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Flexibility is a key advantage of organic solar cells (OSCs), and the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of flexible OSCs (FOSCs) are primarily constrained by flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs). While much attention has been devoted to the study of conductive layers on FTEs, the importance of flexible substrates in influencing the properties of FTEs and the performance of FOSCs is often overlooked. In this study, an FTE is developed using an eco‐friendly ethyl cellulose (EC) substrate and silver nanowires (AgNWs) as the conductive electrode. The FTE exhibits a high transmittance of up to 88% at 550 nm and a low sheet resistance of 17.65 Ω/□. Consequently, FOSCs based on the EC/PI FTEs achieve a remarkable PCE of 18.05%, comparable to that on the rigid ITO substrate. The flexible devices also demonstrate excellent bending and peeling durability even under extreme bending conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two exotic 6‐cantilever small molecular platforms, characteristic of quite different molecular configurations of propeller and quasi‐plane, are established by extremely two‐dimensional conjugated extension. When applied in small molecular acceptors, the only two cases of CH25 and CH26 that could contain six terminals and such broad conjugated backbones have been afforded thus far, rendering featured absorptions, small reorganization and exciton binding energies. Moreover, their distinctive but completely different molecular geometries result in sharply contrasting nanoscale film morphologies. Finally, CH26 contributes to the best device efficiency of 15.41 % among acceptors with six terminals, demonstrating two pioneered yet highly promising 6‐cantilever molecular innovation platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a challenge to fabricate organic solar modules with the combination of high efficiency, good stability, and green solvent treatment. To address the issue, active layer materials still play crucial roles. Herein, a non‐fullerene acceptor CH7 with the extended conjugation central unit and long‐branched side chains is reported for the fabrication of high‐performance large‐area modules. The long‐branched alkyl chains can ensure CH7 to have good solubility in non‐halogen solvent o‐xylene (OX). Meanwhile, the steric hindrance of long‐branched alkyl chains can suppress molecular excessive aggregation. The inverted structure prototype device based on PM6:CH7 and processed with OX showed a promising power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.49% mainly due to the favorable active layer morphology. Based on the small area device results, processed from OX, a 25.2 cm2 module is fabricated and demonstrates a high PCE of 14.42% and good photo stability with maintaining 93% of its initial efficiency after 500 h continuous illumination. Moreover, the module also shows decent thermal stability, maintaining with 82% of its original efficiency after the thermal stress at 65 °C for 500 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dominant hole transport material (HTM) in state‐of‐the‐art perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is Spiro‐OMeTAD, which needs to be doped using hydrophilic dopants to improve its hole mobility and conductivity, resulting in inferior device stability. Here, we propose an effective molecular design strategy to construct dopant‐free polymer HTMs by selecting four structurally related polymers and investigating their structure–property relationship. It is found that the donor and acceptor units with longitudinal conjugate extension, such as BDT‐T and BDD, could not only enhance the planarity of the conjugated polymer backbone and tune the energy levels but also promote the face‐on orientation, resulting in superior charge extraction and transport. The optimized device utilizing dopant‐free polymer HTM shows a high open‐circuit voltage of 1.19 V and a champion efficiency of 24.04 % with greatly improved operational stability, making it among the best performance PSCs based on dopant‐free HTMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Double network hydrogels (DN gels) demonstrate extremely high strength and toughness; however, conventional DN gels are fully chemically crosslinked, which are often softening and lack self‐healing. Here, a new type of fully physical DN (P‐DN) gels, that is, K+ ions crosslinked κ‐carrageenan (K+C) microgel (MG) composite hydrophobically crosslinked polyacrylamide (HPAAm) gels or K+C‐MG/HPAAm gels, in which the HPAAm gel was physically crosslinked by hydrophobic interactions as well as topologically crosslinked by P‐DN microgels, were prepared by a facile one‐pot method. At the optimal condition, K+C‐MG/HPAAm gel exhibited high strength (0.36 MPa) and high toughness (968 J/m2). In addition, it can rapidly recover from softening and display good fatigue resistance. Notably, K+C‐MG/HPAAm gel also demonstrated self‐healing properties on account of its physical nature. Because there are anionic κ‐carrageenan and KCl, K+C‐MG/HPAAm gels are ionic conductive, which were used as strain sensors to monitor the human motions. We believe our K+C‐MG/HPAAm gels provide a new insight in the field of DN gels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although organic solar cells (OSCs) have delivered an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 19 %, most of them demonstrated rather limited stability. So far, there are hardly any effective and universal strategies to improve stability of state‐of‐the‐art OSCs. Herein, we developed a hybrid electron‐transport layer (ETL) in inverted OSCs using ZnO and a new modifying agent (NMA), and significantly improved the stability and PCEs for all the tested devices. In particular, when applied in the D18 : N3 system, its inverted OSC exhibits so far the highest PCE (18.20 %) among inverted single‐junction OSCs, demonstrating an extrapolated T80 lifetime of 7572 h (equivalent to 5 years under outdoor exposure). This is the first report with T80 over 5000 h among OSCs with over 18 % PCE. Furthermore, a high PCE of 16.12 % can be realized even in a large‐area device (1 cm2). This hybrid ETL strategy provides a strong stimulus for highly prospective commercialization of OSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postoperative delirium is a common complication that often results in poor outcomes in surgical and elderly patients. Accumulating evidences suggest that the pathophysiology of delirium results from multiple neurotransmitter system dysfunctions. To further clarify the effects of the selective serotonin (5-HT) (1A) antagonist WAY-100635 on the behaviors in scopolamine induced-delirium rats and to explore the molecular mechanism, in this study, we investigated the change of monoamine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and different brain regions using high-performance liquid chromatography and assessed the behavioral retrieval of delirium rats treated with WAY-100635. It was found that 5-hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and homovanillic acid concentrations in the CSF of scopolamine-induced delirium rats were significantly increased, among which 5-HIAA was also increased in hippocampus and basolateral amygdala (BLA), and 5-HT(1A) receptor was significantly higher in the hippocampuses and BLA than other brain regions. Furthermore, intrahippocampus and intra-BLA stereotactic injection of WAY-100635 improved the delirium-like behavior of rats. Mechanistically, after WAY-100635 treatment, significant reduction of IL-1β release into CSF and NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) expression, phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and S6K was observed. Altogether, these results suggest that delirium rats induced by scopolamine may be correlated with an increased cerebral concentration of 5-HT and dopamine neurotransmitters system; the selective 5-HT(1A) antagoniszts can reverse the delirium symptoms at some extent through tendering PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTOR) activation-induced NLRP3 activity and then reducing IL-1β release. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(4):311-319, 2016 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Either controlled ventilation or spontaneous respiration is commonly used in general anesthesia for inhaled foreign body removal via rigid bronchoscopy. Controversy in the literature exists concerning which form of ventilation is optimally suited for bronchoscopy. We performed a meta-analysis to compare controlled ventilation and spontaneous respiration with respect to complications, operation time, and anesthesia recovery time. Methods We searched MEDLINE (1946-2013) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE. The articles were evaluated for validity, and the data on complications, including desaturation, laryngospasm, laryngeal edema, bucking and coughing, body movement, breath holding, operation time, and anesthesia recovery time, were extracted by the authors and summarized using odds ratios, mean differences, and 95% confidence intervals ( CIs). Results From the included studies, 423 subjects received controlled ventilation, whereas 441 subjects received spontaneous respiration. There was no significant difference in the incidence of desaturation between controlled ventilation and spontaneous respiration (odds ratio, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.30-1.63). However, the incidence of laryngospasm was lower when controlled ventilation was performed ( OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.10-0.76). The operation time (mean difference, −9.07 min; 95% CI, −14.03 to −4.12) was shorter in the controlled ventilation group. Conclusions Current evidence does not show a preference for either controlled ventilation or spontaneous respiration, although laryngospasm has a lower incidence when controlled ventilation is performed. Additional clinical studies are required to substantiate this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Introduction: We investigated a novel application of phrenic nerve stimulation (PNS) in diaphragm dysfunction induced by mechanical ventilation (MV). Methods: Twenty-one Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned randomly to 3 groups: spontaneous breathing, 18-h controlled MV, and 18-h controlled MV with PNS. Upon completion of the experimental protocol, diaphragm contractility, gene expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and ubiquitin ligases, and serum IGF-1 levels were analyzed. Results: Compared with the spontaneously breathing rats, impaired diaphragm contractile function, including force-related properties and force-frequency responses, were pronounced with MV. Furthermore, MV suppressed IGF-1 and induced muscle ring finger 1 mRNA expression in the diaphragm. In contrast, PNS counteracted MV-induced gene expression changes in the diaphragm and restored diaphragm function. Conclusions: PNS exerted a protective effect against MV-induced diaphragm dysfunction by counteracting altered expression of IGF-1 and ubiquitin ligase in the diaphragm. Muscle Nerve 48: 958-962, 2013 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing efficient organic solar cells (OSCs) with relatively thick active layer compatible with the roll to roll large area printing process is an inevitable requirement for the commercialization of this field. However, typical laboratory OSCs generally exhibit active layers with optimized thickness around 100 nm and very low thickness tolerance, which cannot be suitable for roll to roll process. In this work, high performance of thick‐film organic solar cells employing a nonfullerene acceptor F–2Cl and a polymer donor PM6 is demonstrated. High power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 13.80% in the inverted structure device and 12.83% in the conventional structure device are achieved under optimized conditions. PCE of 9.03% is obtained for the inverted device with active layer thickness of 500 nm. It is worth noting that the conventional structure device still maintains the PCE of over 10% when the film thickness of the active layer is 600 nm, which is the highest value for the NF‐OSCs with such a large active layer thickness. It is found that the performance difference between the thick active layer films based conventional and inverted devices is attributed to their different vertical phase separation in the active layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a great challenge to simultaneously improve the two tangled parameters, open circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current density (Jsc) for organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, such a challenge is addressed by a synergistic approach using fine‐tuning molecular backbone and morphology control simultaneously by a simple yet effective side chain modulation on the backbone of an acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A)‐type acceptor. With this, two terthieno[3,2‐b]thiophene (3TT) based A–D–A‐type acceptors, 3TT‐OCIC with backbone modulation and 3TT‐CIC without such modification, are designed and synthesized. Compared with the controlled molecule 3TT‐CIC, 3TT‐OCIC shows power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.13% with improved Voc of 0.69 V and Jsc of 27.58 mA cm−2, corresponding to PCE of 12.15% with Voc of 0.65 V and Jsc of 27.04 mA cm−2 for 3TT‐CIC–based device. Furthermore, with effective near infrared absorption, 3TT‐OCIC is used as the rear subcell acceptor in a tandem device and gave an excellent PCE of 15.72%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]