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This article presents a case study regarding the phytoplankton indicators of ecological change in the eutrophying Pamlico Sound System, North Carolina. Eutrophication and nutrient enrichment of estuarine and coastal waters are accelertaing, and there is a need to develop rapidly detectable and quantifiable ndicators of these changes. Coastal systems are also impacted by climatic perturbations, including storms, droughts, and floods, the frequencies of which may be increasing. Phytoplanktons are very good indicators of ecological change.