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Summary: We sought to determine whether small changes in physical activity and diet could prevent adverse changes in body composition over 2 years in adults with overweight and obesity. Previously inactive adults (N = 289) were included in a secondary analysis of data derived from a 3‐year, single‐centre, two‐arm, longitudinal randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomized to a small change approach (N = 144, body mass index: 32.4 ± 4.2 [mean ± standard deviation], age: 52.3 ±. 10.6 years) or usual care (N = 145, body mass index: 32.4 ± 4.2, age: 53.1 ± 10.6 years). Small change approach participants were counselled to make small changes in diet and physical activity, while usual care participants were asked to maintain their usual lifestyle. Adiposity, lean mass and bone mineral density were measured by dual‐x‐ray absorptiometry. The change in total adiposity was significantly greater in the small change approach group than usual care at 6 and 12 months but did not remain significant at 24 months (mean change [standard error] −0.8 [0.4] vs. −0.7 [0.4] kg; difference 0.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] −1.2 to 1.1). Changes in visceral fat were significantly greater in the small change approach than usual care at 6 and 12 months but did not remain significant at 24 months (−0.04 [0.03] vs. 0.02 [0.03] kg; difference 0.06, 95% CI: −1.5 to 0.3). Changes in lean mass or bone mineral density were not significantly different between groups at any time point (all p > 0.1). The small change approach did not prevent gains in adiposity or losses in lean mass compared to usual care at 2 years in adults with overweight or obesity. No difference from baseline in adiposity, lean mass or bone mineral density was observed in either arm of the trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth (“Guidelines”) not only pioneered the notion of an integrated movement continuum from sleep to vigorous-intensity physical activity but also introduced a new branded Guideline visual identity. Objectives: This study evaluated youths’ (N = 46) attention to and thoughts about the Guidelines and the brand. Design: A cross-sectional between-participants randomized intervention design was used. Sample: Canadian youth between 10 and 17 years of age comprised the study sample. Interventions: Participants were randomly assigned to view either branded Guidelines (n = 26) or unbranded Guidelines (n = 20). Youths’ eye-movements (e.g., dwell time, fixation count) were recorded during Guideline viewing. Participants completed a follow-up survey assessing brand perceptions and Guideline cognitions. Results: The branded Guidelines neither drew greater overall attention nor led to more positive brand perceptions or Guideline cognitions compared to the unbranded Guidelines. Conclusions: Exploratory analyses provide valuable, yet preliminary insight into how branding and Guideline content may shape how Guidelines are perceived and acted upon. These findings inform an agenda for future health education resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Quality participation, defined as satisfying and enjoyable involvement, is one of the most valued life outcomes for children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. To broaden understandings of quality participation, our review explored participation experiences of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Method: Utilising an established systematic scoping review methodology, data were collected using three search tools (peer‐reviewed databases, grey literature databases and Google). Inclusion criteria required that children with intellectual and developmental disabilities and/or their proxies provided descriptions of quality participation experiences in any life domain. Results: A total of 35 articles met the inclusion criteria. Quality participation strategies (30 total) and outcomes (8 total) were categorised according to six experiential elements (autonomy, belongingness, challenge, engagement, mastery and meaning). Conclusion: Findings provide novel insight for building quality experiences across current and future participation initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Most Canadian and Australian children do not meet Physical Activity Guidelines (PAG) or Screen Time Guidelines (STG). Regarding the social issue advertising believability model (SIABM), parental support for these behaviours may depend upon how believable parents find guideline messages. The aim of the study was to examine differences in parents' SIABM variables and perceived behavioural control for PAG and STG messages. Methods: Data were collected online; 499 Canadian parents with at least one child aged 5–11 years (75.6% mothers) participated. Differences in model variables were analysed using analyses of variance. Results: Parents demonstrated greater issue involvement, attitudes towards the issue, parental support attitudes and perceived behavioural control for the PAG compared to the STG (d > 0.10). Mothers believed the messages more and had more favourable attitudes towards the issues as compared to fathers (d > 0.21). Conclusions: Parents' evaluations of PAG messages and corresponding supportive behaviours were generally more positive than STG. Future messages should emphasise supportive behaviours for screen time reduction that are feasible and enjoyable for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although avoiding sedentary behavior has many health benefits, adults often sit for long periods at work. The purpose of this study was to compare affective attitude, instrumental attitude, and self‐regulation messaging interventions on sitting in the workplace. Methods: Using a cluster randomised controlled trial design, participants (N = 116) were assigned (by workplace) to: (a) instrumental, (b) affective, (c) self‐regulation, or (d) control (nutrition information) groups. Measurements were taken online at baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks post‐baseline. The interventions comprised three presentations delivered following baseline, week 4, and week 8 assessments. The primary outcome was self‐reported average hours of sitting per day at work (registered trial number: NCT04082624). Results: Controlling for baseline sitting, overall, the affective group sat for less time than the instrumental and self‐regulation groups. Also, at week 4, the affective group sat for less time than the instrumental and self‐regulation groups and, at week 8, the affective group sat for less time than the self‐regulation and control groups. There were no differences between the groups at week 12. Conclusions: This investigation showed that workplace interventions targeting affective attitude can lead to less sitting time in the short term. Future research should explore additional strategies to minimise sedentary behavior in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Internet is a preferred source of physical activity (PA) information. However, limited research exists regarding the experiences of parents of children and youth with disabilities (CYWD) in searching for PA programme information online. This research examined the experiences and preferences of parents of CYWD in searching for PA programme information online. Method: Parents of CYWD (n = 10) participated in a think‐aloud exercise while searching for PA programme information online. Following the think‐aloud exercise, semi‐structured interviews were used to further understand parents' experiences and preferences in searching for PA programme information online. Results: Parents identified key features that contributed to a positive online search experience. Additionally, parents noted challenges and resulting negative affect that was experienced. Conclusions: This research can inform the development and dissemination of online PA programme information that is accessible and relevant to the preferences of parents of CYWD and can facilitate positive search experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this paper was to apply a framework designed to evaluate the intention–behaviour gap, known as multi‐process action control (M‐PAC), to understand parental support for the Canadian 24‐Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth. Method: Parents (N = 1,208) of children 5–17 years of age, completed measures of reflective (attitudes, perceived control), regulatory (planning), and reflexive (identity, habit) processes as well as intention and support behaviours. Results: Parents had significantly (p < .01) higher intentions in descending order to support sleep (86%), reduce screen time (62%), or support physical activity (65% to 61%). Translation of these intentions into behaviour was also significantly (p < .01) higher in a descending pattern for sleep support (80%), screen time reduction (68%), and physical activity support (56% to 31%). Congruent with M‐PAC, a discriminant function analysis of the results showed that the translation of parental support intentions into behaviour was associated with a combination of reflective, regulatory, and reflexive antecedents but these varied by the behaviours. Conclusion: The majority of parents have positive intentions to support child and youth health behaviours, yet many fail to enact this support. Translation of intention into action was associated with attitudinal aspects, control over support, self‐regulation skills, and parental habits and identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The use of exergames may be one viable way to increase child physical activity, but investigation of its effects on motivation over time and prediction of adherence have seen little research attention. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of two cycling exergame interventions (single‐player, multi‐player) among children aged 9‐12 years on motivational variables (theory of planned behavior) and to explore whether these variables could predict objective assessment of playtime across 6 weeks. Sixty‐nine insufficiently active children were recruited through advertisements within the community/schools and randomized to either the single play condition (n = 30) or multi‐player condition (n = 39). Exergaming use was recorded objectively via game logs and motivational variables were assessed after a familiarization session, at 2 weeks, and at 4 weeks. Participants played the exergames M = 133.45 (SD = 81.27) minutes in week 1 to M = 77.23 (SD = 84.09) minutes in week 6. The two exergame conditions did not result in differences among theory of planned behavior variables (P > .05). Mean levels of these constructs declined across the first 4 weeks (P < .05), with the exception of injunctive norm. Positive bivariate associations (P < .05) between game play and perceived control (0‐6 weeks), and intention (weeks 3‐4 and weeks 5‐6) were identified, but only affective attitude (assessed at week 2) predicted (P < .05) game play (3‐4 weeks) in a multivariate examination of the theory of planned behavior model. The results demonstrate that social cognitive motives wane across time when exposed to repeated exergame play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Telephone-based counseling is an efficacious intervention strategy for maintaining leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) intentions and increasing LTPA behavior among adults with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, no research has examined the real-world application of this intervention strategy within the SCI community. Objective To assess the individual-level impact of a previously tested telephone-based counseling intervention among adults within the SCI community by using the first 2 components of the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance framework. Design A prospective study. Setting General community, tertiary care. Participants Community-dwelling adults with SCI (n = 65; 57% men; mean [standard deviation], 50.4 ± 12.8 years; mean (standard deviation) years after injury, 14.5 ± 12.7 years) living in Canada who enrolled in a national telephone-based counseling service. Of the 65 clients who enrolled, 53 participated in the effectiveness evaluation component of the Get In Motion service. Intervention A 6-month, individualized telephone-counseling program with a trained exercise counselor. The program was based on a previously tested intervention that used aspects of the Health Action Process Approach model, with a particular focus on developing and strengthening clients' social cognitions for engaging in self-managed LTPA. Main Outcome Measurements On enrollment, all 65 clients completed demographics and staging questionnaires. The 53 clients who participated in the effectiveness evaluation also completed a validated LTPA intentions item, and the 7-day, self-report LTPA Questionnaire for People with SCI over the telephone at baseline, and 2, 4, and 6 months. Results In terms of the reach of Get In Motion, a total of 65 clients enrolled in the service between June 2008 and June 2011, and were representative of the larger Canadian SCI population on most measured demographic characteristics. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the service showed that, as hypothesized, intentions for engaging in LTPA remained high throughout enrollment ( P = .44), with a trend for more clients engaging in moderate-to-heavy–intensity LTPA at 6 months (52%) versus baseline (35%) ( P = .09). Conclusions Telephone-based counseling is a promising strategy for promoting community-based LTPA behavior among Canadian adults with SCI. Continued evaluation of all 5 Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance framework components of Get In Motion will help establish the real-world impact of this intervention strategy on community-based LTPA participation within the SCI population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Framing a message in terms of the benefits of engaging in the behavior (gain frame), the costs of failing to engage in the behavior (loss frame), or both the benefits and the costs (mixed frame) can impact parents' decisions about their childrens' and adolescents' health. This study, investigated the effect of framed messages on parents' intentions to have their children vaccinated against human papillomavirus ( HPV). Design and Sample The study employed a 2 (gender of the parent) × 2 (gender of the child) × 3 (message frame) between-groups, quasi-experimental design. A convenience sample of 367 parents with children in Grade 5, 6, or 7 who had at least one child who had not been vaccinated against HPV. Measures Social-cognitive variables relating to intentions to vaccinate a child were assessed. Intervention Participants were randomly assigned to read one of three framed messages about the HPV vaccine (gain, loss, or mixed). Results Gain-framed messages seemed to persuade mothers of sons to speak to a doctor about the vaccine ( p < .05). Framing effects were not significant for other outcomes. Conclusions Findings provide preliminary evidence that certain vaccination messages may be more effective for different parent-child dyads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]