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ABSTRACT Background Methods Results Conclusion Food protein‐induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a non‐IgE‐mediated allergy without known biomarkers. We aimed to compare fecal biomarkers related to gut inflammation and immunity in children with FPIES, with resolved FPIES (tolerant), and in matched controls.Stools were collected from FPIES children on elimination diet, before and after an oral food challenge (OFC) performed to assess their natural tolerance, at the end of a follow‐up in tolerant FPIES children, and in matched controls (1:1 ratio). Concentrations of calprotectin, EDN (eosinophilic derived neurotoxin), and secretory IgA (sIgA) underwent comparative paired analysis.Thirty‐eight patients were included (age: 1.3 years old, interquartile range: IQR [0.9–2.0]), of which 22 became tolerant during follow‐up. Upon inclusion, allergic patients and controls had similar concentrations of calprotectin (38 μg/g [8–85] vs. 27 μg/g [11–46], p = 0.15) and EDN (504 ng/g [275–1252] vs. 516 ng/g [215–844], p = 0.86). However, concentrations of these inflammatory biomarkers increased transiently after a failed OFC (p < 0.001 and p = 0.01 respectively), without correlating with the severity of an allergic reaction. sIgA were higher in allergic than in tolerant patients: 2224 μg/g [878–3529] vs. 794 μg/g [699–1767] (p < 0.01). Calprotectin, EDN, and sIgA were comparable in tolerant patients and controls. sIgA less than 2637 μg/g had a negative predictive value of 75.3% for the differentiation allergic patients from tolerant patients and controls (area under curve: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.52–0.74).A few days after an acute allergic reaction, there was no detectable chronic gut inflammation in FPIES. sIgA may be a useful tool for clinicians in timing OFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of premature death worldwide. In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) called for HBV elimination and set up very ambitious elimination targets. The development of effective vaccines, accurate diagnostic tools and safe antiviral drugs make HBV elimination a realistic goal. However, the most constrained‐resource regions, which bear the highest burden of HBV, are facing major challenges in implementing strategies to reduce HBV incidence and mortality. Developing simplified approaches adapted to resource‐limited settings and scaling up interventions for the prevention and control of HBV globally are urgently needed. Whether HBV elimination will be achieved in an equitable manner and in a reasonable timeframe remains highly uncertain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: Human activities have been reshaping the natural world for tens of thousands of years, leading to the extinction of hundreds of bird species. Past research has provided evidence of extinction selectivity towards certain groups of species, but trait information is lacking for the majority of clades, especially for prehistoric extinctions identified only through subfossil remains. This incomplete knowledge potentially obscures the structure of natural communities, undermining our ability to infer changes in biodiversity across space and time, including trends in functional and phylogenetic diversity. Biases in currently available trait data also limit our ability to identify drivers and processes of extinction. Here we present AVOTREX, an open‐access database of species traits for all birds known to have gone extinct in the last 130,000 years. This database provides detailed morphological information for 610 extinct species, along with a pipeline to build phylogenetic trees that include these extinct species. Main Types of Variables Contained: For each extinct bird species, we provide information on the taxonomy, geographic location, and period of extinction. We also present data on island endemicity, flight ability, and body mass, as well as standard measurements of external (matching the AVONET database of extant birds) and skeletal morphology from museum specimens where available. To ensure comprehensive morphological data coverage, we estimate all missing morphological measurements using a data imputation technique based on machine learning. Finally, we provide an R package to graft all extinct species onto a global phylogeny of extant species (BirdTree). Spatial Location and Grain: Global. Time Period and Grain: All known globally extinct bird species from 130,000 years ago up until 2024. Major Taxa and Level of Measurement: Birds (Class Aves), species level. Software Format: Spreadsheets (.csv) stored in Dryad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: Terrestrial predators play key roles in cycling nutrients, as well as limiting prey populations, and shaping the behaviour of their prey. Prehistoric, historic and ongoing declines of the world's predators have reshaped terrestrial ecosystems and are a topic of conservation concern. However, the availability of ecologically relevant predator functional traits is limited, hampering efforts to understand macroecological changes in this ecologically important functional group. Here, we present CarniTraits, a comprehensive open‐access functional trait database of all late Quaternary (~130,000 ybp) terrestrial mammalian predators (149 species, ≥1 kg body mass, ≥50% vertebrate meat consumption). Main Types of Variables Contained: Mammalian terrestrial predator functional traits including body mass, diet, scavenging, locomotion, cooperative hunting, hunting habitat, hunting method, bone consumption, temporal activity patterns, brain mass and encephalisation quotient. Spatial Location and Grain: Global. Time Period and Grain: Late Quaternary (the last ~130,000 years). Major Taxa and Level of Measurement: All late Quaternary terrestrial mammalian predators (149 species, ≥1 kg body mass, ≥50% vertebrate meat consumption). Software Format: csv. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identity leadership captures leaders efforts to create and promote a sense of shared group membership (i.e., a sense of "we" and of "us") among followers. The present research report tests this claim by drawing on data from 26 countries that are part of the Global Identity Leadership Development (GILD) project to examine the relationship between political leaders' identity leadership and civic citizenship behavior (N = 6787). It also examines the contributions of trust and economic inequality to this relationship. Political leaders' identity leadership (PLIL) was positively associated with respondents' people‐oriented civic citizenship behaviors (CCB‐P) in 20 of 26 countries and civic citizenship behaviors aimed at one's country (CCB‐C) in 23 of 26 countries. Mediational analyses also confirmed the indirect effects of PLIL via trust in fellow citizens on both CCB‐P (in 25 out of 26 countries) and CCB‐C (in all 26 countries). Economic inequality moderated these effects such that the main and indirect effects of trust in one's fellow citizens on CCB‐C were stronger in countries with higher economic inequality. This interaction effect was not observed for CCB‐P. The study highlights the importance of identity leadership and trust in fellow citizens in promoting civic citizenship behavior, especially in the context of economic inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Gastrointestinal tumours overexpress voltage‐gated calcium (CaV3) channels (CaV3.1, 3.2 and 3.3). CaV3 channels regulate cell growth and apoptosis colorectal cancer. Gossypol, a polyphenolic aldehyde found in the cotton plant, has anti‐tumour properties and inhibits CaV3 currents. A systematic study was performed on gossypol blocking mechanism on CaV3 channels and its potential anticancer effects in colon cancer cells, which express CaV3 isoforms. Experimental Approach: Transcripts for CaV3 proteins were analysed in gastrointestinal cancers using public repositories and in human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116, SW480 and SW620. The gossypol blocking mechanism on CaV3 channels was investigated by combining heterologous expression systems and patch‐clamp experiments. The anti‐tumoural properties of gossypol were estimated by cell proliferation, viability and cell cycle assays. Ca2+ dynamics were evaluated with cytosolic and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ indicators. Key Results: High levels of CaV3 transcripts correlate with poor prognosis in gastrointestinal cancers. Gossypol blockade of CaV3 isoforms is concentration‐ and use‐dependent interacting with the closed, activated and inactivated conformations of CaV3 channels. Gossypol and CaV3 channels down‐regulation inhibit colorectal cancer cell proliferation by arresting cell cycles at the G0/G1 and G2/M phases, respectively. CaV3 channels underlie the vectorial Ca2+ uptake by endoplasmic reticulum in colorectal cancer cells. Conclusion and Implications: Gossypol differentially blocked CaV3 channel and its anticancer activity was correlated with high levels of CaV3.1 and CaV3.2 in colorectal cancer cells. The CaV3 regulates cell proliferation and Ca2+ dynamics in colorectal cancer cells. Understanding this blocking mechanism maybe improve cancer therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a number of unique observations of ionospheric anomalies following the Hunga‐Tonga Hunga‐Ha'apai (HTHH) volcanic eruption on 15 January 2022. All are based on non‐dedicated geodetic satellite systems: Global Positioning System tracking of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) CubeSats, intersatellite tracking between two GRACE Follow‐On satellites, satellite radar altimeters to the ocean surface, and Doppler radio beacons from ground stations to LEO geodetic satellites. Their observations revealed the development of anomalously large trough‐like plasma depletions, along with plasma bubbles, in the equatorial regions of the Pacific and East Asian sectors. Trough‐like plasma depletions appeared to be confined within approximately ±20° magnetic latitude, accompanied by density enhancements just outside this latitude range. These plasma depletions and enhancements were aligned with the magnetic equator and occurred across broad longitudes. They were detected in regions where atmospheric waves from the HTHH eruption passed through around the time of the sunset terminator. We interpret these phenomena in terms of the E dynamo electric fields driven by atmospheric waves from the eruption. The uplift of the ionosphere beyond satellite altitudes, followed by subsequent plasma diffusion to higher latitudes along magnetic field lines, results in the formation of trough‐like plasma depletions around the magnetic equator and density enhancement at higher latitudes. The detection of plasma bubbles in the Asian sector during the non‐bubble season (January) is likely associated with the uplift of the ionosphere at the sunset terminator. Plain Language Summary: Satellite‐based ranging measurements use radio signals, which are impacted by electrons in the Earth's atmosphere. A correction for electron density must be applied to the ranging measurement prior to its scientific use. We have found that, after the Tonga volcanic eruption on 15 January 2022, the necessary corrections in the equatorial region were much smaller than usual for four geodetic satellites systems including GPS, GRACE Follow‐On, satellite altimeters, and DORIS radio beacons. This implies a reduction in electron content in the Earth's ionosphere in the equatorial region. Our observations demonstrate that the spatial and temporal patterns of the reduction are associated with the atmospheric pressure waves generated by the eruption. We suggest electric fields driven by atmospheric waves from the eruption as the source of equatorial electron density depletions. Key Points: Geodetic satellites detected plasma depletions and enhancements at low latitudes after the Tongan volcanic eruption on 15 January 2022These phenomena were observed within the region affected by the atmospheric waves propagated from the eruptionWe suggest that E‐region dynamo electric fields are a plausible source of the plasma density modulation at low latitudes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Relationships between crop genetic and functional diversity are key to addressing contemporary agricultural challenges. Yet, there are few approaches for quantifying the relationship between genetic diversity and crop functional trait expression. Here, we introduce 'functional space accumulation curves' to analyze how trait space increases with the number of crop genotypes within a species.We explore the potential for functional space accumulating curves to quantify genotype–trait space relationships in four common annual crop species: barley (Hordeum vulgare), rice (Oryza sativa), soybean (Glycine max), and durum wheat (Triticum durum). We also employ these curves to describe genotype–trait space relationships in the wild annual Arabidopsis thaliana, which has not been subjected to artificial selection.All five species exhibited asymptotic functional space accumulation curves, suggesting a limit to intraspecific functional crop diversity, likely due to: dominant phenotypes represented by several genotypes; or functional redundancy that might exist among genotypes. Our findings indicate that there is a diminishing return of functional diversity with increasing number of genotypes.Our analysis demonstrates the efficacy of functional space accumulation curves in quantifying trait space occupancy of crops, with implications for managing crop diversity in agroecosystems, and genetic diversity in crop breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present research, we introduce and validate a single‐item measure of identity leadership—the visual identity leadership scale (VILS). The VILS uses Venn diagrams of sets of overlapping circles to denote different degrees of alignment between a leader's characteristics and behaviours and a group's values and goals. Key advantages of the VILS over other existing multi‐item scales are that it provides a holistic assessment of identity leadership, is short, and can be adapted to address novel research questions that are impractical to address with existing scales (e.g. in diary studies, assessing multiple comparisons of many leaders or groups). Data from three studies (conducted in India, the United States and Germany) provide evidence of the VILS' construct reliability and validity. Results also showcase the instrument's capacity to be adapted to assess variations of identity leadership—for example, by assessing a leader's convergence with descriptive and ideal notions of collective self (i.e. with 'who we are' and 'who we want to be'). We discuss the value of including the VILS in the toolbox that researchers and practitioners can utilize to expand our understanding of identity processes in leadership and group behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geroscience research program of the last decade has entailed a shift of focus in research on aging, away from understanding its underlying biology and towards translation into anti-aging treatments—a shift that is premature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this overview was to perform an exploratory analysis of in‐house drug‐drug interaction (DDI) studies conducted with investigational drugs and oral midazolam to assess the value of measuring 1‐OH‐midazolam (1‐OHM) in such studies. The perpetrator effect of the investigational drugs on cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) was assessed by analyzing both midazolam and 1‐OHM in plasma and evaluating their pharmacokinetic parameters. Given the almost exclusive metabolism of the parent drug by CYP3A to the main metabolite 1‐OHM, an increase in midazolam and a decrease in 1‐OHM exposure in the case of CYP3A inhibition caused by a perpetrator drug would be expected. The opposite would be anticipated in the case of CYP3A induction. For this analysis, the perpetrator potential of eight different investigational drugs was incorporated. Among the 10 studies included, the identified CYP3A inhibitors (n = 4) and inducers (n = 1) were classified based on the data generated with midazolam per se, with 1‐OHM levels not contributing to the interpretation of the data as they did not corroborate the findings of the parent compound. Therefore, it was concluded that continued analysis of 1‐OHM in plasma may be questionable as it does not add value to the interpretation of the results when performing CYP3A DDI studies with an investigational drug as a perpetrator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Servant leadership's unique focus on care and concern for multiple stakeholders has caught the attention of academic and practitioners alike. Its theoretical novelty, however, remains underutilized as a means to contribute unique insights to the leadership literature. We draw on servant leadership's moral foundation—utilitarian consequentialism—and social learning theory to identify cognitive mechanisms (follower other‐orientation and cognitive reflection) through which servant leadership affects employee behavior benefiting two stakeholder groups: a community nonprofit organization and the employing organization. Furthermore, we evaluate the degree to which an employee's moral identity internalization acts as a boundary condition of servant leadership's effects. Data were collected from 274 employee‐supervisor dyads across three waves with objective cognitive reflection scores and objective measures of workplace charitable giving and employee performance. Results supported all hypothesized predictions even after accounting for three alternative mediators. In particular, servant leadership had a positive indirect effect on workplace charitable giving through follower other‐orientation; it also had a positive indirect effect on objective follower financial performance through other‐orientation and cognitive reflection. Both indirect effects were significant at low levels of moral identity internalization but not at high levels. We discuss the implications of these findings and delineate directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite advances in efficacy and safety of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence after PVI remains common. PV‐reconnection is the main finding during repeat PVI procedures performed to treat recurrent AF. Objective: To analyze pulmonary vein (PV) reconnection patterns during repeat ablation procedures in a large cohort of consecutive patients undergoing radio frequency or cryoballoon‐based PVI. Methods: Retrospective analysis of PV‐reconnection patterns and analysis of re‐ablation strategies in consecutive index RF‐ and CB‐based PVI and their respective re‐ablation procedures during concomitant usage of both energy sources at a single high‐volume center in Germany. Results: A total of 610 first (06/2015–10/2022) and 133 s (01/2016–11/2022) repeat ablation procedures after 363 (60%) RF‐ and 247 (40%) CB‐based index PVIs between 01/2015 and 12/2021 were analyzed. PV‐reconnection was found in 509/610 (83%) patients at first and 74/133 (56%) patients at second repeat procedure. 465 of 968 (48%) initially via CB isolated PVs were reconnected at first re‐ablation but 796 of 1422 initially RF‐isolated PV (56%) were reconnected (OR: 0.73 [95% CI: 0.62–0.86]; p <.001). This was driven by fewer reconnections of the left PVs (LSPV: OR: 0.60 [95% CI: 0.42–0.86]; p =.005 and LSPV: 0.67 [0.47–0.95]; p =.026). PV‐reconnection was more likely after longer, RF‐based index PVI and in older females. Repeat procedures were shorter after CB‐compared to after RF‐PVI. Conclusions: Reconnection remains the most common reason for repeat AF ablation procedures after PVI. Our data suggest to preferentially use of the cryoballoon during index PVI, especially in older women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are patrilocal, with males remaining in their natal community and females dispersing when they reach sexual maturity. However, the details of female chimpanzee dispersal, such as their possible origin, are difficult to assess, even in habituated communities. This study investigates the utility of 87Sr/86Sr analysis for (1) assessing Sr baseline differences between chimpanzee territories and (2) identifying the status (immigrant or natal) of females of unknown origin within the territories of five neighboring communities in Taï National Park (Côte d'Ivoire). Materials and Methods: To create a local Sr isoscape for the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) study area, we sampled environmental samples from TCP‐established territories (n = 35). To assess dispersal patterns, 34 tooth enamel samples (one per individual) were selected from the Taï chimpanzee skeletal collection. 87Sr/86Sr analysis was performed on all 69 samples at the W.M. Keck Lab. The theoretical density and overlap of chimpanzee communities as well as generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) were used to test each question. Results: 87Sr/86Sr ratios for natal male chimpanzees ranged from 0.71662 to 0.72187, which is well within the corresponding environmental baseline range of 0.70774–0.73460. The local Sr isoscapes fit was estimated with the root‐mean‐square error value, which was 0.0048 (22% of the whole 87Sr/86Sr data range). GLMMs identified significant differences in 87Sr/86Sr ratios between natal and unknown North community origin groups, suggesting that after 1980, females of unknown origin could be immigrants to North community (n = 7, z‐ratio = −4.08, p = 0.0001, power = 0.94). Discussion: This study indicates that 87Sr/86This study indicates that 87Sr/86Sr analysis can successfully identify immigrant females in skeletal collections obtained from wild chimpanzee communities, enabling the tracking of female dispersal patterns historically. There are, however, significant limitations within the scope of this study, such as (1) the absence of reliable maps for the TCP study area, (2) limited capacity for environmental sampling, (3) small sample sizes, and (4) tooth formation in wild chimpanzees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus linked to nine different human tumors and lymphoproliferative disorders. Immunosuppression promotes EBV‐driven malignancies. The most frequent EBV‐induced malignancies are lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. By promoting smooth muscle proliferation, EBV can induce EBV‐associated smooth muscle tumors (EBV‐SMT). EBV‐SMT is a rare oncological entity for which no current guideline for diagnosis or management exists. Data on posttransplant EBV‐SMT (PT‐SMT) are scarce in kidney transplant recipients. Methods: We conducted a national multicentric retrospective study and collected cases among transplantation centers in France. Kidney transplant recipients experiencing histologically proven PT‐SMT were included. We collected data on demographic characteristics of patient, history of kidney transplantation, history of PT‐SMT, evolution of graft function, and patient survival. Results: Eight patients were included. The median age at PT‐SMT diagnosis was 31 years (range 6.5–40). PT‐SMT occurred after a median delay of 37.8 months after transplantation (range 6–175). PT‐SMT management consisted in immunosuppressive regimen minimization in all patients. Introduction of mTOR inhibitors was performed in two patients. Four patients (50%) needed chemotherapy. Surgical resection was performed in four patients. At last follow‐up after PT‐SMT diagnosis (median 33 months (range 17–132)), five patients were considered in complete remission, and two patients had died. Two patients experienced graft rejection; two resumed dialysis (25%). All patients with available data presented with impaired graft function at last follow‐up. Conclusion: PT‐SMT is a subacute and progressive disease during kidney transplantation. Even if the risk of developing PT‐SMT is low in kidney transplant recipients (0.07% in our cohort), PT‐SMT is associated with significant graft loss, possibly due to reduced immunosuppression. Developing guidelines could help transplantation teams better manage these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Despite decades of restoration work, Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Pacific Northwest remain under the protection of the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). Chinook Salmon in the Skagit River basin play a vital role in the abundance and recovery of the Puget Sound Chinook Salmon Evolutionarily Significant Unit, which is currently listed as threatened under the ESA. The stream‐type juvenile (STJ) life history pattern of Chinook Salmon in the Skagit River has higher ocean survival to the adult stage (i.e., productivity) than that of parr or fry out‐migrants, and improvement in STJ Chinook Salmon habitat could increase abundance and diversity in the Skagit River basin. Our objective was to provide recommended ranges of variables shown to influence habitat selection in floodplains by STJ Chinook Salmon. Methods: Using field observations from 70 sites within the Skagit River basin, we developed generalized linear mixed‐effects models across three seasons in floodplain habitats to correlate variable ranges with densities of STJ Chinook Salmon. Result: Model accuracy varied by season (summer: R2 = 0.24; winter: R2 = 0.56; spring: R2 = 0.54), and significant parameters included velocity, substrate, depth range, and distance to the closest connection with the main stem. Additional significant factors included wood cover, maximum water temperature, velocity range, and interaction of the ranges of velocity and depth. Recommended ranges for habitat variables associated with the highest densities of STJ Chinook Salmon include depths of 40–68 cm, velocities of 0.06–0.33 m/s, substrate sizes of 3–36 mm, and distances of 33–119 m to the main‐stem connection. Water temperatures associated with high juvenile densities varied by season (winter: 4–6°C; summer: 9–14°C). Conclusion: Our recommended ranges for habitat variables can be used to refine designs for river restoration projects intended to improve habitat for juvenile Chinook Salmon and other salmonids in the Pacific Northwest. Impact statementIdentifying ranges of habitat factors influencing stream‐rearing Chinook Salmon can help increase population productivity and restoration success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides a summary of a literature analysis on the use of CAR-T therapy for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). The analysis found that CAR-T therapy was effective in treating PTLD, with an overall response rate of 67.3% and a complete remission rate of 59.2%. The most common side effects were cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). The management of immunosuppressive therapy (IS) during CAR-T therapy remains a challenge, with no consensus on the optimal approach. The analysis suggests that IS should be suspended for as long as possible to maximize the duration of response. Close monitoring of immune reconstitution and graft rejection is crucial for tailoring IS in a personalized manner. [Extracted from the article]

Problem: Research has suggested a link between recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and cell‐mediated immunity dysregulation. We aimed to determine if a history of RPL is associated with diagnosis of a cell‐mediated autoimmune condition (AIC). Method of Study: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the TriNetX research network. The RPL group had ≥3 spontaneous or missed abortions. Controls had at least one pregnancy but no diagnosis of RPL. Propensity score matching was used for age, race, and ethnicity. Z‐test and relative risk analysis investigated the relationship between RPL and subsequent AIC diagnoses. Results: One hundred twenty‐eight thousand three hundred seventy‐six patients were included in each cohort. RPL was associated with an increased risk for an AIC composite (RR 1.60, 95% CI [1.51, 1.69]), Crohn's disease, Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and ulcerative colitis, but not psoriatic arthritis. Conclusions: Using a large research database of patients with RPL, we were able to demonstrate that an antecedent diagnosis of RPL is associated with increased risk of subsequent diagnosis of an AIC, often between 1 and 10 years after RPL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil moisture reductions during drought often inhibit soil microbial activity and inhibit decomposition rates by reducing microbial biomass or by altering microbial communities. Evidence suggests that soil water must drop below a critical threshold to inhibit microbial activity. Thus, it is likely that the seasonal timing of drought will determine the extent to which belowground processes are adversely impacted by drought. Specifically, the effects of drought might be minimal during cool, wet periods typical of late spring but dramatic during hot summer months with high evapotranspiration rates that lower soil moisture levels below the critical threshold. Here, we present results from a study designed to quantify the effect of drought on soil microbial abundance, community composition, and soil water diffusion across four months, and to then assess how drought impacts the microbial decomposition of leaf matter. We imposed a season‐long drought in a Wisconsin tallgrass prairie and measured soil moisture, bacterial composition and abundance, microbial respiration, and decomposition rates throughout the growing season. Bacterial communities varied considerably among dates, but drought did not affect either bacterial abundance or community composition. Microbial respiration declined significantly during periods of drought when soil pores likely became hydrologically isolated, ultimately reducing cumulative microbial respiration by 10%. The reduction in microbial activity in drought treatments caused a 50% decline in the decomposition of refractory material. Our study highlights that sublethal effects of drought on microbial communities, occurring only when soil moisture declined below a tolerance threshold, can have large impacts on microbial carbon release or decomposition, highlighting the need to incorporate such measures into future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on utilizing the increasing availability of satellite trajectory data from global navigation satellite system‐enabled low‐Earth orbiting satellites and their precision orbit determination (POD) solutions to expand and refine thermospheric model validation capabilities. The research introduces an updated interface for the GEODYN‐II POD software, leveraging high‐precision space geodetic POD to investigate satellite drag and assess density models. This work presents a case study to examine five models (NRLMSIS2.0, DTM2020, JB2008, TIEGCM, and CTIPe) using precise science orbit (PSO) solutions of the Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite‐2 (ICESat‐2). The PSO is used as tracking measurements to construct orbit fits, enabling an evaluation according to each model's ability to redetermine the orbit. Relative in‐track deviations, quantified by in‐track residuals and root‐mean‐square errors (RMSe), are treated as proxies for model densities that differ from an unknown true density. The study investigates assumptions related to the treatment of the drag coefficient and leverages them to eliminate bias and effectively scale model density. Assessment results and interpretations are dictated by the timescale at which the scaling occurs. DTM2020 requires the least scaling (∼−7%) to achieve orbit fits closely matching the PSO within an in‐track RMSe of 7 m when scaled over 2 weeks and 2 m when scaled daily. The remaining models require substantial scaling of the mean density offset (∼30 − 75%) to construct orbit fits that meet the aforementioned RMSe criteria. All models exhibit slight over or under‐sensitivity to geomagnetic activity according to trends in their 24‐hr scaling factors. Plain Language Summary: This research aims to make use of data from well‐tracked satellites that orbit close to Earth where they still interact with the atmosphere via satellite drag. The goal is to use high‐quality orbit solutions of satellites to provide additional means of testing density models of the Earth's upper atmosphere. By updating a precise orbit software tool called GEODYN‐II, we demonstrate how a satellite's orbit is affected by the drag forces from different density models of the upper atmosphere, and how those orbits can be used to assess the accuracy of the models. Each density model produces an orbit fit that deviates from the precise orbit of a satellite, and these deviations are used as proxies for model error relative to the unknown true density. We tested five different models using precise orbit solutions from the ICESat‐2 satellite. Various assumptions related to the drag force are investigated and used to scale the model densities at different timescales. We find that all models benefit from scaling to produce orbit fits that more closely match the ICESat‐2 precise orbit. Key Points: Precision orbit determination solutions are expanded to study satellite drag and assess upper atmospheric density models using GEODYNA proof‐of‐concept case study assessment of density models is presented using ICESat‐2 precise science orbits and orbit fitsAssessment results are provided for empirical (MSIS2, DTM2020, JB2008) and physics‐based (TIEGCM, CTIPe) models for 14‐days in November 2018 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Shrunken pore syndrome (SPS) is defined as cystatin C‐based‐eGFR (eGFRcys)/creatinine‐based‐eGFR (eGFRcreat) <0.6 or 0.7 and is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. SPS has been described in children, but no link to increased morbi‐mortality was demonstrated. Objectives: Study the prevalence of SPS in a pediatric population using several glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimating formulas and measured GFR and evaluate the potential link with cardiovascular risk. Methods: In 307 renal risk pediatric patients, we studied prevalence of SPS either with CKiDU25creat and cyst or with FAScreat and cyst and EKFCcreat. The characteristics of patients with SPS (defined with Full‐age spectrum equation (FAS) and/or European Kidney Function Consortium equation (EKFC)) were compared. Results and conclusion: The prevalence of SPS varies widely depending on the threshold and the formulas used. Higher C‐reactive protein (CRP) and phosphate levels and smaller size are observed in children with SPS defined with FAS and/or EKFC and might be associated with long‐term increased cardiovascular risk. Further studies in wider general pediatric populations are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The exploration of phenotypic spaces of large sets of plant species has considerably increased our understanding of diversification processes in the plant kingdom. Nevertheless, such advances have predominantly relied on interspecific comparisons that hold several limitations.Here, we grew in the field a unique set of 179 inbred lines of durum wheat, Triticum turgidum spp. durum, characterized by variable degrees of artificial selection. We measured aboveground and belowground traits as well as agronomic traits to explore the functional and agronomic trait spaces and to investigate trait‐to‐agronomic performance relationships.We showed that the wheat functional trait space shared commonalities with global cross‐species spaces previously described, with two main axes of variation: a root foraging axis and a slow–fast trade‐off axis. Moreover, we detected a clear signature of artificial selection on the variation of agronomic traits, unlike functional traits. Interestingly, we identified alternative phenotypic combinations that can optimize crop performance.Our work brings insightful knowledge about the structure of phenotypic spaces of domesticated plants and the maintenance of phenotypic trade‐offs in response to artificial selection, with implications for trade‐off‐free and multi‐criteria selection in plant breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaborative efforts between basic scientists, engineers, and clinicians are enabling translational epileptology. In this article, we summarize the recent advances presented at the International Conference for Technology and Analysis of Seizures (ICTALS 2022): (1) novel developments of structural magnetic resonance imaging; (2) latest electroencephalography signal‐processing applications; (3) big data for the development of clinical tools; (4) the emerging field of hyperdimensional computing; (5) the new generation of artificial intelligence (AI)–enabled neuroprostheses; and (6) the use of collaborative platforms to facilitate epilepsy research translation. We highlight the promise of AI reported in recent investigations and the need for multicenter data‐sharing initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is particularly impacted by global changes, drought being a main limiting factor of crop production. Here, we focus on pea (Pisum sativum), a model legume cultivated for its seed nutritional value. A water deficit (WD) was applied during its early reproductive phase, harvesting plant organs at two key developmental stages, either at the embryonic or the seed‐filling stages. We combined phenotypic, physiological and transcriptome analyses to better understand the adaptive response to drought. First, we showed that apical growth arrest is a major phenotypic indicator of water stress. Sugar content was also greatly impacted, especially leaf fructose and starch contents. Our RNA‐seq analysis identified 2001 genes regulated by WD in leaf, 3684 genes in root and 2273 genes in embryonic seed, while only 80 genes were regulated during seed‐filling. Hence, a large transcriptional reprogramming occurred in response to WD in seeds during early embryonic stage, but no longer during the later stage of nutritional filling. Biological processes involved in transcriptional regulation, carbon transport and metabolism were greatly regulated by WD in both source and sink organs, as illustrated by the expression of genes encoding transcription factors, sugar transporters and enzymes of the starch synthesis pathway. We then looked at the transcriptomic changes during seed development, highlighting a transition from monosaccharide utilization at the embryonic stage to sucrose transport feeding the starch synthesis pathway at the seed‐filling stage. Altogether, our study presents an integrative picture of sugar transport and metabolism in response to drought and during seed development at a genome‐wide level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activation of male sexual behavior depends on brain estrogen synthesis. Estrogens act through nuclear and membrane receptors producing effects within hours/days or seconds/minutes, respectively. In mice, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is the main estrogen receptor (ER) controlling the activation of male sexual behavior. Although neuroestrogens rapidly modulate mouse sexual behavior, it is not known whether these effects involve membrane ERα (mERα). This study combines two complementary approaches to address this question. C451A‐ERα mice carry an ERα that cannot signal at the membrane, while estetrol (E4) is a natural estrogen acting as an agonist on nuclear ERα but as an antagonist on membrane ERα. In wild‐type males, E4 decreased the number of mounts and intromissions after 10 min. In C451A‐ERα males, E4 also altered sexual performance but after 30 min. E4 did not affect time spent near the female in both wild‐type and C451A‐ERα mice. However, regardless of genotype, the aromatase inhibitor 1,4,6‐Androstatriene‐3,17‐dione (ATD) decreased both sexual performance and the time spent near the female after 10 and 30 min, confirming the key role of aromatization in the rapid control of sexual behavior and motivation. In conclusion, the shift in timing at which the effect of E4 is observed in mice lacking mERα suggests a role for mERα in the regulation of rapid effects of neuroestrogens on sexual performance, thus providing the first demonstration that E4 acts as an antagonist of a mER in the brain. The persisting effect of ATD on behavior in C451A‐ERα mice also suggests the implication of another ER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molnupiravir is an orally administered, small‐molecule ribonucleoside prodrug of β‐D‐N4‐hydroxycytidine (NHC) that has demonstrated potent, broad‐spectrum preclinical activity against RNA viruses and has a high barrier to the development of resistance. A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, phase I trial was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PKs), safety, and tolerability of 10.5‐day administration of multiple doses of molnupiravir and its metabolites in healthy, adult participants. Participants were randomly assigned (3:1) to receive molnupiravir (400 mg [n = 6], 600 mg [n = 6], and 800 mg [n = 12]) or matching placebo (n = 8) every 12 h (q12h) for 10.5 days. Blood was collected to evaluate the PKs of NHC in plasma and of its active metabolite, NHC‐triphosphate (NHC‐TP), in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Molnupiravir was generally well‐tolerated. All adverse events were mild or moderate in severity and none led to treatment discontinuation. No clinically meaningful dose‐related safety findings were observed. Mean time to maximal concentration was ~1.50 to 1.98 h for plasma NHC and ~4.00 to 8.06 h for PBMC NHC‐TP. Accumulation was minimal (<1.2) for NHC and ~2‐ to 2.5‐fold for NHC‐TP. Plasma NHC PKs was generally dose proportional, and PBMC NHC‐TP PKs was less than dose proportional over the dose range studied. NHC and NHC‐TP PK support twice‐daily administration. Overall, molnupiravir administered at up to 800 mg q12h for 10.5 days was generally well‐tolerated in healthy participants with dose‐linear PKs, supporting the evaluation of longer molnupiravir dosing up to 10 days in future clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although electrophysiological (EP) centers have institutional standards, evidence on management of cardiac tamponade is lacking. Aim and Methods: A physician‐based survey was conducted by sending out questionnaires to all hospitals in Germany performing EP procedures. To evaluate the infrastructure of EP centers and the impact of center volume and onsite cardiac surgery on the management of cardiac tamponade, the results of the survey were analyzed for low‐volume (0–250 procedures per year), mid‐volume (250–500 procedures), and high‐volume (>500 procedures) centers, as well as for centers with and without onsite cardiac surgery. Results: A total of 341 centers were identified and 189/341 (55%) returned data sets were analyzed. Most types of EP procedures are performed across all kinds of centers. Ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) is concentrated in higher volume centers and in centers with onsite cardiac surgery. None of the participating low‐volume centers and only 13% of centers without onsite cardiac surgery responded to performing epicardial VT ablation. Irrespective of center volume and onsite cardiac surgery, neither body mass index nor age was reported to be an exclusion criterion for ablation procedures. Higher volume centers and centers with onsite cardiac surgery more often have dedicated EP laboratories and EP‐nursing teams. Also, differences regarding periprocedural safety precautions and management of cardiac tamponade were found for low‐, mid‐, and high‐volume centers, as well as for centers with and without onsite cardiac surgery. Conclusion: While center volume and onsite cardiac surgery do not impact patient selection, there are differences in ablation spectrum, infrastructure, periprocedural safety precautions, and treatment of tamponade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Shifts in the age or turnover time of non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) may underlie changes in tree growth under long‐term increases in drought stress associated with climate change. But NSC responses to drought are challenging to quantify, due in part to large NSC stores in trees and subsequently long response times of NSC to climate variation.We measured NSC age (Δ14C) along with a suite of ecophysiological metrics in Pinus edulis trees experiencing either extreme short‐term drought (−90% ambient precipitation plot, 2020–2021) or a decade of severe drought (−45% plot, 2010–2021). We tested the hypothesis that carbon starvation – consumption exceeding synthesis and storage – increases the age of sapwood NSC.One year of extreme drought had no impact on NSC pool size or age, despite significant reductions in predawn water potential, photosynthetic rates/capacity, and twig and needle growth. By contrast, long‐term drought halved the age of the sapwood NSC pool, coupled with reductions in sapwood starch concentrations (−75%), basal area increment (−39%), and bole respiration rates (−28%).Our results suggest carbon starvation takes time, as tree carbon reserves appear resilient to extreme disturbance in the short term. However, after a decade of drought, trees apparently consumed old stored NSC to support metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pulsed‐field ablation (PFA) and the multielectrode radiofrequency balloon (RFB) are two novel ablation technologies to perform pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). It is currently unknown whether these technologies differ in lesion formation and lesion extent. We compared the acute lesion extent after PVI induced by PFA and RFB by measuring low‐voltage area in high‐density maps and the release of biomolecules reflecting cardiac injury. Methods: PVI was performed with a pentaspline catheter (FARAPULSE) applying PFA or with the compliant multielectrode RFB (HELIOSTAR). Before and after PVI high‐density mapping with CARTO 3 was performed. In addition, blood samples were taken before transseptal puncture and after post‐PVI remapping and serum concentrations of high‐sensitive Troponin I were quantified by immunoassay. Results: Sixty patients undergoing PVI by PFA (n = 28, age 69 ± 12 year, 60% males, 39.3% persistent atrial fibrillation [AF]) or RFB (n = 32, age 65 ± 13 year, 53% males, 21.9% persistent AF) were evaluated. Acute PVI was achieved in all patients in both groups. Mean number of PFA pulses was 34.2 ± 4.5 and mean number RFB applications was 8.5 ± 3 per patient. Total posterior ablation area was significantly larger in PFA (20.7 ± 7.7 cm²) than in RFB (7.1 ± 2.09 cm²; p <.001). Accordingly, posterior ablation area for each PV resulted in larger lesions after PFA versus RFB (LSPV 5.2 ± 2.7 vs. 1.9 ± 0.8 cm², LIPV 5.5 ± 2.3 vs. 1.9 ± 0.8 cm², RSPV 4.7 ± 1.9 vs. 1.6 ± 0.5 cm², RIPV 5.3 ± 2.1 vs. 1.6 ± 0.7 cm,² respectively; p <.001). In a subset of 38 patients, increase of hsTropI was higher after PFA (625 ± 138 pg/mL, n = 28) versus RFB (148 ± 36 pg/mL, n = 10; p =.049) supporting the evidence of larger lesion extent by PFA. Conclusion: PFA delivers larger acute lesion areas and higher troponin release upon successful PVI than multielectrode RFB‐based PVI in this single‐center series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: People living with HIV (PLWH) are at high risk for advanced chronic liver disease and related adverse outcomes. We aimed to validate the prognostic value of non‐invasive scores based on liver stiffness measurement (LSM) and on markers of portal hypertension (PH), namely platelets and spleen diameter, in PLWH. Methods: We combined data from eight international cohorts of PLWH with available non‐invasive scores, including LSM and the composite biomarkers liver stiffness‐spleen size‐to‐platelet ratio score (LSPS), LSM‐to‐Platelet ratio (LPR) and PH risk score. Incidence and predictors of all‐cause mortality, any liver‐related event and classical hepatic decompensation were determined by survival analysis, controlling for competing risks for the latter two. Non‐invasive scores were assessed and compared using area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC). Results: We included 1695 PLWH (66.8% coinfected with hepatitis C virus). During a median follow‐up of 4.7 (interquartile range 2.8–7.7) years, the incidence rates of any liver‐related event, all‐cause mortality and hepatic decompensation were 13.7 per 1000 persons‐year (PY) (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.4–16.3), 13.8 per 1000 PY (95% CI, 11.6–16.4) and 9.9 per 1000 PY (95% CI, 8.1–12.2), respectively. The AUROC of LSM was similar to that of the composite biomarkers, ranging between 0.83 and 0.86 for any liver‐related event, 0.79–0.85 for all‐cause mortality and 0.87–0.88 for classical hepatic decompensation. All individual non‐invasive scores remained independent predictors of clinical outcomes in multivariable analysis. Conclusions: Non‐invasive scores based on LSM, spleen diameter and platelets predict clinical outcomes in PLWH. Composite biomarkers do not achieve higher prognostic performance compared to LSM alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Survival after pediatric liver transplantation (PLT) is negatively impacted by thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications. Limited data exists regarding factors associated with these complications and utilization of anticoagulation. Methods: Retrospective review of donor, recipient variables and outcomes from four centers participating in the Starzl Network for Excellence in Pediatric Transplantation. Results: 76 PLT included 39 (51%) technical variant transplants, with mean follow‐up 628 ± 193.6 days. Median age/weight at transplant were 59.3 ± 53.8 months and 19.6 ± 17.2 kg. Seven (9.2%) transplants experienced intraoperative hepatic artery thrombosis (iHAT), all successfully corrected. Four HAT recurred postoperatively on POD 1,7,8 and 616. All three portal vein thromboses (PVT) occurred on POD1. Anticoagulation protocols were initiated intraoperatively in 50 and postoperatively in 66 and were active for all thrombotic and hemorrhagic events. Two patients were re‐transplanted for HAT. Two patients died without having thrombotic or hemorrhagic complications. iHAT and post‐operative HAT were associated with lower hepatic arterial flows. iHAT was associated with donor variant anatomy, reduced allografts and intraoperative blood loss. Intraoperative ultrasound could not predict post‐operative HAT nor PVT. Surgeon pre‐operative concern regarding the native portal vein correlated with postoperative PVT. Lower hepatic arterial and portal flows, higher estimated blood losses, higher prothrombin time and use of arterial interposition grafts were associated with postoperative hemorrhagic complications. Conclusions: Thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications after pediatric liver transplant remain rare but significant events. Their occurrence can be predicted with pre‐operative assessment of donor and recipient vascular anatomy and direct flow measurement but may not be predicted with ultrasound evaluation nor prevented with anticoagulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Positive fluid balance (FB) is associated with poor outcomes in critically ill children but has not been studied in pediatric liver transplant (LT) recipients. Our goal is to investigate the relationship between postoperative FB and outcomes in pediatric LT recipients. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of first‐time pediatric LT recipients at a quaternary care children's hospital. Patients were stratified into three groups based on their FB in the first 72 h postoperatively: <10%, 10–20%, and > 20%. Outcomes were pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and hospital length of stay, ventilator‐free days (VFD) at 28 days, day 3 severe acute kidney injury, and postoperative complications. Multivariate analyses were adjusted for age, preoperative admission status, and Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM)‐III score. Results: We included 129 patients with median PRISM‐III score of 9 (interquartile range, IQR 7–15) and calculated Pediatric End‐stage Liver Disease score of 15 (IQR 2–23). A total of 37 patients (28.7%) had 10–20% FB, and 26 (20.2%) had >20% FB. Greater than 20% FB was associated with an increased likelihood of an additional PICU day (adjusted incident rate ratio [aIRR] 1.62, 95% CI: 1.18–2.24), an additional hospital day (aIRR 1.39, 95% CI: 1.10–1.77), and lower likelihood of a VFD at 28 days (aIRR 0.85, 95% CI: 0.74–0.97). There were no differences between groups in the likelihood of postoperative complications. Conclusions: In pediatric LT recipients, >20% FB at 72 h postoperatively is associated with increased morbidities, independent of age and severity of illness. Additional studies are needed to explore the impact of fluid management strategies on outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The intraoperative identification of a bile leak after liver transplantation can be challenging, especially when using technical variant grafts. Possible sources of leakage include the sometimes multiple biliary anastomoses or orphan ducts leading to cut surface leak. Preoperative imaging is often unable to precisely identify the location of the leak. Indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging has been utilized in adult hepatobiliary and transplant surgery, but not for the management of postoperative biliary complications. Methods: We present a case where ICG fluorescence imaging was used to identify a cut surface bile leak after pediatric split liver transplantation. Results: A 5‐year‐old girl with methylmalonic acidemia underwent a left lobe split liver transplantation. A single Roux‐en‐Y choledochojejunostomy was performed. Nine days after transplant, bile was noted in the surgical drain. Imaging confirmed the patency of the hepatic artery and the absence of intraabdominal collection. A hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scan showed the majority of radiotracer was excreted through the surgical drain. The patient was explored surgically: 4.5× loupe magnification did not allow for the localization of the leak. ICG was administered intravenously, after which a cut surface bile leak could be identified and repaired. There was no recurrence of bile leak after repair. Eighteen months after transplant, the patient is alive and well and has not suffered from any additional biliary complications. Conclusion: Indocyanine green constitutes an additional tool in the arsenal of measures available to facilitate the intraoperative detection and management of bile leaks occurring after pediatric technical variant graft transplant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Liver transplant is a life‐saving therapy that can restore quality life for several pediatric liver diseases. However, it is not available to all children who need one. Expertise in medical and surgical management is heterogeneous, and allocation policies are not optimally serving children. Technical variant grafts from both living and deceased donors are underutilized. Methods: Several national efforts in pediatric liver transplant to improve access to and outcomes from liver transplant for children have been instituted and include adjustments to allocation policies, UNOS‐sponsored collaborative improvement projects, and the emergence of national learning networks to study ongoing challenges in the field the Surgical Working group of the Starzl Network for Excellence in Pediatric Transplantation (SNEPT) discusses key issues and proposes potential solutions to eliminate the persistent wait list mortality that pediatric patients face. Results: A discussion of the factors impacting pediatric patients' access to liver transplant is undertaken, along with a proposal of several measures to ensure equitable access to life‐saving liver transplant. Conclusions: Pediatric liver transplant wait list mortality can and should be eliminated. Several measures, including collaborative efforts among centers, could be leveraged to acheive this goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The long-lived terricolous larvae of click beetles, colloquially called wireworms, pose a significant threat to agriculture worldwide. Several economically important pest species have been documented in the Canadian Prairies, including Hypnoidus bicolor, Limonius californicus and Hypnoidus abbreviatus. However, most monitoring activities are performed in the early spring and there is evidence from other geographical regions of seasonal shifts in wireworm species composition and prevalence. Further, little is known about the overwintering physiology or behaviors of wireworms, which undoubtedly contribute to their population dynamics. RESULTS: We surveyed wireworm populations from four Manitoban fields six times throughout the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons. Both Hypnoidus species were active throughout the spring and summer; however, L. californicus did not become active until later in the spring. Chill-coma recovery assays indicated Hypnoidus species recovered quicker than L. californicus from cold acclimation. Vertical migration assays simulating progressively lower ambient temperatures experienced by overwintering larvae identified H. bicolor throughout the soil profile, with L. californicus preferentially found at cooler, shallower depths. We speculate that these differences in species distribution within the soil column are due to the higher levels of putative cryoprotectants (for example, trehalose, sorbitol, glucose, glycerol) in L. californicus, as identified by targeted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. CONCLUSION: Our findings of a stark seasonal turnover in wireworm species prevalence and composition in the Canadian Prairies should be incorporated into future integrated pest management and surveillance activities. This study also advances our understanding of wireworm overwintering biology, which should be factored into current management approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation is considered essential for today's organizations to survive and thrive. Researchers have also stressed the importance of leadership as a driver of followers' innovative work behavior (FIB). Yet, despite a large amount of research, three areas remain understudied: (a) The relative importance of different forms of leadership for FIB; (b) the mechanisms through which leadership impacts FIB; and (c) the degree to which relationships between leadership and FIB are generalizable across cultures. To address these lacunae, we propose an integrated model connecting four types of positive leadership behaviors, two types of identification (as mediating variables), and FIB. We tested our model in a global data set comprising responses of N = 7,225 participants from 23 countries, grouped into nine cultural clusters. Our results indicate that perceived LMX quality was the strongest relative predictor of FIB. Furthermore, the relationships between both perceived LMX quality and identity leadership with FIB were mediated by social identification. The indirect effect of LMX on FIB via social identification was stable across clusters, whereas the indirect effects of the other forms of leadership on FIB via social identification were stronger in countries high versus low on collectivism. Power distance did not influence the relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the mechanisms that connect heat and electron transport with crystal structures and defect chemistry is fundamental to develop materials with thermoelectric properties. In this work, we synthesized a series of self‐doped compounds Cu2+xMn1−xGeS4 through Cu for Mn substitution. Using a combination of powder X‐ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and precession‐assisted electron diffraction tomography, we evidence that the materials are composed of interconnected enargite‐ and stannite‐type structures, via the formation of nanodomains with a high density of coherent interfaces. By combining experiments with ab initio electron and phonon calculations, we discuss the structure–thermoelectric properties relationships and clarify the interesting crystal chemistry in this system. We demonstrate that excess Cu+ substituted for Mn2+ dopes holes into the top of the valence band, leading to a remarkable enhancement of the power factor and figure of merit ZT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimating plasticity of leaf silicon (Si) in response to abiotic and biotic factors underpins our comprehension of plant defences and stress resistance in natural and agroecosystems. However, how nitrogen (N) addition and intraspecific plant–plant interactions affect Si concentration remains unclear.We grew 19 durum wheat genotypes (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) in pots, either alone or in intra‐ or intergenotypic cultures of two individuals, and with or without N. Above‐ground biomass, plant height and leaf [Si] were quantified at the beginning of the flowering stage.Nitrogen addition decreased leaf [Si] for most genotypes, proportionally to the biomass increase. Si plasticity to plant–plant interactions varied significantly among genotypes, with both increases and decreases in leaf [Si] when mixed with a neighbour, regardless of the mixture type (intra‐/intergenotype). Besides, increased leaf [Si] in response to plant–plant interactions was associated with increased plant height.Our results suggest the occurrence of both facilitation and competition for Si uptake from the rhizosphere in wheat mixtures. Future research should identify which leaf and root traits characterise facilitating neighbours for Si acquisition. We also show that Si could be involved in height gain in response to intraspecific competition, possibly for increasing light capture. This important finding opens up new research directions on Si and plant–plant interactions in both natural ecosystems and agroecosystems. More generally, our results stress the need to explore leaf Si plasticity in responses to both abiotic and biotic factors to understand plant stress resistance. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With novel ecosystems becoming the norm, it is increasingly necessary to re‐evaluate what is meant by "restoration." An important aspect concerns which species are defined as native and, by extension, non‐native. In order to better inform restoration actions, we have here devised a classification system of 10 graduated terms describing intermediate states of nativeness, which can be applied to different organisms based on their histories, origins, and impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To understand the patterns of temporal bone fracture and facial nerve injury from ballistic trauma. Study Design: Retrospective case series. Methods: Retrospective review of 42 patients evaluated following temporal bone ballistic injury at a single institution, university‐based level‐one trauma center between 2012 and 2021. Demographics, facial nerve status, CT images, interventions, complications, and outcomes were reviewed. Results: Mean age 30.3 years (range 5–58 years); 79% male. Racial demographics reflected the surrounding community. Seven mortalities occurred. Nineteen patients (54%) demonstrated facial nerve injury. Of those, 13/19 displayed immediate paralysis, 1 delayed, 5 unknown (due to altered mental status). On consultation, House‐Brackmann grade 6 paralysis was common (13/19). Fracture was otic capsule‐sparing in 17/19 (90%), universally comminuted, with significant disruption along the mastoid tip (16/19), external auditory canal (EAC) (15/19), and periauricular soft tissues (13/19). Nine patients underwent surgical intervention: Transmastoid facial nerve decompression to remove compressive bony spicules (n = 5); eye protection surgery (n = 3); and peripheral facial nerve exploration (n = 1), noting transection at the pes. One required middle cranial fossa and transmastoid repair of cerebrospinal fistulae in setting of severe meningitis. House‐Brackmann scores improved in 80% following transmastoid nerve decompression despite CT evidence of likely additional injury in its extratemporal course. Conclusions: Common patterns of temporal bone fracture seen in blunt trauma (longitudinal/transverse, otic capsule‐sparing/disrupting) were not found in patients with ballistic facial nerve injury. Rather, injury was commonly apparent in the EAC, mastoid tip, and periauricular soft tissues. Clinicians should have high suspicion for extratemporal facial nerve injury following ballistic trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dabigatran is an anticoagulant with potential use during cardiopulmonary bypass in children and adults. The pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic relationship for dabigatran anticoagulation effect was investigated in an intact animal model using rabbits. Methods: Ten male New Zealand white rabbits were given a novel preparation of intravenous dabigatran 15 mg.kg−1. Blood samples were collected for activated clotting time, thromboelastometric reaction time, and drug assay at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 300, and 420 min. Plasma dabigatran concentrations and coagulation measures were analyzed using an integrated pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic model using nonlinear mixed effects. Effects (activated clotting and thromboelastometric reaction times) were described using a sigmoidal EMAX model. Pharmacokinetic parameters were scaled using allometry and standardized to a 70 kg size standard. Pharmacodynamics were investigated using both an effect compartment model and an indirect response (turnover) model. Results: A two‐compartment model described dabigatran pharmacokinetics with a clearance (CL 0.135 L.min−1.70 kg−1), intercompartment clearance (Q 0.33 L.min−1.70 kg−1), central volume of distribution (V1 12.3 L.70 kg−1), and peripheral volume of distribution (V2 30.1 L.70 kg−1). The effect compartment model estimates for a sigmoid EMAX model with activated clotting time had an effect site concentration (Ce50 20.1 mg.L−1) eliciting half of the maximal effect (EMAX 899 s) and a Hill coefficient (N 0.66). The equilibration half time (T1/2keo) was 1.4 min. Results for the reaction time were plasma concentration (Cp50 65.3 mg.L−1), EMAX 34 min, N 0.80 with a baseline thromboelastometric reaction time of 0.4 min. The equilibration half time (T1/2keo) was 2.04 min. Conclusions: Dabigatran reversibly binds to the active site on the thrombin molecule, preventing thrombin‐mediated activation of coagulation factors. The effect compartment model performed slightly better than the turnover model and was able to adequately capture pharmacodynamics for both activated clotting and thromboelastometric reaction times. The equilibration half time was short (<2 min). These data can be used to inform future animal preclinical studies for those undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. These preclinical data also demonstrate the magnitude of parameter values for a delayed effect compartment model that are applicable to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is essential in drug dosing. This study demonstrates the limitations of indexed (ml/min/1.73 m2) and de‐indexed (ml/min) eGFR based drug dosing in patients with obesity or underweight. This systematic study aimed to determine the most appropriate approach to estimate the GFR for standardized eGFR based drug dosing in these patients. (Raw) data of 12 studies were selected to investigate the accuracy and bias of both the indexed and de‐indexed estimations of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation and the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation (CKD‐EPI), and of the Cockcroft–Gault (CG) in patients with obesity or underweight. Accuracy was calculated as the proportion of eGFR values within 30% of the measured GFR (P30) using an inert tracer (e.g., iohexol, inulin, 51Cr‐EDTA, or iothalamate clearance). An accuracy of at least 80% was considered acceptable. GFR values estimated with the CG, MDRD, and CKD‐EPI differ significantly within a patient with obesity or underweight regardless of whether it is indexed or de‐indexed. All studies, with two exceptions, show that all three equations are inaccurate for patients with underweight or class II obesity (P30: 55%–94%). De‐indexing eGFR improves not or modestly the accuracy, and mostly remains below the 80% (P30: 62%–100%). CG was highly inaccurate in obese and underweight patients (P30: 7%–82%). Although these results show that CG is obsolete, the accuracy of MDRD and CKD‐EPI is low in patients with obesity or underweight and de‐indexing is not the solution. Better education and more accurate methods for appropriate drug dosing (e.g., measured GFR with inert tracer, therapeutic drug monitoring, or 24‐h creatinine clearance) are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cystinosis is a rare autosomal recessive disease leading to end‐stage renal disease within the second or third decade of life. Since the era of specific treatment with cysteamine, prognosis has substantially improved and pregnancy becomes an increasing concern. Pregnancy data in patients with cystinosis were collected through an anonymized survey. We collected data for 19 pregnancies in 12 women. Seventeen patients were transplanted, 1 was on hemodialysis and 1 had chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 4. These 19 pregnancies resulted in 13 live births (68.4%): 3 spontaneous early miscarriages, 1 ectopic pregnancy, 1 early pre‐eclampsia (at 21 weeks), and 1 preterm birth with neonatal death at 24 weeks were reported. After exclusion of early miscarriage or termination, pregnancy success rate was 86.7%. In successful pregnancies, median gestational age at delivery was 34 weeks (24–37). Preeclampsia occurred in seven pregnancies (7/15, 46.7%). A cesarean section was performed in all pregnancies. Median baby weight at delivery was 2175 g (620–3374 g). After pregnancy, one patient reached end‐stage renal disease, but she already had advanced CKD before pregnancy (creatinine 239 μmol/L, eGFR 23 ml/min/1.73 m2). In three other patients, there was a decrease of eGFR of 8, 20, and 53 ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively. The majority of pregnancies were successful, but severe antenatal and post‐natal complications may occur, in particular preeclampsia that was noticed in nearly half of patients and fetal loss in one‐third of them. These results may help pre‐pregnancy counseling and pregnancy management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]