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A study published in the journal Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism found that children born to mothers with gestational diabetes have an increased risk of being overweight as they grow up. The study also found that intensive treatment of gestational diabetes during pregnancy improved outcomes for both mother and baby, but did not reduce the risk of childhood obesity. The researchers suggest that prevention and intensive management of gestational diabetes are important in reducing the risk of childhood obesity. They also recommend that children from gestational diabetes pregnancies adopt a healthy lifestyle from an early age to reduce the risk of future health problems. Further research is needed to better understand these relationships and develop effective health management strategies for women with gestational diabetes and their children. [Extracted from the article]

Aims: To examine the independent and interactive effects of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and high pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) on the risk of offspring adverse growth patterns. Materials and Methods: One thousand six hundred and eighty one mother‐child pairs were followed for 8 years in Tianjin, China. Group‐based trajectory modelling was used to identify offspring growth patterns. Logistic regression was performed to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of GDM and high pre‐pregnancy BMI for offspring adverse growth patterns. Restricted cubic spline was used to identify cut‐off points. Additive interactions and multiplicative interactions were used to test interactive effects between GDM and high pre‐pregnancy BMI for adverse growth patterns. Results: Four distinct growth patterns were identified in offspring, including normal growth pattern, persistent lean growth pattern, late obesity growth pattern (LOGP), and persistent obesity growth pattern (POGP). Maternal high pre‐pregnancy BMI was associated with LOGP and POGP (adjusted OR, 95% CI: 2.38, 1.74–3.25 & 4.92, 2.26–10.73). GDM greatly enhanced the adjusted OR of high pre‐pregnancy BMI for LOGP up to 3.48 (95% CI: 2.25–5.38). Additive interactions and multiplicative interactions between both risk factors were significant for LOGP but not for POGP. Conclusions: Maternal high pre‐pregnancy BMI was associated with increased risk of LOGP and POGP, whereas GDM greatly enhanced the risk of high pre‐pregnancy BMI for LOGP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postoperative hemorrhage (POH) is a severe adverse event following pancreatic injury. The present study aimed to investigate the risk factors and outcomes of POH after pancreatic injury. Methods: All patients with a confirmed diagnosis of pancreatic injury who underwent surgical intervention between January 2010 and December 2018 were identified and extracted from the trauma database. Logistic regression was performed to identify the risk factors for POH and specific outcomes. Results: A total of 88 cases that underwent surgical intervention were analyzed, and POH occurred in 31 (35.23%) patients. After multivariable analysis, independent predictors of POH were intra‐abdominal abscess (IAA) (p =.002), intestinal fistula (p =.008), shock on admission (p =.003), absence of abdominal suction drainage (p =.005), and higher body mass index (BMI) (p =.005). In addition, patients with POH after pancreatic injury also showed more complications, prolonged hospital and ICU durations, and a significantly higher mortality rate (p =.004). Conclusions: Patients with IAA, intestinal fistula, shock on admission, absence of abdominal suction drainage, and higher BMI score were associated with POH after pancreatic injury. Moreover, POH was associated with a poor prognosis. Clinical Trial Register: The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (Unique identifier: NCT03681041). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objective: To explore associations of maternal insulin resistance and β‐cell dysfunction with offspring overweight before 24 months of age among children of Chinese women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: Offspring of women with GDM (n = 901) who were enrolled in a lifestyle trial during pregnancy were followed up to 24 months of age in Tianjin, China. Restricted cubic spline analysis was performed to examine full‐range associations of maternal homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) and β‐cell function (HOMA‐%β) with childhood overweight. Logistic regression was performed to obtain the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of maternal high HOMA‐IR and low HOMA‐%β at diagnosis of GDM for offspring overweight within 12 months of age and at 13–24 months of age. Results: Maternal high HOMA‐IR was associated with an increased risk of offspring being overweight within 12 months of age and at 13–24 months of age (OR: 1.71, 95%CI: 1.12–2.62 & 1.89, 1.13–3.17, respectively). Maternal low HOMA‐%β was associated with an increased risk of offspring being overweight at 13–24 months of age (1.64, 1.05–2.55). Conclusions: Both maternal increased insulin resistance and decreased β‐cell function at diagnosis of GDM were associated with elevated risk of offspring overweight in early childhood among Chinese women with GDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is controversy regarding the optimal timing of initiating parenteral nutrition (PN) in critically ill patients. We aimed to evaluate the association between early PN and clinical outcomes and explore the mediation effects of different macronutrients in a cohort of mechanically ventilated patients. Methods: This is a post hoc analysis of the NEED trial aiming to investigate the effect of implementing an evidence‐based feeding guideline in newly‐admitted critically ill patients. All eligible patients were divided into those who received early PN within the first 3 days of enrollment (early PN) or those who did not (non‐early PN). Propensity score matching with a one‐to‐one nearest neighbor‐matching algorithm was applied to control potential confounders. Mediation analysis was used to test the indirect effect of different macronutrients from PN on the relationship between early PN and 28‐day mortality. Results: The propensity score matching created 370 matched pairs of 1154 patients that met the eligibility criteria. Compared with non‐early PN, patients receiving early PN had significantly higher 28‐day mortality (19.7% vs 12.4%; hazard ratio = 1.904; 95% CI, 1.063–3.410; P = 0.03). Mediation analysis showed that amino acids from early PN mediated 65% (mediation effect = 0.07; 95% CI, 0.02–0.13; P = 0.01) of the detrimental effect of early PN on the 28‐day mortality. Conclusion: Early PN is associated with increased 28‐day mortality in critically ill patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. The detrimental effect may be mediated by intravenous amino acids from early PN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Our study aimed to evaluate the sleep status of psychiatric nurses in Chinese population and analyse the influencing factors. Design: Cross‐sectional, correlation design with logistic regression analysis. Methods: We investigated 1,044 psychiatric nurses from seven psychiatric hospitals in China. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey were used as main measures. Results: The average Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score of 1,044 psychiatric nurses was 7.00 ± 3.59, and 38.63% of nurses had a total Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score >7. Our study found that middle‐night shift nurses had poor sleep quality and sleep disorders are positively correlated with emotional exhaustion and cynical disregard for job burnout. Middle‐night shift nurses showed 1.586 times more likely to suffer from sleep disorders than those non‐middle‐night shift. The higher the score of emotional exhaustion, the greater the risk of sleep disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glioma is the foremost recurrent type of brain tumor in humans; in particular, glioblastoma (GBM) is the main form of brain tumor (GBM) that is highly proliferative and impervious to apoptosis. Triphlorethol‐A (TA), a phlorotannin isolated from Ecklonia cava, exhibited cytoprotective, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. However, the exact molecular action of TA in the U251 human GBM cells remains unknown. This may be the first report on the antiproliferative and apoptotic mechanisms of TA on GBM. The cytotoxicity, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), and cell apoptosis activity of TA have been evaluated by the MTT assay and by DCFH‐DA, Rh‐123, AO/EB, and western blot analysis. The results obtained showed that TA abridged the viability of U251 cells, while MMP increased apoptosis by increasing the ROS levels in a time‐dependent manner. The results showed that a reduction in U251 cell proliferation was associated with the regulation of JAK2/STAT3 and p38 MAPK/ERK signaling pathways. TA was found to suppress pJAK, pSTAT3, p38 MAPK, and pERK phosphorylation, thereby causing Bax/Bcl‐2 imbalance, activating the caspase cascade and cytochrome c, and inducing apoptosis. Our findings showed that the suppression of JAK2/STAT3 and p38 MAPK/ERK signaling by TA results in cell growth arrest and stimulation of apoptosis in GBM cells. These studies justify the protective remedy of TA against GBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Severe acute pancreatitis has a high mortality of 20%–40%, but there is a lack of optimal prognostic biomarker for the severity of acute pancreatitis (AP) or mortality. This study is designed to investigate the relationship between serum cholinesterase (ChE) level and poor outcomes of AP. Methods: A total of 1904 AP patients were screened in the study, and we finally got 692 patients eligible for analysis. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on serum ChE. The primary outcome was mortality, and multivariable logistic regression analysis for mortality was completed. Additionally, we used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to clarify the predictive value of serum ChE for mortality and organ failure. Results: Three hundred and seventy eight patients and 314 patients were included in the ChE‐low and ChE‐normal group, respectively. Patients in the ChE‐low group were older (46.68 ± 12.70 vs. 43.56 ± 12.13 years old, p =.001) and had a lower percentage of man (62.4% vs. 71.0%, p =.017) when compared to the ChE‐normal group. Mortality was significantly different in two groups (10.3% vs. 0.0%, p <.001). Moreover, organ failure also differed significantly in two groups (46.6% vs. 8.6%, p <.001). Decreased ChE level was independently associated with mortality in acute pancreatitis (odds ratio: 0.440; 95% confidence interval, 0.231, 0.838, p =.013). The area under the curve of serum ChE was 0.875 and 0.803 for mortality and organ failure, respectively. Conclusions: Lower level of serum ChE was independently associated with the severity and mortality of AP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/Introduction: We investigated the association between leukocyte counts and glucose challenge test (GCT) level during pregnancy. Materials and Methods: We collected prenatal information of women who had their first clinic visit in early pregnancy. Women underwent GCT at 24–28 gestational weeks, and a result of ≥7.8 mmol/L was considered positive. Participants were divided into quartiles of leukocyte counts, and association with GCT results and positive rate were analyzed by logistic regression. Results: Among 20,707 pregnant women, the median of leukocyte counts was higher in the positive group than the normal group (8.5 × 109/L vs 8.2 × 109/L, P < 0.01). There was a linear trend in GCT results and positive rate with increasing leukocyte quartiles. Compared with the lowest quartile, the highest leukocyte quartile (>9.70 × 109/L) was significantly associated with positive GCT results (adjusted odds ratio 1.378, 95% confidence interval 1.246–1.524), and the linear relationship between increased risk of positive result and increasing leukocyte quartiles persisted (P for linear trend <0.01). In multivariable analysis, the risk of a positive result increased by 2.2% with each 1‐unit increase in leukocyte counts (adjusted odds ratio 1.022, 95% confidence interval 1.011–1.033). Conclusions: Elevated leukocyte counts in early pregnancy were independently and linearly associated with the risk of positive GCT levels, indicating that inflammation might play an important role in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study tests whether cut‐off points of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group's (IADPSG) criteria had threshold effects on post‐partum prediabetes and diabetes among Chinese pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Materials and Methods: A total of 507 out of 1000 women with GDM (948 of them enrolled in a lifestyle trial during pregnancy) turned up for the follow‐up study and underwent a 75‐g 2‐h oral glucose tolerance test. GDM was diagnosed based on the IADPSG's criteria while post‐partum diabetes and prediabetes were defined by the World Health Organization's. Generalized logit model was used to obtain odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of fasting, 1‐h and 2‐h plasma glucoses (PGs) for post‐partum diabetes and prediabetes. Restricted cubic spline was used to identify any threshold effects. Results: At a median of 9.1 weeks post‐partum, 3.7% (n = 19) women developed post‐partum diabetes and 35.1% (n = 178) developed post‐partum prediabetes. Fasting PG ≥ 5.1 mmol/L was associated with markedly increased risk of post‐partum diabetes without a discernible threshold (adjusted OR: 3.87, 95% CI: 1.03–14.52) while 2‐h PG ≥ 8.5 and ≥ 9.0 mmol/L had threshold effects on post‐partum prediabetes (2.10, 1.33–3.30) and diabetes (4.02, 1.04–15.56). The 1‐h PG also had a threshold at ≥10.0 mmol/L for prediabetes (1.67, 1.06–2.64), but it was not significant for post‐partum diabetes. Conclusions: Among Chinese women with GDM, fasting PG ≥ 5.1 mmol/L was associated with post‐partum diabetes without any discernible threshold effects while 2‐h PG ≥ 8.5 and ≥ 9.0 mmol/L respectively identified women at high risk of post‐partum prediabetes and diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Aim of this study is to assess dyslipidemia risk between children exposed to maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and those not exposed. Methods: We recruited 1144 mother–child pairs (572 GDM and 572 non‐GDM women matched by their offspring's age and sex). The age of offspring ranged from 3 to 9 years old. We used general linear models to compare mean values of different lipid profiles among children born to mothers with and without GDM. Logistic regression models were used to assess associations of maternal GDM with abnormal lipid profiles in offspring. Results: After adjustment for maternal and children's characteristics, children born to mothers with GDM had lower mean values of high‐density‐lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (1.40 ± 0.01 vs. 1.50 ± 0.01; p < 0.001) and higher mean levels of triglycerides/HDL cholesterol ratio (0.37 ± 0.01 vs. 0.35 ± 0.01; p < 0.05) in comparison with their counterparts born to mothers without GDM. Multivariate‐adjusted odds ratios among children exposed to mothers with GDM compared with the counterparts were 2.11 (95% confidence interval [CI 1.15–3.88]) for low HDL cholesterol and 1.35 (95% CI 1.00–1.81) for high triglycerides/HDL cholesterol ratio, respectively. Conclusions: Maternal GDM was associated with an increased risk of hyperlipidemia in the offspring during early childhood aged from 3 to 9 years old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The rise of diabetes mellitus (DM) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in children has become a worldwide challenge, but population-based survey targeted on pre-school children is lacking. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of DM and IFG in pre-school children and their association with obesity and susceptible behaviours.Methods: A population-based survey was conducted and 21,571 Chinese children aged 5-6 years were recruited from 66 kindergartens in Tianjin, China during the year of 2016-2018. Fasting glucose was measured for all participants. Children with fasting glucose over 7.0 mmol/L was defined as DM, and 5.6-6.9 mmol/L was defined as IFG.Results: The prevalence of DM and IFG in the current study among Chinese children aged 5-6 years old was 0.05% and 1.18%, respectively, with significant gender and regional disparities (p < 0.001). The risk of abnormal fasting glucose increased with obesity (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.00-2.06, p < 0.05), especially with moderate/severe obesity (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.10-3.10, p < 0.05). Further analyses found that as compared to children who had at least 2 h/day physical activity, physical activity <1 h/day increased the risk of abnormal fasting glucose independently of BMI z-score (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.10-2.91, p < 0.05).Conclusions: The study was the first population-based large-scale survey of DM and IFG which targeted on pre-school children, and demonstrated that moderate/severe obesity and inadequate physical activity raised the risk of DM and IFG early from pre-school. The findings highlighted the necessity of early detection for abnormal glucose and control of obesity and susceptible behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Pyroptosis is a lytic form of pro‐inflammatory cell death characterised as caspase 1 dependent with canonical NLRP3 inflammasome‐induced gasdermin D (GSDMD) activation. We aimed to investigate the role of acinar pyroptotic cell death in pancreatic injury and systemic inflammation in AP. Experimental Approach Pancreatic acinar pyroptotic cell death pathway activation upon pancreatic toxin stimulation in vitro and in vivo was investigated. Effects of pharmacological (NLRP3 and caspase‐1 inhibitors), constitutive (Nlrp3−/−, Casp1−/− and Gsdmd−/−) and acinar cell conditional (Pdx1CreNlrp3Δ/Δ and Pdx1CreGsdmdΔ/Δ) genetic inhibition on pyroptotic acinar cell death, pancreatic necrosis and systemic inflammation were assessed using mouse AP models (caerulein, sodium taurocholate and l‐arginine). Effects of Pdx1CreGsdmdΔ/Δ versus myeloid conditional knockout (Lyz2CreGsdmdΔ/Δ) and Gsdmd−/− versus receptor‐interacting protein 3 (RIP3) inhibitor were compared in CER‐AP. Key Results: There was consistent pyroptotic acinar cell death upon pancreatic toxin stimulation both in vitro and in vivo, which was significantly reduced by pharmacological or genetic pyroptosis inhibition. Pdx1CreGsdmdΔ/Δ but not Lyz2CreGsdmdΔ/Δ mice showed significantly reduced pyroptotic acinar cell death, pancreatic necrosis and systemic inflammation in caerulein‐AP. Co‐application of RIP3 inhibitor on Gsdmd−/− mice further increased protection on caerulein‐AP. Conclusion and Implications: This work demonstrates a critical role for NLRP3 inflammasome and GSDMD activation‐mediated pyroptosis in acinar cells, linking pancreatic necrosis and systemic inflammation in AP. Targeting pyroptosis signalling pathways holds promise for specific AP therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aimed to develop a machine learning–based prediction model for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in early pregnancy in Chinese women. Materials and methods: We used an established population‐based prospective cohort of 19,331 pregnant women registered as pregnant before the 15th gestational week in Tianjin, China, from October 2010 to August 2012. The dataset was randomly divided into a training set (70%) and a test set (30%). Risk factors collected at registration were examined and used to construct the prediction model in the training dataset. Machine learning, that is, the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) method, was employed to develop the model, while a traditional logistic model was also developed for comparison purposes. In the test dataset, the performance of the developed prediction model was assessed by calibration plots for calibration and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUR) for discrimination. Results: In total, 1484 (7.6%) women developed GDM. Pre‐pregnancy body mass index, maternal age, fasting plasma glucose at registration, and alanine aminotransferase were selected as risk factors. The machine learning XGBoost model‐predicted probability of GDM was similar to the observed probability in the test data set, while the logistic model tended to overestimate the risk at the highest risk level (Hosmer–Lemeshow test p value: 0.243 vs. 0.099). The XGBoost model achieved a higher AUR than the logistic model (0.742 vs. 0.663, p < 0.001). This XGBoost model was deployed through a free, publicly available software interface (https://liuhongwei.shinyapps.io/gdm%5frisk%5fcalculator/). Conclusion: The XGBoost model achieved better performance than the logistic model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR) under ambient conditions is considered as a promising process to produce ammonia. Towards highly efficient catalysts, here an optimized one‐step pyrolysis strategy was tailored to design yolk–shell microcages (YS Co@C/BLCNTs), consisting of Co nanocrystals encapsulated in N‐doped carbon framework and bridged by bamboo‐like carbon nanotubes (BLCNTs). The cavity created between yolk and shell not only served as a "micro‐bag" to store the reactant N2 and enhance its dissolution, but also induced a "cage effect" to confine the diffusion of reaction intermediate, hence making the reaction proceed in the direction of producing NH3. This catalyst displayed excellent catalytic activities for ENRR: a high NH3 yield of 12.87 μg mgcat−1 h−1 at a high faradaic efficiency of 20.7 % at −0.45 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE). After 5 cycles of consecutive ENRR process, the NH3 yield rate was 11.29 μg mgcat−1 h−1, indicating the excellent electrocatalytic stability. These results provide a structural engineering for ENRR catalyst with doped N, cooperating with non‐precious metal to activate the inert triple bond of N2 and achieve NH3 fixation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to estimate the associations of genetically determined maternal blood glucose levels with obesity‐related outcomes among children from pregnancies with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: A total of 1,114 mothers with (N = 560) and without (N = 554) GDM and their children were included in the present study. A maternal genetic risk score (GRS) for blood glucose was constructed on the basis of 17 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms identified from a recent genome‐wide association study. Results: It was found that maternal GRS for blood glucose showed different associations with offspring risk of overweight and obesity, as well as adiposity measures (all Pfor interaction < 0.05). Among mothers without GDM, genetically determined maternal blood glucose levels were associated with an 89% higher risk of overweight in their children (95% CI: 42%‐152% per SD increase in GRS, P = 1.40 × 10−5) and a 120% higher risk of obesity (44%‐235%, P = 2.61 × 10−4) after adjustment for covariates. In addition, higher maternal GRS for blood glucose was associated with children's increased obesity‐related traits (all P < 0.05). However, no significant associations were observed among children of mothers with GDM. Conclusions: This study indicates that GDM status may modify the relation between genetically determined glucose levels and obesity risk among children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study's aim was to assess the prevalence of hyperlipidemia and its association with birth weight and BMI at 2 years of age and 5 to 6 years of age in full-term-born children.Methods: A population-based, large-scale survey of hyperlipidemia was conducted. Information on 12,701 children aged 5 to 6 years was retrospectively collected from electronic health care records.Results: The rate of high total cholesterol (≥5.18 mmol/L) and/or high triglycerides (≥1.70 mmol/L) was 10.2%. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of high total cholesterol and/or triglycerides were 1.33 (1.04-1.69), 1.00, and 0.95 (0.81-1.11) based on birth weight groups (small for gestational age [SGA], appropriate for gestational age, and large for gestational age); 1.06 (0.77-1.45), 1.00, and 0.99 (0.88-1.11) based on BMI groups at around 2 years of age (<10th, 10th to <75th, and ≥75th percentiles); and 1.56 (1.08-2.25), 1.00, and 1.71 (1.44-2.03) based on BMI groups at 5 to 6 years of age (<-2 SD, -2 SD to <2 SD and ≥2 SD), respectively. In the SGA group, hyperlipidemia was not associated with BMI at 2 years of age but was significantly associated with having underweight or obesity at 5 to <6 years of age.Conclusions: SGA infants are at an increased risk for childhood hyperlipidemia, and catch-up growth before the age of 2 years would not affect this risk. For SGA infants, having underweight or obesity after 2 years of age can increase the risk of childhood hyperlipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association of daily branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) intake with the risks of obesity and insulin resistance in children of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).Methods: Daily BCAA intake was calculated by using a validated food frequency questionnaire in 996 children of mothers with GDM. The odds ratios (ORs) (95% CI) of childhood obesity and insulin resistance were obtained using logistic regression models.Results: The multivariable-adjusted ORs for overweight and insulin resistance increased across quartiles of daily BCAA intake (P < 0.05 for trend). Multivariable-adjusted ORs for each 1-SD increase in BCAA intake were 1.37 (1.16-1.62) for overweight and 1.19 (1.02-1.38) for insulin resistance. After additional adjustment of children's daily total energy intake, the OR was still significant for overweight risk but no longer significant for insulin resistance. There were positive associations of daily leucine, isoleucine, and valine intake with the risks for overweight and insulin resistance.Conclusions: Daily BCAA intake was associated with increased risks for overweight and insulin resistance in children of mothers with GDM, but this association was not fully independent of children's daily energy intake. Restriction in dietary BCAA may help prevent childhood obesity and insulin resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) based on flexible electrode materials are being investigated recently for improving sluggish kinetics and developing energy density. Transition metal selenides present excellent conductivity and high capacity; nevertheless, their low conductivity and serious volume expansion raise challenging issues of inferior lifespan and capacity fading. Herein, an in‐situ construction method through carbonization and selenide synergistic effect is skillfully designed to synthesize a flexible electrode of bone‐like CoSe2 nano‐thorn coated on porous carbon cloth. The designed flexible CoSe2 electrode with stable structural feature displays enhanced Na‐ion storage capabilities with good rate performance and outstanding cycling stability. As expected, the designed SIBs with flexible BL−CoSe2/PCC electrode display excellent reversible capacity with 360.7 mAh g−1 after 180 cycles at a current density of 0.1 A g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic electrodes hold great promise for sustainable electrodes in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) owing to their easy availability from biomass. However, traditional organic electrodes suffer from two inherent problems, high solubility in organic electrolytes and low electronic conductivity. Here, a calcium organic salt, Cabpdc (bpdc=4,4′‐biphenyldicarboxylate) was designed and formed into a composite with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to improve these two problems by a "two‐in‐one" approach. As expected, the Cabpdc/rGO composite displayed competitive cycle and rate performances as an anode for SIBs. Additionally, all‐organic sodium‐ion full cells were successfully fabricated combining this anode with a commercial organic cathode, promising applications for sustainable SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: A variety of minimally invasive techniques have been proposed to replace open surgery for the treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN). In this study, we evaluate the feasibility and safety of the stent-assisted percutaneous endoscopic necrosectomy (SAPEN) procedure.Methods: Data were collected on all patients who underwent the SAPEN procedure between October 2017 and March 2018. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the study patients were analyzed. A composite primary endpoint of major complications and/or death was used. Three different cases were selected to illustrate different technical aspects of the SAPEN procedure.Results: The placement of a percutaneous stent was successful in all of the 23 patients (17 males, six females). IPN was successfully managed in 16/23 (70%) patients, with the need for open surgery in seven patients (30%), with a median of two (range 1-5) SAPEN procedures. No significant procedure-related complications occurred. Overall 11/23 (48%) patients had a major complication and/or death.Conclusions: In conclusion, the SAPEN procedure was effective in treating IPN without adding extra procedural risk. The role and benefits of the SAPEN procedure now need to be demonstrated in larger controlled study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objective: Counselling patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on their individual risk of post‐partum type 2 diabetes (T2D) is challenging. This study aimed to develop nomograms for predicting incident risk of post‐partum T2D in women with GDM diagnosed by WHO 1998 criteria. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study in 1263 Chinese women with GDM, of whom 83 were diagnosed as T2D at 2.3 years post‐partum. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate the independent predictors for post‐partum T2D. The results of multivariate analyses were used to formulate nomograms for predicting incident risk of post‐partum T2D. The predictive accuracy was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Results: On multivariate analysis, independent predictors of post‐partum T2DM in women with GDM included family history of diabetes [hazard ratio (HR) and its 95% confidential interval (95% CI): 2.06 (95% CI: 1.32‐3.22)], history of pregnancy‐induced hypertension [3.11 (95% CI: 1.86‐5.21)], pre‐pregnancy BMI [1.00, 1.90 (95% CI: 1.14‐3.16), and 3.67 (95% CI: 2.03‐6.63) for BMI <24, 24‐28, and ≥28 kg/m2], and 2‐hour glucose at 26‐30 gestational weeks [1.00, 2.84 (95% CI: 1.42‐5.69), and 9.42 (95% CI: 4.46‐19.90) for 2‐hour glucose at 7.8 ~ <8.5, 8.5 ~ <11.1, and ≥11.1 mmol/L). The overall AUROC of nomogram was 82.8% (95% CI: 78.1%‐87.5%), with AUROCs of 85.9% (95% CI: 79.7%‐92.1%) and 83.2% (95% CI: 77.9%‐88.6%) for post‐partum 2‐year and 3‐year risk of T2D, respectively. Conclusions: This easy‐to‐use nomogram, with non‐invasive clinical characteristics, can accurately predict the risk of post‐partum T2D in women with GDM. It may facilitate risk communication between patients and clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the effects of the interaction between glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) genetic risk score and weight changes during and after pregnancy (postpartum weight reduction and gestational weight gain) on long‐term glycaemic changes in the largest cohort of women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: This was a retrospective cohort using the baseline data from the Tianjin Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Prevention Programme. A genetic risk score was established by combining 10 HbA1c‐related single‐nucleotide polymorphisms, which were identified by genome‐wide association studies. General linear regression models were applied to evaluate the effect of interaction between HbA1c genetic risk score and weight changes during and after pregnancy (postpartum weight reduction and gestational weight gain) on glycaemic changes. Results: 'A total of 1156 women with a history of GDM were included in this respective cohort study. Statistical differences in pre‐pregnancy weight, pre‐delivery weight and postpartum weight were evidenced across different groups of postpartum weight reduction. After adjusting for covariates, statistical significance for changes in HbA1c level was only observed in the postpartum weight reduction <5 kg/y group (P = 0.002), and a significant effect of interaction between HbA1c genetic risk score and postpartum weight reduction on long‐term changes in HbA1c was evidenced (P interaction = 0.01). In women with postpartum weight reduction ≥8 kg/y, those with a lower HbA1c genetic risk score had a greater decrease in HbA1c level. Conclusions: HbA1c genetic risk score interacts with postpartum weight reduction to affect long‐term changes in HbA1c levels among women with a history of GDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was conducted to describe the incidence, classifications and characteristics of adrenal incidentalomas (AIs) in the elderly Chinese. Methods: Primary clinical records in Shanghai Changzheng Hospital (n = 559) were collected for incident cases of AI between January 1, 2002 and December 1, 2016. We examined demographics, endocrine functions, treatment, etiology, and prognoses. Results: We identified 559 new diagnoses of elderly onset AIs, of which 41.25% were male and were diagnosed at a mean age of 74.39 ± 9.03 years. About 61% showed no typical symptoms. Upon systematic review, 41.34% showed dysglycemia, high blood pressure, kaliopenia, and so on. 24.15% (n = 135) received complete or partial endocrine function assessments. A total of 281 cases underwent surgical treatment, and 278 cases went through regular follow-ups without any operation. Preoperative evaluation was basically consistent with postoperative pathology (P >.05). During the follow-up, the presence of new subclinical hypercortisolism was 8.99%, and the tumor grew up 3.92% per year (1.96 ± 0.09 mm). 51 cases (9.12%) eventually received further invasive examinations or surgical treatments. Conclusion: The detection of AI in the elderly Chinese is increasing annually. The imaging method and endocrine function tests have great roles in distinguishing between benignancy and malignancy. The diagnosis and treatment of the elderly Chinese with AI should receive multidisciplinary assessment. Biochemical and morphological follow-up of aged patients with AI should be conducted every 5 years at least. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To report the weight loss findings after the first year of a lifestyle intervention trial among women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: A total of 1180 women with GDM were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive a 4‐year lifestyle intervention (intervention group, n = 586) or standard care (control group, n = 594) between August 2009 and July 2011. Major elements of the intervention included 6 face‐to‐face sessions with study dieticians and two telephone calls in the first year, and two individual sessions and two telephone calls in each subsequent year. Results: Among 79% of participants who completed the year 1 trial, mean weight loss was 0.82 kg (1.12% of initial weight) in the intervention group and 0.09 kg (0.03% of initial weight) in the control group (P = .001). In a prespecified subgroup analysis of people who completed the trial, weight loss was more pronounced in women who were overweight (body mass index ≥24 kg/m2) at baseline: mean weight loss 2.01 kg (2.87% of initial weight) in the intervention group and 0.44 kg (0.52% of initial weight) in the control group (P < .001). Compared with those in the control group, women in the intervention group had a greater decrease in waist circumference (1.76 cm vs 0.73 cm; P = .003) and body fat (0.50% vs 0.05% increase; P = .001). Conclusion: The 1‐year lifestyle intervention led to significant weight losses after delivery in women who had GDM, and the effect was more pronounced in women who were overweight at baseline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Gestational weight gain (GWG) is associated with infant birth weight and childhood obesity; however, the patterns of GWG on infant birth weight are poorly understood.Methods: This analysis in 16,218 mother-child dyads from Tianjin, China, determined the risk of infant size at birth according to GWG occurring throughout the first and second trimester (early GWG) or during the third trimester (late GWG), according to maternal prepregnancy BMI and the 2009 Institute of Medicine recommendations.Results: Excessive GWG in early and late pregnancy had an increased risk for large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants (odds ratio [OR]: 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-4.0, P < 0.001). Regardless of prepregnancy BMI, excessive GWG early in pregnancy (< 24 weeks) was associated with an increased risk of LGA infants (OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 2.1-3.1, P < 0.001), and inadequate early GWG was associated with a higher risk of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants (OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.2-1.7, P < 0.001).Conclusions: The pattern of GWG early in pregnancy, regardless of GWG later in pregnancy, had the greatest impact on infant size at birth. Interventions initiated early in pregnancy may facilitate better adherence to the GWG guidelines and minimize the risk of LGA and SGA infants, a potential precursor for childhood obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Passive smoking increased type 2 diabetes mellitus risk, but it is uncertain whether it also increased gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk. We aimed to examine the association of passive smoking during pregnancy and its interaction with maternal obesity for GDM.Methods: From 2010 to 2012, 12 786 Chinese women underwent a 50-g 1-hour glucose challenge test at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation and further underwent a 75-g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test if the glucose challenge test result was ≥7.8 mmol/L. GDM was defined by the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group's cut points. Self-reported passive smoking during pregnancy was collected by a questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Additive interaction between maternal obesity and passive smoking was estimated using relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion due to interaction (AP), and synergy index (S). Significant RERI > 0, AP > 0, or S > 1 indicated additive interaction.Results: A total of 8331 women (65.2%) were exposed to passive smoking during pregnancy. More women exposed to passive smoking developed GDM than nonexposed women (7.8% versus 6.3%, P = 0.002) with an adjusted OR of 1.29 (95%CI, 1.11 to 1.50). Compared with nonobesity and nonpassive smoking, prepregnancy obesity and passive smoking was associated with GDM risk with an adjusted OR of 3.09 (95%CI, 2.38-4.02) with significant additive interaction (P < .05 for RERI and AP).Conclusions: Passive smoking during pregnancy increased GDM risk in Chinese women independently and synergistically with prepregnancy obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postoperative pain and anxiety are two common factors influencing patient's recovery. Benefits and safety in the use of sedative agents after abdominal operations to improve recovery are not well known. The present study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine use in this population. Methods: A prospective randomized controlled trial of 145 patients undergoing abdominal operations was conducted in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit of Jinling Hospital between October and December 2015. Thirty-two patients were excluded, and 113 were included and divided into the experimental group (59 patients) receiving dexmedetomidine and analgesics for 72 h after abdominal operations, and the control group (54 patients) receiving only analgesics. Postoperative pain, inflammatory response, recovery of gastrointestinal function, adverse events, and sedation level were analyzed. Results: Pain scores, assessed by Prince Henry Pain Scale (PHPS), in the experimental group were significantly lower than in the control group on the first (1.53 vs. 2.07, p ≤ 0.01), second (1.07 vs. 1.63, p ≤ 0.01), and third day (1.08 vs. 1.82, p = 0.01). Time to defecation was 0.60 days shorter in the experimental group than the control group (2.51 vs. 3.11 , p = 0.01). There was no significant difference between inflammatory responses in the two groups ( p > 0.05). Both groups had similar blood pressure, heart rate, prevalence of bradycardia, and hypotension requiring interventions ( p > 0.05). Conclusions: The addition of dexmedetomidine to analgesia after abdominal operations is safe and could enhance gastrointestinal function recovery and pain control when monitored carefully. The capacity of dexmedetomidine to attenuate inflammatory responses requires further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that heparin has the potential value in the treatment of sepsis, our team has already begun to turn its anti-inflammatory therapy for clinical and animal model validation. Keywords: heparin; HMGB1; inflammation; sepsis; severe acute pancreatitis EN heparin HMGB1 inflammation sepsis severe acute pancreatitis 207 208 2 08/14/21 20210901 NES 210901 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Not applicable. We also noted that even if the anticoagulant part of heparin was removed, it could also play a significant anti-inflammatory effect in sepsis through the HMGB1 pathway. [Extracted from the article]

Objective To evaluate the effects of prepregnancy BMI and weight change from prepregnancy to postpartum on postpartum type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk among women with gestational diabetes (GDM). Methods A retrospective cohort study in 1,263 GDM women at 1-5 years after delivery was performed. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate the association of prepregnancy BMI and weight change with T2D and prediabetes risks. Results The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios based on different levels of prepregnancy BMI (<23, 23-24.9, 25-29.9, and ≥30 kg/m2) were 1.00, 1.77, 2.35, and 6.54 ( Ptrend < 0.001) for incident T2D, and 1.00, 1.46, 1.87, and 1.79 ( Ptrend < 0.001) for incident prediabetes, respectively. Compared with women with stable weight (±3 kg), those with weight gain ≥7 kg had an 86% and a 32% increased risk of diabetes and prediabetes, and those with weight loss ≥3 kg had a 45% decreased risk of prediabetes. The positive associations of prepregnancy BMI with incident diabetes and prediabetes risk were persistent in women with different levels of weight change (<3 kg and ≥3 kg). Conclusion Prepregnancy obesity and excessive weight gain from prepregnancy to postpartum increase postpartum diabetes and prediabetes risks among GDM women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The highest maternal-fetal risk from pancreatitis in pregnancy is likely to be posed by the most severe cases, which we have compared with mild cases. Design. Retrospective observational study. Setting. A general surgery department of a university referral hospital in Nanjing, China. Population. Eighteen pregnancies complicated with severe acute pancreatitis and 51 pregnancies complicated with mild acute pancreatitis. Methods. Medical records were reviewed for every pregnant woman with mild or severe acute pancreatitis during January 1999 to December 2009. Main Outcome Measures. Information on demographics, clinical and laboratory data, maternal and fetal outcomes. Results. Gestational age of onset was significantly higher in the severe acute pancreatitis group than in the mild acute pancreatitis group. Severe hypertriglyceridemia was considered the main cause of severe acute pancreatitis (OR 20.7; 95% CI 4.6-92.4, p<0.001), while biliary disease contributed to the etiology of mild acute pancreatitis (OR 7.3; 95% CI 1.8-30.1, p<0.01). Abortions and preterm infants contributed to fetal loss in the mild group, while fetal death and stillbirth contributed in the severe group. Conclusions. Hyperlipidemic pancreatitis and biliary pancreatitis are the main causes of severe and mild disease, respectively. Severe acute pancreatitis in pregnancy usually occurs in the third trimester, and the affected severe patients are more liable to develop a critical condition that results in higher risk of intrauterine fetal death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: cobalt; electrocatalysis; N-doping; nitrogen fixation; yolk-shell EN cobalt electrocatalysis N-doping nitrogen fixation yolk-shell 2482 2482 1 06/23/21 20210621 NES 210621 B The Cover Feature b shows a yolk-shell structure engineering of catalyst for electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction. Cover Feature: Strategic Structure Tuning of Yolk-Shell Microcages for Efficient Nitrogen Fixation (12/2021) Cobalt, electrocatalysis, N-doping, nitrogen fixation, yolk-shell. [Extracted from the article]

Cover Feature: A Calcium Organic Salt/rGO composite with Low Solubility and High Conductivity as a Sustainable Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries (ChemSusChem 18/2019) B The Cover Feature b shows a calcium organic salt and reduced graphene oxide composite anode for Na-ion batteries. Batteries, calcium, energy storage, organic salt, sodium-ion batteries. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: To investigate the association of lactation intensity and duration with postpartum diabetes and prediabetes risks among Chinese women with a history of gestational diabetes (GDM).Methods: We included 1260 women with a history of GDM who participated in the whole population's GDM universal screening survey by using the 1999 World Health Organization's criteria. Lactation intensity and lactation duration were collected by a standardized questionnaire. Postpartum diabetes and prediabetes risk were confirmed by an oral glucose tolerance test.Results: During a mean postpartum period of 3.65 years, we identified 114 cases of diabetes and 417 cases of prediabetes. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios based on different lactation intensity (exclusive formula, mixed feeding, and exclusive lactation) were 1.00, 0.68, 0.45 for diabetes (Ptrend  = 0.008), and 1.00, 0.74, and 0.61 for prediabetes (Ptrend  = 0.006), respectively. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios associated with different lactation duration (none, 0-6 months, 6-12 months, 12-18 months, and ≥18 months) were 1.00, 0.66, 0.42, 0.66, and 0.25 for diabetes (Ptrend  = 0.013), and 1.00, 0.82, 0.62, 0.67, and 0.63 for prediabetes (Ptrend  = 0.021), respectively. A restricted cubic spline curve showed a graded inverse association of lactation duration with the risks of diabetes and prediabetes (Ptrend  < 0.001).Conclusions: Higher-lactation intensity and longer-lactation duration were significantly associated with lower risks of postpartum diabetes and prediabetes among Chinese women with a history of GDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]