Kirchhoff type equation in subcritical case −ε2Mε2−N∫ℝN|∇u|2dxΔu+V(x)u=f(u),x∈ℝN,N≥2,where ε > 0 is a parameter, M∈C(ℝ+,ℝ+),V∈C(ℝN,ℝ) and f∈C(ℝ,ℝ). Under some suitable conditions, we obtain that there exists a ground state solution of the equation concentrating at a global minimum of V in the semiclassical limit by applying some new techniques and subtle analyses. Moreover, we use Moser iteration to conquer the difficulty caused by the lack of Sobolev inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Two phenazine compounds, diastaphenazine and izumiphenazine C, with complex structures and promising antitumour activity have been isolated from the plant endophytic actinomycete Streptomyces diastaticus W2. Their putative biosynthetic gene cluster (dap) was identified by heterologous expression and gene knockout. There are twenty genes in the dap cluster. dap14‐19 related to shikimic pathway were potentially involved in the precursor chorismic acid biosynthesis, and dapBCDEFG were confirmed to be responsible for the biosynthesis of the dibenzopyrazine ring, the nuclear structure of phenazines. Two transcriptional regulatory genes dapR and dap4 played the positive regulatory roles on the phenazine biosynthetic pathway. Most notably, the dimerization of the dibenzopyrazine ring in diastaphenazine and the loading of the complex side chain in izumiphenazine C could be catalysed by the cyclase homologous gene dap5, suggesting an unusual modification strategy tailoring complex phenazine biosynthesis. Moreover, metabolite analysis of the gene deletion mutant strain S. albus::23C5Δdap2 and substrate assay of the methyltransferase Dap2 clearly revealed the biosynthetic route of the complex side chain in izumiphenazine C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Fusarium graminearum produces the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) which promotes its expansion during infection on its plant host wheat. Conditional expression of DON production during infection is poorly characterized.Wheat produces the defense compound putrescine, which induces hypertranscription of DON biosynthetic genes (FgTRIs) and subsequently leads to DON accumulation during infection. Further, the regulatory mechanisms of FgTRIs hypertranscription upon putrescine treatment were investigated.The transcription factor FgAreA regulates putrescine‐mediated transcription of FgTRIs by facilitating the enrichment of histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2B ub1) and histone 3 lysine 4 di‐ and trimethylations (H3K4 me2/3) on FgTRIs. Importantly, a DNA‐binding domain (bZIP) specifically within the Fusarium H2B ub1 E3 ligase Bre1 othologs is identified, and the binding of this bZIP domain to FgTRIs depends on FgAreA‐mediated chromatin rearrangement. Interestingly, H2B ub1 regulates H3K4 me2/3 via the methyltransferase complex COMPASS component FgBre2, which is different from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Taken together, our findings reveal the molecular mechanisms by which host‐generated putrescine induces DON production during F. graminearum infection. Our results also provide a novel insight into the role of putrescine during phytopathogen–host interactions and broaden our knowledge of H2B ub1 biogenesis and crosstalk between H2B ub1 and H3K4 me2/3 in eukaryotes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As novel mediators of cell‐to‐cell signalling, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) play a critical role in physiological and pathophysiological processes. To date, the molecular mechanisms that support sEV generation are incompletely understood. Many kinases are reported for their roles in sEV generation or composition, whereas the involvement of phosphatases remains largely unexplored. Here we reveal that pharmacological inhibition and shRNA‐mediated down‐regulation of tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 significantly increases the formation of sEVs. By Co‐immunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) and in vitro dephosphorylation assays, we identified that Shp2 negatively controlled sEV biogenesis by directly dephosphorylating tyrosine 46 of Syntenin, which has been reported as a molecular switch in sEV biogenesis. More importantly, Shp2 dysfunction led to enhanced epithelial sEV generation in vitro and in vivo. The increase of epithelial sEVs caused by shRNA‐mediated down‐regulation of Shp2 promoted macrophage activation, resulting in strengthened inflammation. Our findings highlight the role of Shp2 in regulating sEV‐mediated epithelial‐macrophage crosstalk by controlling sEV biogenesis through dephosphorylation of Syntenin Y46. The present study determines the strengthened inflammatory characteristics of alveolar macrophages elicited by epithelial sEVs transferred intercellularly. These findings provide a basis for understanding the mechanism of sEV formation and relevant function in epithelial‐macrophage crosstalk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking Liangxiang Pagoda built in Liao Dynasty in Beijing as the research object, the vibration responses of the pagoda in the east-west direction and south-north direction under the action of trains on the Beijing–Guangzhou Railway Line and microseism were tested. On this basis, a numerical model was established by using ANSYS to further calculate the dynamic response of the pagoda, and the safety and integrity of the pagoda were evaluated based on existing standards. Cumulative fatigue damage theory was introduced to predict the remaining fatigue life of Liangxiang Pagoda. The following conclusions have been drawn: in the two directions mentioned above, the natural vibration frequencies of the pagoda of the first three orders are similar; the 1st-order vibration modes in the plane are bending, and the vibration modes of the 2nd and 3rd orders are shear-bending; under the action of trains, the peak vibration value of Liangxiang Pagoda at the position that bears the maximum load is 0.053 mm/s, which has a little impact on the safety and integrity of the pagoda; under the combined action of gravity and trains, the remaining fatigue life of Liangxiang Pagoda is 5.26 × 10 7 times. The research method used in this paper can provide data and scientific support for the protection of historical buildings, as well as the basis for the follow-up research of the studied ancient pagoda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the responses of heterotrophic (Rh) and autotrophic (Ra) components of soil respiration (Rs) to warming is important in evaluating and modelling the effects of changes in climate on soil carbon (C) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. We used a mesocosm system with buried heating cables (5°C warming) to investigate the responses of Rs, Rh and Ra to warming in a subtropical forest in southern China. Soil CO2 effluxes were measured with a portable automatic soil CO2 flux system from March 2014 to July 2015. We found that warming increased mean Rs and Rh from 788 to 1036 g C m−2 year−1 (+31%) and from 512 to 707 g C m−2 year−1 (+38%), respectively. There was no difference in Ra between the warming treatment and the control. The lack of response of Ra to warming was probably because the fine root biomass did not change with warming treatment. Soil warming also increased available dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, actinomycetal biomass and arbuscular mycorrhizal biomass. Our results suggest that Rh might be more sensitive to climate warming than Ra, and future climate warming could increase soil C loss from increased Rh in subtropical forest ecosystems. Highlights: A field warming experiment with partitioning of soil respiration in a humid subtropical forest.Warming increased Rs and Rh without significantly altering soil microbial substrate availability.Heterotrophic respiration appeared more sensitive to warming than autotrophic respiration.Warming increased Actinomycetes bacteria and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane mosaic virus ( SCMV) is the most important cause of maize dwarf mosaic disease. To identify maize genes responsive to SCMV infection and that may be involved in pathogenesis, a comparative proteomic analysis was performed using the first and second systemically infected leaves (termed 1 SL and 2 SL, respectively)., Seventy-one differentially expressed proteins were identified in 1 SL and 2 SL upon SCMV infection. Among them, eight proteins showed the same changing patterns in both 1 SL and 2 SL. Functional annotations of regulated proteins and measurement of photosynthetic activity revealed that photosynthesis was more inhibited and defensive gene expression more pronounced in 1 SL than in 2 SL., Knockdown of regulated proteins in both 1 SL and 2 SL by a brome mosaic virus-based gene silencing vector in maize indicated that protein disulfide isomerase-like and phosphoglycerate kinase were required for optimal SCMV replication. By contrast, knockdown of polyamine oxidase (Zm PAO) significantly increased SCMV accumulation, implying that Zm PAO activity might contribute to resistance or tolerance., The results suggest that combining comparative proteomic analyses of different tissues and virus-induced gene silencing is an efficient way to identify host proteins supporting virus replication or enhancing resistance to virus infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To investigate the alternation in cerebral and ocular blood flow velocity (BFV) in patients of carotid stenosis (CS) with or without contralateral carotid occlusion (CO) early after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Patients and Methods. Nineteen patients underwent CEA for ≥50% CS. Fourteen patients had the unilateral CS, and five patients had the ipsilateral CS and the contralateral CO. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) and Color Doppler Imaging (CDI) were performed before and early after CEA. Results. In patients with unilateral CS, significant improvements in BFV were observed in anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) on the ipsilateral side after CEA. In patients of ipsilateral CS and contralateral CO, significant improvements in BFV were observed in the ACA and MCA not only on the ipsilateral side but also on the contralateral side postoperatively. The ipsilateral ophthalmic artery (OA) retrograde flows in two patients were recovered to anterograde direction following CEA. The BFV in short posterior ciliary artery (SPCA) of the ipsilateral side significantly increased postoperatively irrespective of the presence of contralateral CO. Conclusions. CEA improved cerebral anterior circulation hemodynamics especially in patients of unilateral CS and contralateral CO, normalized the OA reverse flow, and increased the blood perfusion of SPCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The histocompatibility of polyurethane (PU) modified by superfine silk-fibroin (SF) powder (1 : 1) with different dosage of aspirin to determine the best dosage for histocompatibility was investigated. Aspirin powder was incorporated into SF-PU (1 : 1) blend mixture at doses of 0%, 5%, or 10% (w/w). The influence of different doses of aspirin on histocompatibility of the hybrid material was studied by using morphology examination, infrared spectroscopy, in vitro drug release study, and in vivo tests including an acute toxicity test, an assessment of local reaction in the muscle, hematological examination, and histological examination. SF-PU (50 : 50) blend film had superior performance over the polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) film in terms of histocompatibility, and the anti-inflammatory/anti-platelet effects were improved after integration with limited doses of aspirin to yield a valuable drug release vascular graft. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40580. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.) as a food and medicine for improving human vision has a long history all over the world. However, there is lack of convincing evidence from rigorous clinical trials or scientific research. This study investigated the effects of different concentrations of bilberry extracts on the cell viability, cell cycle and the expression of hyaluronic acid and glycosaminoglycans of cultured human corneal limbal epithelial cells. The data showed that bilberry extracts had no cytotoxicity to the corneal limbal epithelial cells at a wide range of concentrations (10−9-10−4 M, equalized to the content of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside). Bilberry extract (10−6, 10−5 and 10−4 M) increased cell viability after 48 h incubation. The number of cells decreased in G0/G1 phase and increased prominently in S and G2/M phases after treatment with bilberry extracts at a high concentration (10−4 M). The expression of glycosaminoglycans increased prominently after incubation with bilberry extracts (10−7 and 10−4 M) for 48 h while no significant changes were observed for the expression of hyaluronic acid. The results indicated that bilberry extract may be beneficial for the physiological renewal and homeostasis of corneal epithelial cells. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wetlands are particularly important for conserving China's biodiversity but riparian wetlands in the Tarim River basin in western China have been reduced by 46% during the last 3 decades. The world's largest habitat for Populus euphratica , which is in the Tarim River basin, significantly shrank. To protect and restore the deteriorated ecosystems along the Tarim River and its associated wetlands, China's government initiated a multimillion dollar river restoration project to release water from upper dams to the dried-up lower reaches of the Tarim River starting in 2000. We monitored the responses of groundwater and vegetation to water recharge in the lower reaches of the river from 2000 to 2006 by establishing nine 1000-m-long transects perpendicular to the river at intervals of 20--45 km along the 320-km river course below the Daxihaizi Reservoir, the source of water conveyance, to Lake Taitema, the terminus of the Tarim River. Water recharges from the Daxihaizi Reservoir to the lower reaches of the Tarim River significantly increased groundwater levels and vegetation coverage at all monitoring sites along the river. The mean canopy size of the endangered plant species P. euphratica doubled after 6 years of water recharge. Some rare migrating birds returned to rest on the restored wetlands in summer along the lower reaches of the Tarim River. The biggest challenge facing decision makers, however, is to balance water allocation and water rights between agricultural and natural ecosystems in a sustainable way. A large number of inhabitants in the Tarim Basin depend on these limited water resources for a living. At the same time, the endangered ecosystems need to be protected. Given the ecological, socioeconomic, and sociopolitical realities in the Tarim Basin, adaptive water policies and strategies are needed for water allocation in these areas of limited water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compared the soil carbon dynamics between a pine plantation and a secondary forest, both of which originated from the same farmland abandoned in 1976 with the same cropping history and soil conditions, in the wet tropics in Puerto Rico from July 1996 to June 1997. We found that the secondary forest accumulated the heavy-fraction organic carbon (HF-OC) measured by the density fractionation technique, more efficiently than the tree plantation did. Although there was no significant difference in total soil organic carbon (SOC) between the plantation (5.59±0.09 kg m−2) and the secondary forest (5.68±0.16 kg m−2), the proportion of HF-OC carbon to the total SOC was significantly higher in the secondary forest (61%) than in the plantation (45%) (P<0.05). Forest floor mass and aboveground litterfall in the plantation were 168% and 22.8% greater than those in the secondary forest, respectively, while the decomposition rate of leaf litter in the plantation was 23.3% lower than that in the secondary forest. The annual mean soil respirations in the plantation and the secondary forest were 2.32±0.15 and 2.65±0.18 g C m−2 day−1, respectively, with a consistently higher rate in the secondary forest than in the plantation throughout the year. Microbial biomass measured by fumigation–incubation method demonstrated a strong seasonal variation in the secondary forest with 804 mg kg−1 in the wet season and 460 mg kg−1 in the dry season. However, the seasonal change of microbial biomass in the plantation was less significant. Our results suggested that secondary forests could stock more long-term SOC than the plantations in the wet tropics because the naturally generated secondary forest accumulated more HF-OC than the managed plantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely acknowledged that diabetes leads to slow wound healing and ulceration, and severe serious diabetic foot ulceration may result in amputation. In recent years, much emphasis has been placed on exploring diabetic wound healing to protect patients from adverse events. We recently found interleukin-7 (IL-7), a growth factor for B-cells and T-cells, and its receptor was significantly upregulated in high glucose-induced fibroblasts and skin of diabetic mice. Moreover, IL-7 stimulated fibroblasts secreted ANGPTL4, which inhibited angiogenesis of endothelial cells resulting in delayed wound healing. In our previous study, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and keratinocytes were exposed to normal glucose (5.5 mM) or high glucose (30 mM) medium for 24 h, and RNA sequencing showed that IL-7 and IL-7R were significantly upregulated in fibroblasts. To remove the effect of high glucose and explore the influence of IL-7, exogenous rMuIL-7 used to treat normal mice led to delayed wound healing by inhibiting angiogenesis. Vitro experiments revealed that IL-7-induced fibroblasts inhibited endothelial cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. Further experiments showed that fibroblast angiopoietin-like-4 (ANGPTL4) secretion exhibited the inhibitory effect which was blocked by culture with the corresponding neutralizing antibody. Overall, our study revealed signaling pathways associated with diabetic wound healing and provided the foothold for further studies on delayed wound healing in this patient population. Mechanism that high glucose activates IL-7-IL-7R-ANGPTL4 signal pathway in delayed wound healing. High glucose upregulates IL-7 and IL-7R in dermal fibroblasts. IL-7 stimulates dermal fibroblasts secreting Angptl4 which inhibits proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of endothelial cells in a paracrine way., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background Women have decreased hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturation and patency rates. We determined the mechanisms responsible for the sex-specific differences in AVF maturation and stenosis formation by performing whole transcriptome RNA sequencing with differential gene expression and pathway analysis, histopathological changes, and in vitro cell culture experiments from male and female smooth muscle cells. Methods and Results Mice with chronic kidney disease and AVF were used. Outflow veins were evaluated for gene expression, histomorphometric analysis, Doppler ultrasound, immunohistologic analysis, and fibrosis. Primary vascular smooth muscle cells were collected from female and male aorta vessels. In female AVFs, RNA sequencing with real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in the average gene expression of BMP7 (bone morphogenetic protein 7) and downstream IL17Rb (interleukin 17 receptor b) , with increased transforming growth factor-β1 ( Tgf-β1) and transforming growth factor-β receptor 1 ( Tgfβ-r1) . There was decreased peak velocity, negative vascular remodeling with higher venous fibrosis and an increase in synthetic vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype, decrease in proliferation, and increase in apoptosis in female outflow veins at day 28. In vitro primary vascular smooth muscle cell experiments performed under hypoxic conditions demonstrated, in female compared with male cells, that there was increased gene expression of Tgf-β1 , Tgfβ-r1 , and Col1 with increased migration. Conclusions In female AVFs, there is decreased gene expression of BMP7 and IL17Rb with increased Tgf-β1 and Tgfβ-r1 , and the cellular and vascular differences result in venous fibrosis with negative vascular remodeling.