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Retrieval practice of isolated words (e.g., with flashcards) enhances foreign vocabulary learning. However, vocabulary is often encountered in context. We investigated whether retrieval opportunities also enhance contextualized word learning. In two within-subjects experiments, participants encoded 24 foreign words and then read a story to further strengthen word knowledge. The story contained eight target words in a retrieval context, which required participants to recall word meaning from memory to understand the text (e.g., "She borrowed a knyga"), and eight target words in an inference context from which meaning could be inferred (e.g., "She read a knyga" [book]). After 1 to 2 days, a posttest measured word retention. Reading the words in either the retrieval or inference context increased retention, compared to control words not included in the story. Moreover, in Experiment 1, retention was significantly higher in the inference than in the retrieval condition. In Experiment 2, in which encoding before reading was more extensive and feedback was available, no differences in retention were found between the inference and retrieval + feedback condition (both increased retention, compared to control words). Overall, the findings suggest that the benefits of retrieval may be less pronounced during incidental, contextualized learning than during intentional exercises and that retrieval success must be considered when adding retrieval opportunities to contextualized learning. Under low retrieval success, the better comprehension afforded by an informative context may outweigh the benefits of retrieval opportunities (Exp.1). Yet even when retrieval success was enhanced and feedback was added (Exp. 2), retrieval opportunities were only as beneficial as exposure to rich contextual information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Polysomnography, the gold‐standard for measuring sleep, is costly, intrusive and usually limited to 1 night. Actigraphy offers a more affordable, less intrusive method over multiple nights. However, little research validates ActiGraph accelerometers against polysomnography, especially in children. This study evaluated the validity of different algorithms and compared wrist versus ankle accelerometer placements for estimating sleep in children aged 1–12 years. Twenty‐nine children undergoing overnight type 1 polysomnography wore ActiGraph accelerometers. Six algorithms were evaluated against polysomnography using Pearson correlations, intraclass correlation, paired t‐tests and Bland–Altman plots. Agreement was classified as poor (intraclass correlation coefficient < 0.4), fair (0.4 < intraclass correlation coefficient < 0.6), good (0.6 < intraclass correlation coefficient < 0.75) or excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.75). Total sleep time was the primary outcome. For wrist‐worn devices, the Sadeh (Actilife) and Cole–Kripke (Actilife and GGIR) algorithms showed excellent agreement with polysomnography (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.80–0.85), while vanHees showed good agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.67) and Galland showed fair agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.46). The Cole–Kripke algorithm did not significantly differ from polysomnography total sleep time, whereas others underestimated total sleep time. For ankle‐worn devices, Sadeh (Actilife), Cole–Kripke (Actilife) and vanHees algorithms demonstrated excellent agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.75–0.82). No significant differences were found between wrist and ankle placements for certain algorithms. The findings support accelerometry as a valid tool for sleep assessment in children, recommending that algorithm selection be tailored to specific study requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2/3) represents a heterogeneous disease both with respect to clinical behavior and chromosomal aberrations detected. We hypothesized that the extent of chromosomal aberrations reflects the duration of their existence. Chromosomal profiles were determined of CIN3 of women with a known 5-year history of high-risk human papillomavirus virus (hrHPV) infection, in which duration of prior hrHPV infection was considered a proxy for duration of CIN3 existence. Eleven women had a <5 year preceding hrHPV infection (CIN3<5yrPHI) and 24 had a PHI lasting ≥5 years (CIN3≥5yrPHI). For comparison, six CIN3 adjacent to squamous cell carcinomas (CIN3-SCC), the corresponding SCCs, and six CIN1 were included. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis of the chromosomal profiles revealed two clusters. One was characterized by a low number of chromosomal aberrations and included all CIN1, 81.8% of CIN3<5yrPHI and 33.3% of CIN3≥5yrPHI. Samples in the second cluster, displaying multiple aberrations, included 18.2% of CIN3<5yrPHI, 66.7% CIN3≥5yrPHI, all except one CIN3-SCC and all SCCs. The number of genomic aberrations increased according to lesion grade and also with longer duration of PHI. The increase in aberrations in CIN3≥5yrPHI compared to <5yrPHI was highly significant ( p = 0.001), suggesting that CIN3≥5yrPHI represent more severe lesions. In conclusion, longer duration of preceding hrHPV infection is associated with an increased number of chromosomal aberrations. Hence, CIN3 with a longer duration of existence are likely more prone to have an increased short-term risk of cervical cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Comments on the exclusion of candidate gene loci for adult onset primary open-angle glaucoma in a genetically-isolated population. Description of a primary open-angle glaucoma; Ophthalmologic examination used in diagnosis; Clinical criteria of glaucoma patients.