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An inequity persists between women and men in nearly all scientific fields. A clear indicator of this bias is the disparity between women and men in authorship of scientific papers, as publications are a critical part of a researcher's career. Our objective was to describe gender equity (sensu women, men) in wildlife‐related publishing in recent decades. We reviewed all research articles published in The Journal of Wildlife Management (JWM) from 1999 through 2020 and collected author names, affiliated institutions, and study species taxa from each paper. To help understand representation by gender in publishing, we classified the gender of each author using the online tool Genderize.io. We then calculated the women‐to‐men ratio in publishing as first‐ and co‐authors across time. We further investigated whether there were biases by country, institution, and taxon of study species. Our results revealed that authorships were dominated by men 22 years ago, with 14 and 12 women/100 men for first‐ and co‐authorships, respectively, in 1999. Since then, apart from year‐to‐year fluctuations, the overall gap between women and men gradually narrowed until the mid‐2010s, reaching approximately 60 and 30 women/100 men for first‐ and co‐authorship, respectively. The percentage of women increased across institutions, taxa, and countries during the study; however, the percentages of women associated with each institution type and most wildlife taxa were lower than the percentages of men. Although it is encouraging to see the improvement in equity in publishing since 1999, there are still substantially more men publishing than women, which indicates there is still a need to remedy known barriers and identify additional barriers that contribute to publication inequity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers from a broad spectrum of scientific and engineering disciplines are increasingly using scattering‐type near‐field infrared spectroscopic techniques to characterize materials non‐destructively with nanoscale spatial resolution. However, a sub‐optimal understanding of a technique's implementation can complicate data interpretation and act as a barrier to entering the field. Here the key detection and processing steps involved in producing scattering‐type near‐field nanoscale Fourier transform infrared spectra (nano‐FTIR) are outlined. The self‐contained mathematical and experimental work derives and explains: i) how normalized complex‐valued nano‐FTIR spectra are generated, ii) why the real and imaginary components of spectra qualitatively relate to dispersion and absorption respectively, iii) a new and generally valid equation for spectra which can be used as a springboard for additional modeling of the scattering processes, and iv) an algebraic expression that can be used to extract an approximation to the sample's local extinction coefficient from nano‐FTIR. The algebraic model for weak oscillators is validated with nano‐FTIR and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectra on samples of polystyrene and Kapton and further provides a pedagogical pathway to cementing some of the technique's key qualitative attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study explored what patients identified with cervical cancer know about the link between human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer and where they learned this information. Patients share a great deal of information with family, friends and colleagues and we were interested in the accuracy and sources of information they are sharing. Methods: Patients identified through the EHR of a health system who had a history of cervical cancer were invited to participate in a brief survey of their experience. The sample represents an opportunity sample of patients who responded. Results: Generally, these patients, drawn from the Geisinger Health System in central Pennsylvania, were older (mean 57.5 years), White, and about half had annual household income of $35 K. Among all respondents about 17% had not heard of HPV, 21% did not know about an HPV vaccine, and about 38% did not know about the link between HPV and cervical cancer. Most frequently patients reported obtaining their information about HPV from television advertisements. About half received information from their oncologist. Patients reported having conversations with families about their own cancer, the cause of their cancer and HPV vaccination. It is important to note that these conversations were supported by information from many sources. Conclusions: Patients may serve as a conduit for information about their condition and may be informal 'educators' in the community. It is important to make certain that these opportunities are informed by information obtained from trusted and accurate sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non‐human primate (NHPs) conservation sites could be sites of exchange of pathogens involved in infectious diseases. It is important to assess the potential risks associated with this type of structure. The objective of this study was to carry out a risk assessment of the Primatology Centre housed in the Interdisciplinary Centre for Medical Research of Franceville (CIRMF). Methods: A questionnaire was administered to the centre's staff to assess the risk associated with each workstation, followed by a review of the various pathogens identified in NHPs. The data were analysed using two diagrams: the Kiviat diagram and the Pareto diagram. Results: Based on our results, a variety of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria and parasites, potentially transmissible to humans, were described in the NHPs at the Primatology Centre of CIRMF. The position most exposed to zoonotic risks was that of animal handlers. Conclusion: The Primatology Centre of CIRMF is a potential transfer site for the transfer of zoonotic agents. To avoid the risk of parasite exchange between staff and animals, the implementation of biosecurity measures is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Siblings of individuals with disabilities hold a pivotal and sometimes unappreciated position in the lives of their brother or sister. We sought to understand the unique challenges and opportunities in relationships between children with chromosome 18 conditions and their siblings and to identify the ways to support this relationship. Participants were recruited through the lay advocacy organization, the Chromosome 18 Registry & Research Society. Fifty‐seven siblings from 36 families participated, using an investigator designed instrument, were asked to agree or disagreed with statements from four content areas (information and knowledge about the syndrome, feelings about the sibling relationship, involvement with and caregiving for their sibling, and support and advocacy). Siblings reported that they know their sibling with a disability very well and reported a wide range of emotions regarding their sibling. There was a strong sense of pride in their brother/sister's abilities, and many participants reported attempts to help others understand their brother/sister. Many siblings reported a dislike for the common assumption that their affected sibling is a burden on the family. Most participants reported feeling some degree of responsibility for their affected sibling, but many also reported that they enjoy this role. Sixty‐three parents from 36 families responded to the survey. Most parents felt their typically developing children enjoyed teaching new things to their affected child as well as being a good role model for them. Most parents also felt their typically developing child was comfortable telling others about their sibling's condition. Recommendations for interventions and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Metabolite‐specific balanced SSFP (MS‐bSSFP) sequences are increasingly used in hyperpolarized [1‐13C]Pyruvate (HP 13C) MRI studies as they improve SNR by refocusing the magnetization each TR. Currently, pharmacokinetic models used to fit conversion rate constants, kPL and kPB, and rate constant maps do not account for differences in the signal evolution of MS‐bSSFP acquisitions. Methods: In this work, a flexible MS‐bSSFP model was built that can be used to fit conversion rate constants for these experiments. The model was validated in vivo using paired animal (healthy rat kidneys n = 8, transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate n = 3) and human renal cell carcinoma (n = 3) datasets. Gradient echo (GRE) acquisitions were used with a previous GRE model to compare to the results of the proposed GRE‐bSSFP model. Results: Within simulations, the proposed GRE‐bSSFP model fits the simulated data well, whereas a GRE model shows bias because of model mismatch. For the in vivo datasets, the estimated conversion rate constants using the proposed GRE‐bSSFP model are consistent with a previous GRE model. Jointly fitting the lactate T2 with kPL resulted in less precise kPL estimates. Conclusion: The proposed GRE‐bSSFP model provides a method to estimate conversion rate constants, kPL and kPB, for MS‐bSSFP HP 13C experiments. This model may also be modified and used for other applications, for example, estimating rate constants with other hyperpolarized reagents or multi‐echo bSSFP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: New tools are needed to identify heart failure (HF) risk earlier in its course. We evaluated the association of multidimensional cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) phenotypes with subclinical risk markers and predicted long‐term HF risk in a large community‐based cohort. Methods and results: We studied 2532 Framingham Heart Study participants [age 53 ± 9 years, 52% women, body mass index (BMI) 28.0 ± 5.3 kg/m2, peak oxygen uptake (VO2) 21.1 ± 5.9 kg/m2 in women, 26.4 ± 6.7 kg/m2 in men] who underwent maximum effort CPET and were not taking atrioventricular nodal blocking agents. Higher peak VO2 was associated with a lower estimated HF risk score (Spearman correlation r: −0.60 in men and −0.55 in women, P < 0.0001), with an observed overlap of estimated risk across peak VO2 categories. Hierarchical clustering of 26 separate CPET phenotypes (values residualized on age, sex, and BMI to provide uniformity across these variables) identified three clusters with distinct exercise physiologies: Cluster 1—impaired oxygen kinetics; Cluster 2—impaired vascular; and Cluster 3—favourable exercise response. These clusters were similar in age, sex distribution, and BMI but displayed distinct associations with relevant subclinical phenotypes [Cluster 1—higher subcutaneous and visceral fat and lower pulmonary function; Cluster 2—higher carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (CFPWV); and Cluster 3—lower CFPWV, C‐reactive protein, fat volumes, and higher lung function; all false discovery rate < 5%]. Cluster membership provided incremental variance explained (adjusted R2 increment of 0.10 in women and men, P < 0.0001 for both) when compared with peak VO2 alone in association with predicted HF risk. Conclusions: Integrated CPET response patterns identify physiologically relevant profiles with distinct associations to subclinical phenotypes that are largely independent of standard risk factor‐based assessment, which may suggest alternate pathways for prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic skin disease in the pediatric population; however, rates of admissions for flares in patients established with dermatology compared to those that are not established have not been fully assessed in prior studies. Methods: We reviewed electronic medical records of patients hospitalized (billing codes 99221–99223, 99217) with diagnoses encompassing AD, eczema, and dermatitis (ICD‐10 codes L20.8‐L20.9, L30.8‐L30.9) between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2021, at University Hospitals (UH) in Cleveland, Ohio. Patients were considered established with dermatology if they had been seen by a dermatology provider within 6 months prior to admission. Statistical analysis was performed using chi‐square goodness of fit. Results: A total of 95 patient encounters met criteria for inclusion. Fifteen (15.8%) patients were established with dermatology at the time of admission and 80 (84.2%) were not. The chi‐square value (x2 = 44.74) was greater than the critical value of 10.828 at one degree of freedom (p <.001). There were 8 patients who had more than one admission for atopic dermatitis flares; 2 of these patients were established with dermatology prior to their first admission, and 4 were established at the time of the second admission. Conclusion: The majority of patients admitted with AD flare were not established with dermatology. Many of these patients lived in a low socioeconomic area and missed follow‐up appointments. Increasing access to dermatologic care for patients with atopic dermatitis, especially in lower‐income areas, could aid in decreasing atopic dermatitis‐related hospitalizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black and female landowners, two of the largest groups of underserved landowners in the southeastern US, have considerably less land enrolled in the US Department of Agriculture's Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) than White and male landowners. The reasons for this discrepancy are complex and interrelated. Previous studies approached different facets of this problem using a variety of methods and analyses. Here, we conducted a synthetic literature review that demonstrates how the intertwined ecological, economic, and cultural concerns of underserved landowners influence their decisions about potential land conversion in the context of CRP requirements. Other studies have rarely considered such relevant factors as the sociocultural importance of land to underserved populations or the links between the limited participation of these groups in the CRP and historical racism and sexism in land management industries and agencies. Explicitly addressing these issues will help promote conservation equity in the CRP and other conservation programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecosystem restoration is a necessity for addressing socio‐ecological challenges by improving ecosystem resilience and alleviating poverty through local community involvement. Here, we review a community‐based, large‐scale ecosystem restoration program, Working for Ecosystems, implemented by eThekwini Municipality in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa, between 2007 and 2022. For this study, we interrogated monthly and annual reports generated by the program between 2011 and 2021 to describe how the program worked to suppress invasive alien plants (IAPs) and provided employment opportunities to marginalized groups (women, youth, military veterans, and people living with disabilities). Annual budget was positively correlated with the area cleared of IAPs and effort (person‐days in the field). The program successfully incorporated marginalized groups, but military veterans and people living with disabilities remained in smaller numbers and were not well quantified. Participants were encouraged to constitute companies—Small, Medium, and Micro Enterprises—that were then subcontracted to the program or could progress to other endeavors, allowing other community members to enter the program. A steady increase in the implementation budget emphasized the need for a long‐term plan to ensure accountability and sustainability of restoration and socio‐ecological systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation translocations may be a useful tool for the restoration of declining freshwater invertebrates, but they are poorly represented in the literature. We conducted a before‐after/control‐impact (BACI) experiment to test the efficacy of conservation translocation for re‐establishing abundant populations of the amphipod Gammarus lacustris, a declining species and wildlife food resource in depressional wetlands in the upper Midwest of the United States of America. Each study site (n = 19) contained at least one treatment wetland receiving translocated G. lacustris from a local donor and one control wetland. We selected study wetlands based on a suite of wetland characteristics and randomly assigned recipient versus control treatment. Gammarus lacustris was detected post‐translocation at only 2 of 22 recipient wetlands (1 of 19 sites). Overall, there was a statistical increase in G. lacustris density in recipient wetlands compared to controls; however, the results were of minimal biological significance due to being driven by a single site with low G. lacustris densities. Accordingly, our results suggest that future conservation translocations of amphipods might be successful if limited to recently restored wetlands or informed by a more complex habitat suitability model to differentiate dispersal limitations from habitat limitations. To develop such a model would involve identifying the fewest, most influential physical and biological factors (e.g. wetland size/structure, fish, aquatic vegetation, and water chemistry) from the numerous inter‐related factors that correlate with the abundance of naturally occurring G. lacustris; candidate wetlands to receive amphipods would be those for which the model predicts abundant G. lacustris but in which they do not presently occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Documenting the magnitude of finite strain within ductile shear zones is critical for understanding lithospheric deformation. However, pervasive recrystallization within shear zones often destroys the deformed markers from which strain can be measured. Intensity parameters calculated from quartz crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) distributions have been interpreted as proxies for the relative strain magnitude within shear zones, but thus far have not been calibrated to absolute strain magnitude. Here, we present equations that quantify the relationship between CPO intensity parameters (cylindricity and density norm) and finite strain magnitude, which we calculate by integrating quartz CPO analyses (n = 87) with strain ellipsoids from stretched detrital quartz clasts (n = 49) and macro‐scale ductile thinning measurements (n = 7) from the footwall of the Northern Snake Range décollement (NSRD) in Nevada. The NSRD footwall exhibits a strain gradient, with Rs(XZ) values increasing from 5.4 ± 1.4 to 282 ± 122 eastward across the range. Cylindricity increases from 0.52 to 0.83 as Rs increases from 5.4 to 23.5, and increases gradually to 0.92 at Rs values between 160 and 404. Density norm increases from 1.68 to 2.97 as Rs increases from 5.4 to 23.5, but stays approximately constant until Rs values between 160 and 404. We present equations that express average finite strain as a function of average cylindricity and density norm, which provide a broadly applicable tool for estimating the first‐order finite strain magnitude within any shear zone from which quartz CPO intensity can be measured. To demonstrate their utility, we apply our equations to published data from Himalayan shear zones and a Cordilleran core complex. Key Point: Quantifying the relationship between crystallographic preferred orientation distribution intensity parameters and finite strain magnitude [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Error‐related negativity is a widely used measure of error monitoring, and many projects are independently moving ERN recorded during a flanker task toward standardization, optimization, and eventual clinical application. However, each project uses a different version of the flanker task and tacitly assumes ERN is functionally equivalent across each version. The routine neglect of a rigorous test of this assumption undermines efforts to integrate ERN findings across tasks, optimize and standardize ERN assessment, and widely apply ERN in clinical trials. The purpose of this registered report was to determine whether ERN shows similar experimental effects (correct vs. error trials) and data quality (intraindividual variability) during three commonly used versions of a flanker task. ERN was recorded from 172 participants during three versions of a flanker task across two study sites. ERN scores showed numerical differences between tasks, raising questions about the comparability of ERN findings across studies and tasks. Although ERN scores from all three versions of the flanker task yielded high data quality and internal consistency, one version did outperform the other two in terms of the size of experimental effects and the data quality. Exploratory analyses of the error positivity (Pe) provided tentative support for the other two versions of the task over the paradigm that appeared optimal for ERN. The present study provides a roadmap for how to statistically compare psychometric characteristics of ERP scores across paradigms and gives preliminary recommendations for flanker tasks to use for ERN‐ and Pe‐focused studies. Error‐related negativity (ERN) is assumed to be functionally equivalent across versions of the flanker. However, this assumption has not been rigorously tested. This registered report determined that one version outperformed the other two in terms of the size of the experimental effects and the data quality of ERN. This study provides a roadmap for how to statistically compare the psychometric characteristics of ERP scores across paradigms and gives preliminary recommendations for ERN studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our group previously showed that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of the cystine/glutamate antiporter, system xc−, mitigates excitotoxicity after anoxia by increasing latency to anoxic depolarization, thus attenuating the ischaemic core. Hypoxia, however, which prevails in the ischaemic penumbra, is a condition where neurotransmission is altered, but excitotoxicity is not triggered. The present study employed mild hypoxia to further probe ischaemia‐induced changes in neuronal responsiveness from wild‐type and xCT KO (xCT−/−) mice. Synaptic transmission was monitored in hippocampal slices from both genotypes before, during and after a hypoxic episode. Although wild‐type and xCT−/− slices showed equal suppression of synaptic transmission during hypoxia, mutant slices exhibited a persistent potentiation upon re‐oxygenation, an effect we termed 'post‐hypoxic long‐term potentiation (LTP)'. Blocking synaptic suppression during hypoxia by antagonizing adenosine A1 receptors did not preclude post‐hypoxic LTP. Further examination of the induction and expression mechanisms of this plasticity revealed that post‐hypoxic LTP was driven by NMDA receptor activation, as well as increased calcium influx, with no change in paired‐pulse facilitation. Hence, the observed phenomenon engaged similar mechanisms as classical LTP. This was a remarkable finding as theta‐burst stimulation‐induced LTP was equivalent between genotypes. Importantly, post‐hypoxic LTP was generated in wild‐type slices pretreated with system xc− inhibitor, S‐4‐carboxyphenylglycine, thereby confirming the antiporter's role in this phenomenon. Collectively, these data indicate that system xc− interference enables neuroplasticity in response to mild hypoxia, and, together with its regulation of cellular damage in the ischaemic core, suggest a role for the antiporter in post‐ischaemic recovery of the penumbra. What is the central question of this study?Does glutamate antiporter system xc− influence recovery in the ischemic penumbra?What is the main finding and its importance?Our data reveal that mild hypoxia elicits a persistent potentiation of synaptic transmission in hippocampus when system xc− is genetically deleted or pharmacologically inhibited. This 'post‐hypoxic long‐term potentiation (LTP)' engages similar mechanims as classical NMDAR‐dependent LTP induced by theta‐burst stimulation (TBS). Because this neuroplasticity potentially fosters recovery in penumbral tissue, these findings portend system xc− antagonism as a post‐stroke therapeutic intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a new high‐resolution MRI sequence for the imaging of the ultra‐short transverse relaxation time (uT2) components in the brain, while simultaneously providing proton density (PD) contrast for reference and quantification. Theory: The sequence combines low flip angle balanced SSFP (bSSFP) and UTE techniques, together with a 3D dual‐echo rosette k‐space trajectory for readout. Methods: The expected image contrast was evaluated by simulations. A study cohort of six healthy volunteers and eight multiple sclerosis (MS) patients was recruited to test the proposed sequence. Subtraction between two TEs was performed to extract uT2 signals. In addition, conventional longitudinal relaxation time (T1) weighted, T2‐weighted, and PD‐weighted MRI sequences were also acquired for comparison. Results: Typical PD‐contrast was found in the second TE images, while uT2 signals were selectively captured in the first TE images. The subtraction images presented signals primarily originating from uT2 components, but only if the first TE is short enough. Lesions in the MS subjects showed hyperintense signals in the second TE images but were hypointense signals in the subtraction images. The lesions had significantly lower signal intensity in subtraction images than normal white matter (WM), which indicated a reduction of uT2 components likely associated with myelin. Conclusion: 3D isotropic sub‐millimeter (0.94 mm) spatial resolution images were acquired with the novel bSSFP UTE sequence within 3 min. It provided easy extraction of uT2 signals and PD‐contrast for reference within a single acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the third leading cause of cancer‐related death in the United States. However, early response assessment using the current approach of measuring changes in tumor size on computed tomography (CT) or MRI is challenging. Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of hyperpolarized (HP) [1‐13C]pyruvate MRI to quantify metabolism in the normal appearing pancreas and PDA, and to assess changes in PDA metabolism following systemic chemotherapy. Study Type: Prospective. Subjects: Six patients (65.0 ± 7.6 years, 2 females) with locally advanced or metastatic PDA enrolled prior to starting a new line of systemic chemotherapy. Field Strength/Sequence: 3‐T, T1‐weighted gradient echo, metabolite‐selective 13C echoplanar imaging. Assessment: Time‐resolved HP [1‐13C]pyruvate data were acquired before (N = 6) and 4‐weeks after (N = 3) treatment initiation. Pyruvate metabolism, as quantified by pharmacokinetic modeling and metabolite area‐under‐the‐curve ratios, was assessed in manually segmented PDA and normal appearing pancreas ROIs (N = 5). The change in tumor metabolism before and 4‐weeks after treatment initiation was assessed in primary PDA (N = 2) and liver metastases (N = 1), and was compared to objective tumor response defined by response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) on subsequent CTs. Statistical Tests: Descriptive tests (mean ± standard deviation), model fit error for pharmacokinetic rate constants. Results: Primary PDA showed reduced alanine‐to‐lactate ratios when compared to normal pancreas, due to increased lactate‐to‐pyruvate or reduced alanine‐to‐pyruvate ratios. Of the three patients who received HP [1‐13C]pyruvate MRI before and 4‐weeks after treatment initiation, one patient had a primary tumor with early metabolic response (increase in alanine‐to‐lactate) and subsequent partial response according to RECIST, one patient had a primary tumor with relatively stable metabolism and subsequent stable disease by RECIST, and one patient had metastatic PDA with increase in lactate‐to‐pyruvate of the liver metastases and corresponding progressive disease according to RECIST. Data Conclusion: Altered pyruvate metabolism with increased lactate or reduced alanine was observed in the primary tumor. Early metabolic response assessed at 4‐weeks after treatment initiation correlated with subsequent objective tumor response assessed using RECIST. Level of Evidence: 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural land cover in the U.S. Midwest is a major source of nutrient pollution that has led to impairment of stream water quality. This study examines the impact of a forested state park on nutrient concentrations within an agriculturally dominated watershed. Water samples were collected over a 2‐year study period from eight stream sampling sites along four creeks and processed for total nitrogen (TN), nitrate (NO3−‐N), total phosphorus (TP), and orthophosphate (PO43−‐P). Hydrology, channel morphology, and remotely sensed land cover and vegetation data were also collected and analyzed within the study area. Results indicate that water quality responses to a forested state park vary between TN, NO3−‐N, TP, and PO43−‐P, and water quality variables are uniquely influenced by watershed and stream characteristics. The greatest water quality benefits most frequently occurred within the two smallest study streams with the greatest residence times and proportion of watershed areas within the forested state park. Overall, the greatest improvements to water quality occurred during periods of low stream discharge and when riparian vegetation was greenest. The results of this study suggest that conservation of forested areas within agriculturally dominated watersheds can provide water quality improvements in the U.S. Midwest. Targeting watersheds that drain small streams with long residence times for conservation may be most beneficial to improving water quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic, life‐threatening events are experienced commonly among the general U.S. population, yet Black individuals in the United States (i.e., Black Americans) exhibit higher prevalence rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and more severe symptoms than other populations. Although empirical research has noted a range of symptom patterns that follow traumatic injury, minimal work has examined the role of racial discrimination in relation to PTSD symptom trajectories. The current study assessed racial discrimination and PTSD symptom trajectories at 6 months postinjury across two separate samples of traumatically injured Black Americans (i.e. emergency department (ED)–discharged and hospitalized). Identified PTSD symptom trajectories largely reflect those previously reported (i.e., ED: nonremitting, moderate, remitting, and resilient; hospitalized: nonremitting, delayed, and resilient), although the resilient trajectory was less represented than expected given past research (ED: 55.8%, n = 62; hospitalized: 46.9%, n = 38). Finally, higher racial discrimination was associated with nonremitting, ED: relative risk ratio (RR) = 1.32, hospitalized: RR = 1.23; moderate, ED: RR = 1.18; and delayed, hospitalized: RR = 1.26, PTSD symptom trajectories. Overall, the current findings not only emphasize the inimical effects of racial discrimination but also demonstrate the unique ways in which race‐related negative events can impact PTSD symptom levels and recovery across time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accompanying the climate crisis is the more enigmatic biodiversity crisis. Rapid reorganization of biodiversity due to global environmental change has defied prediction and tested the basic tenets of conservation and restoration. Conceptual and practical innovation is needed to support decision making in the face of these unprecedented shifts. Critical questions include: How can we generalize biodiversity change at the community level? When are systems able to reorganize and maintain integrity, and when does abiotic change result in collapse or restructuring? How does this understanding provide a template to guide when and how to intervene in conservation and restoration? To this end, we frame changes in community organization as the modulation of external abiotic drivers on the internal topology of species interactions, using plant–plant interactions in terrestrial communities as a starting point. We then explore how this framing can help translate available data on species abundance and trait distributions to corresponding decisions in management. Given the expectation that community response and reorganization are highly complex, the external‐driver internal‐topology (EDIT) framework offers a way to capture general patterns of biodiversity that can help guide resilience and adaptation in changing environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports increasingly point to substantial declines in wild bee abundance and diversity, yet there is uncertainty about how best to measure these attributes in wild bee populations. Two commonly used methods are passive trapping with bee bowls or active netting of bees on flowers, but each of these has drawbacks. Comparing the outcomes of the two methods is complicated by their uncomparable units of effort. The abundance distribution of bee species is also typically highly skewed, making it difficult to accurately assess diversity when rarer species are unlikely to be caught. The effective number of species, or Hill numbers, provides a way forward by basing the response metric on the number of equally abundant species. Our goal is to compare the effective number of bee species captured between hand netting and bowl trapping in wheatgrass prairie in South Dakota and tallgrass prairie in Minnesota, USA. Species overlap between the two methods ranged from ~40% to ~60%. Emphasis placed on rare species was important, so that 95% confidence limits overlapped between the two methods for species richness but netting exceeded trapping for Shannon's and Simpson's diversities. Netting always captured more bee species with fewer bee individuals than trapping. In most cases, the number of bees captured in bowl traps indicated substantial over‐sampling, with little increase in bee species detected. Correlations between bee and floral abundance, richness, and diversity differed between netted and trapped samples. We conclude that netting and trapping together produce a more complete account of species richness, but shifting sampling emphasis from trapping to netting will result in fewer bees, but more bee species captured. Due to the different relationships between bee and floral diversities that depended on sampling method, it is unwise to compare habitat associations determined by netting with those determined by trapping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blooms of Alexandrium catenella threaten to disrupt subsistence, recreational, and commercial shellfish harvest in Alaska, as the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) produced pose a serious public health risk and can lead to costly shutdowns for shellfish farmers. Current methods of PST detection in the region range from monitoring programs utilizing net tows to detect A. catenella to direct shellfish tissue testing via mouse bioassay (MBA) for commercial aquaculture harvest, as well as various optional testing methods for subsistence and recreational harvesters. The efficacy and feasibility of these methods vary, and they have not been directly compared in Southeast Alaska. In this study, we sought to assess and compare A. catenella and PST early detection methods to determine which can provide the most effective and accurate warning of A. catenella blooms or PST events. We found microscope counts to be variable and prone to missing lower numbers of A. catenella, which may be indicative of bloom formation. However, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) significantly correlated with microscope counts and was able to effectively detect even low numbers of A. catenella on all sampling days. Paralytic shellfish toxin concentrations measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and MBA significantly correlated with each other, qPCR, and some microscope counts. These results show that qPCR is an effective tool for both monitoring A. catenella and serving as a proxy for PSTs. Further work is needed to refine qPCR protocols in this system to provide bloom warnings on an actionable timescale for the aquaculture industry and other shellfish harvesters. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:2189–2202. © 2024 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC). This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA. Key Points: The species‐specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay effectively detects Alexandrium catenella at numbers too low for other methods.A threshold of ~90 000 000 A. catenella qPCR copies per liter may indicate elevated paralytic shellfish toxins in Pacific oysters.Microscope counts of A. catenella cells are variable and miss low quantities.Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays detect elevated paralytic shellfish toxins, and correlate with approved testing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1950s, observations and climate models show an amplification of sea surface temperature (SST) seasonal cycle in response to global warming over most of the global oceans except for the Southern Ocean (SO), however the cause remains poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed observations, ocean reanalysis, and a set of historical and abruptly quadrupled CO2 simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 archive and found that the weakened SST seasonal cycle over the SO could be mainly attributed to the intensification of summertime westerly winds. Under the historical warming, the intensification of summertime westerly winds over the SO effectively deepens ocean mixed layer and damps surface warming, but this effect is considerably weaker in winter, thus weakening the SST seasonal cycle. This wind‐driven mechanism is further supported by our targeted coupled model experiments with the wind intensification effects being removed. Plain Language Summary: The Southern Ocean (SO) sea surface temperature (SST) has experienced a decreased seasonal cycle since the 1950s, in contrast with the overall amplified seasonal cycle in the rest of global oceans. Here we investigated observations and climate model simulations and found that the decrease of SST seasonal cycle was associated with less warming in summer than in winter during the historical period. The suppressed warming in summer is accompanied by a deepened ocean mixed layer due to the intensification of surface westerlies. An enhanced mixed layer depth means the incoming heat flux will be trapped in a deeper mixed layer in summer, causing a cooler summer SST, which then leads to a weaker SST annual cycle. When the wind intensification effect is removed in our model simulations, the decreased SST seasonal cycle in the SO disappears. Key Points: Observations and climate models show a weakening sea surface temperature (SST) seasonal cycle induced by the delayed warming of summer SST over Southern Ocean (SO)The summer mixed layer depth and wind stress show increasing trends during the same period over the SOThe summer wind‐induced mixed layer deepening suppresses SO surface warming and thus weakening the SST seasonal cycle [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent geophysical studies have highlighted the potential utility of integrating both seismic and infrasound data to improve source characterization and event discrimination efforts. However, the influence of each of these data types within an integrated framework is not yet well‐understood by the geophysical community. To help elucidate the role of each data type within a merged structure, we develop a neural network which fuses seismic and infrasound array data via a gated multimodal unit for earthquake‐explosion discrimination within the Korean Peninsula. Model performance is compared before and after adding the infrasound branch. We find that the seismoacoustic model outperforms the seismic model, with the majority of the improvements stemming from the explosions class. The influence of infrasound is quantified by analyzing gated multimodal activations. Results indicate that the model relies comparatively more on the infrasound branch to correct seismic predictions. Plain Language Summary: Earthquakes and explosions can produce energy that travel as waves through the ground, seismic, and the air, infrasound. As these waves travel to the station where they are detected, they can be changed so drastically by the medium that it makes it difficult to determine what caused them. In these instances, it has been shown that using both seismic and infrasound data works better to characterize an event than using them independent of one another. However, due to the differences in how the air and ground influence the movement of energy, it is not well‐known how these types of data work in unison to give us more information about an event. In this study, we use a machine learning model trained on both seismic and infrasound data to help us better understand how they can be used together to determine their source. Key Points: Discrimination performance within the Korean Peninsula is improved after fusing seismoacoustic data within a deep learning architectureNeural network framework provides insight into how information in multimodal data combine to distinguish between different event types [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Background Introduction Methods Results Discussion Implications To describe how nurses and nursing students in Poland and the United States perceive the practice of intercultural care of refugees from Ukraine.Millions of Ukrainian citizens sought safety in other countries when Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022.Nurses in Poland and the United States are positioned to provide nursing care for refugees from Ukraine yet lack intercultural knowledge, skills, and attitudes to meet refugee needs.This education‐focused qualitative description study was conducted in Spring 2023. Eighteen MSN and BSN students from one university in Poland and one university in the United States completed an international virtual exchange course that concentrated on the health and well‐being of refugees from Ukraine. Students’ reflection papers generated the data for this study. Content analysis was used to systematically structure the data, and themes were inductively derived for an initial understanding of intercultural care for refugees. The COREQ guidelines were followed for reporting study findings.Major themes were troubled communication, overlooked trauma‐informed care, and compromised vaccine status. Language differences, a gap in nursing knowledge, and cultural variations impeded intercultural care.To address intercultural care for refugees from Ukraine, macro‐ and microlevel factors should be considered. Healthcare facilities need certified interpreters or adequate language‐access technology for nurses. Nursing programs might evaluate content on trauma‐informed care and cultural competency to meet the needs of war‐affected refugees. Leaders from Ukrainian refugee communities could partner with nurses to deliver culturally relevant information to increase vaccine uptake.Nurses should advocate for inclusion of the WHO competency standards of care for refugees in healthcare policies with emphasis on communication and evidence‐informed practice. Placing Ukrainian community leaders on health councils could bridge the gap between refugees and mainstream society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sloth bears are non‐carnivorous yet they attack more people than any other bear. They often stand up and charge explosively if a person mistakenly gets too close. Here, we argue that their aggression toward humans is an extension of their behavior toward tigers, which are their only natural predator. Interactions between sloth bears and tigers have not previously been studied because scientists have rarely observed such events. We collected and examined 43 videos or photo documentations of sloth bear–tiger interactions posted on the internet or social media from 2011 to 2023, mainly by tourists visiting tiger parks in India. We observed that sloth bears were most likely to stand up and charge if they first became aware of the tiger at close range (<3 m away). This aggressive–defensive strategy, intended to dissuade the tiger from attacking, appeared to be successful, in that 86% of interactions ended with no contact, whereas four (9%) culminated in the bear's death. We propose that a myrmecophagous diet led to this species' aggressive behavior: (1) their long, blunt front claws, well adapted for digging termites and ants, hamper their ability to climb trees for escape, and (2) they walk with their head down focused on scents underground, and make considerable noise digging and blowing soil, enabling tigers to approach quite closely without being detected. Sloth bears have coexisted with tigers or other (now extinct) large felid predators for their entire evolutionary history. Whereas their aggressive behavior has served them well for millions of years, more recently, people's fear of and retaliation against sloth bears represents a major threat to their survival. Understanding how sloth bears react to tigers provides guidance for reducing attacks on humans, thereby contributing to sloth bear conservation. Our investigation was made possible by passive citizen scientists, who unknowingly collected valuable data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High individual detection success enables precise estimates of density and the ability to monitor trends in abundance for wolverine and other low‐density species, information that is critical for the implementation and assessment of conservation measures. We evaluated a dataset that included six different wolverine capture–recapture studies over a large gradient in wolverine (Gulo gulo) density to provide recommendations for increasing detection. We examined factors related to bait station components, habitat, and seasonal timing. Accounting for variation in wolverine density and trap duration, our results suggest that bait stations setups having a run pole, frame, and camera to photograph unique ventral color patterns, in addition to hair snag devices, identify more individual wolverine than those without. The presence of snow is a habitat feature that also increases individual detection. Female detection rates were lower than male detection rates at the onset of the reproductive denning season in late February and early March compared with January and early February. We found latency to detection was independent of wolverine density, but greater in areas with human influence. Relatively high rates of genotyping success (55%) were predicted by even a single guard hair left at bait stations, while underfur required ~15 hairs for similar success. Longer sampling intervals reduced genotyping success in spring, more so for underfur than guard hair. Hair samples acquired from barbwire were of higher quality than those from either alligator clips or gun brushes. To improve individual detection for wolverine inventory and monitoring, we recommend deploying run pole setups in areas with low human disturbance that will retain snow into late spring. Extending the winter trapping effort into April and May could increase the chances of detecting denning females. Latency to detection suggests that traps should be active for more than a month, especially in human‐influenced areas, but genotyping success suggests that traps should also be cleared of hair samples at smaller intervals of a month or less, during late winter/spring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the diversity, equity, access, and inclusion (DEAI) practices of informal science institutions (ISI) that are part of a statewide grants program. Data were collected to understand how ISIs interpret and implement DEAI in thought and action in their efforts to create more welcoming spaces for members of communities that are often underrepresented or marginalized in informal learning spaces. Modeled after the Cultural Competence Learning Institute's (CCLI) Framework, survey data were collected to understand DEAI practices being used to create welcoming environments. Interview data were collected 2 years later to understand how ISIs collaborate with others to center communities in their work. Results indicated that while DEAI was considered a high priority, strategies were limited. A positive relationship was found between the number of strategies used and perceived success. ISIs' stories of collaboration focused most often on transactional relationships with organizational partners. Those working with communities directly collaborated in needs‐based or reciprocal ways. Results are interpreted in relation to the CCLI Framework's potential to provide benchmarks for both individual institutions and groups like our statewide grants program to use as comparison points for their own DEAI practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tributary valleys along the Pigeon River in southwestern Michigan USA possess many previously defined criteria for sapping valleys. Direct observations of seasonal variations in groundwater levels, hydraulic gradients and water temperatures confirm that perennial springs and their streams are present in these small valleys. Estimated spring‐fed stream discharges are low and variable, but continuous. Direct observations, grain‐size distributions and bedload transport estimates indicate that significant transport of fine to medium sand occurs in all seasons. We present a process‐form model for small‐scale sapping processes. Stream terraces and paleo‐meander scarps are being modified by sapping, and elongated valleys are likely being lengthened headward by groundwater sapping. Sapping processes have been occurring for at least the past ~4,500 years after Pigeon River adjusted to a fall in base level from the Nipissing high stand to the modern level of Lake Michigan. Sapping processes are currently producing a variety of small‐scale landforms dependent on four main factors: 1) hydraulic gradients and spring discharges, 2) available grain size of material being eroded, 3) transport rate of sand bedload by spring‐fed streams and finally 4) time available for groundwater sapping process to occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The impact of doula care on birth outcomes is well‐established; however, doula support remains underutilized. Identifying barriers and facilitators to implementation is integral as the demand for doula care increases. The primary objective of this study was to examine doula program implementation across hospitals and payers at varying stages of implementation. Methods: Representatives from 4 hospitals and 2 payers participated in focus group discussions. The doula programs were categorized as anticipated, initial, and advanced implementation statuses. Coding and thematic analysis were conducted using a deductive application of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Results: There were 20 participants across 5 focus group discussions. Participants were mostly female, and nearly all had worked at their organization for at least 2 years. Salient themes shared across participants included valuing internal outcome data or peer‐reviewed literature to support doula care as well as anecdotal stories; the reality of the resource‐intensive nature of doula care implementation that goes beyond funding for doulas; and both the need for individual champions for change, such as midwives, and a supportive organizational culture that values health equity. Discussion: The findings of this study highlight 3 contextual aspects that should be considered when implementing doula programs. These recommendations include: (1) use of a combination of research evidence and anecdotes when eliciting stakeholder support; (2) consideration of resources beyond funding such as program implementation support; (3) critical evaluation of organizational culture as a primary driver influencing the implementation of doula care. The future of the doula workforce in United States hospitals rests on the crux of intentional buy‐in from hospital administration and clinical providers as well as the availability of requisite resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Daphniphyllum macropodum produces alkaloids that are structurally complex with polycyclic, stereochemically rich carbon skeletons. Understanding how these compounds are formed by the plant may enable exploration of their biological function and bioactivities.We employed multiple metabolomics techniques, including a workflow to annotate compounds in the absence of standards, to compare alkaloid content across plants and tissues.Different alkaloid structural types were found to have distinct distributions between genotypes, between tissues and within tissues. Alkaloid structural types also showed different isotope labelling enrichments that matched their biosynthetic relationships.The work suggests that mevalonate derived 30‐carbon alkaloids are formed in the phloem region before their conversion to 22‐carbon alkaloids which accumulate in the epidermis. This sets the stage for further investigation into the biosynthetic pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecosystem state transitions can be ecologically devastating or be a restoration success. State transitions are common within aquatic systems worldwide, especially considering human‐mediated changes to land use and water use. We created a transferable conceptual framework to enable multiscale assessments of state resilience and early warnings of state transitions that can inform strategic restorations and avoid ecosystem collapse. The conceptual framework integrated machine learning predictions with ecosystem state concepts (e.g., state classification, gradients of vulnerability, and recovery potential leading to state transitions) and was devised to investigate possible environmental drivers. As an application of the framework, we generated prediction probabilities of submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) presence at nearly 10,000 sites in the Upper Mississippi River (United States). Then, we used an interpretability method to explain model predictions to gain insights into possible environmental drivers and thresholds or linear responses of SAV presence and absence. Model accuracy was 89% without spatial bias. Average water depth, suspended solids, substrate, and distance to nearest SAV were the best predictors and likely environmental drivers of SAV habitat suitability. These environmental drivers exhibited nonlinear, threshold‐type responses for SAV. All the results are also presented in an online dashboard to explore results at many spatial scales. The habitat suitability model outputs and prediction explanations from many spatial scales (4 m to 400 km of river reach) can inform research and restoration planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To examine the extent to which estimates of a latent trait or underlying construct of motor ability differ in infants born at term and preterm, based on caregiver ratings of the motor domain of PediaTrac v3.0. Method: The sample consisted of 571 caregiver–infant dyads (331 born at term, 240 born preterm), 48% female, with 51.7% of caregivers identifying as an ethnic minority. Latent trait of motor ability was estimated based on item response theory modeling. Gestational group differences (term and preterm birth) were examined at the newborn/term‐equivalent, 2‐, 4‐, 6‐, 9‐, and 12‐month time points. Results: Caregiver ratings of latent trait of motor ability were reliably modeled across the range of abilities at each time point. While the group born preterm exhibited significantly more advanced motor abilities at the term‐equivalent time point, by 6 months the group born at term was more advanced. Biological sex difference main and interaction effects were not significant. Interpretation: Caregivers provided reliable, longitudinal estimates of motor ability in infancy, reflecting important differences in the motor development of infants born at term and preterm. The findings suggest that significant motor development occurs in infants born preterm from birth to the term‐equivalent time point and provide a foundation to examine motor growth trajectories as potential predictors in the early identification of neurodevelopmental conditions and needs. What this paper adds: Longitudinal caregiver ratings of motor function in early infancy yielded reliable estimates of the latent trait of motor ability.Motor ability at the term‐equivalent time point was higher in infants born preterm than infants born at term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy PointsThis study examines the impact of several world‐changing events in 2020, such as the pandemic and widespread racism protests, on the US population's comfort with the use of identifiable data for public health. Before the 2020 election, there was no significant difference between Democrats and Republicans. However, African Americans exhibited a decrease in comfort that was different from other subgroups.Our findings suggest that the public remained supportive of public health data activities through the pandemic and the turmoil of 2020 election cycle relative to other data use. However, support among African Americans for public health data use experienced a unique decline compared to other demographic groups. Context: Recent legislative privacy efforts have not included special provisions for public health data use. Although past studies documented support for public health data use, several global events in 2020 have raised awareness and concern about privacy and data use. This study aims to understand whether the events of 2020 affected US privacy preferences on secondary uses of identifiable data, focusing on public health and research uses. Methods: We deployed two online surveys—in February and November 2020—on data privacy attitudes and preferences using a choice‐based–conjoint analysis. Participants received different data‐use scenario pairs—varied by the type of data, user, and purpose—and selected scenarios based on their comfort. A hierarchical Bayes regression model simulated population preferences. Findings: There were 1,373 responses. There was no statistically significant difference in the population's data preferences between February and November, each showing the highest comfort with population health and research data activities and the lowest with profit‐driven activities. Most subgroups' data preferences were comparable with the population's preferences, except African Americans who showed significant decreases in comfort with population health and research. Conclusions: Despite world‐changing events, including a pandemic, we found bipartisan public support for using identifiable data for public health and research. The decreasing support among African Americans could relate to the increased awareness of systemic racism, its harms, and persistent disparities. The US population's preferences support including legal provisions that permit public health and research data use in US laws, which are currently lacking specific public health use permissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Virtual care increased dramatically during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The specific modality of virtual care (video, audio, eVisits, eConsults, and remote patient monitoring) has important implications for the accessibility and quality of care, but rates of use are relatively unknown. Methods for identifying virtual care modalities, especially in electronic health records (EHR) are inconsistent. This study (a) developed a method to identify virtual care modalities using EHR data and (b) described the distribution of these modalities over a 3‐year study period. Methods: EHR data from 316 primary care safety net clinics throughout the study period (4/1/2020‐3/31/2023) were included. Visit type (in‐person vs virtual) by adults >18 years old were classified. Expert consultation informed the development of two algorithms to classify virtual care visit modalities; these algorithms prioritized different EHR data elements. We conducted descriptive analyses comparing algorithms and the frequency of virtual care modalities. Results: Agreement between the algorithms was 96.5% for all visits and 89.3% for virtual care visits. The majority of disagreement between the algorithms was among encounters scheduled as audio‐only but billed as a video visit. Restricting to visits where the algorithms agreed on visit modality, there were 2‐fold more audio‐only than video visits. Conclusion: Visit modality classification varies depending upon which data in the EHR are prioritized. Regardless of which algorithm is utilized, safety net clinics rely on audio‐only and video visits to provide care in virtual visits. Elimination of reimbursement for audio visits may exacerbate existing inequities in care for low‐income patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MRI with hyperpolarized (HP) 13C agents, also known as HP 13CMRI, can measure processes such as localized metabolism that is altered in numerous cancers, liver, heart, kidney diseases, and more. It has been translated into human studies during the past 10 years, with recent rapid growth in studies largely based on increasing availability of HP agent preparation methods suitable for use in humans. This paper aims to capture the current successful practices for HP MRI human studies with [1-13C]pyruvate--by far the most commonly used agent, which sits at a keymetabolic junction in glycolysis. The paper is divided into four major topic areas: (1) HP 13C-pyruvate preparation; (2) MRI system setup and calibrations; (3) data acquisition and image reconstruction; and (4) data analysis and quantification. In each area, we identified the key components for a successful study, summarized both published studies and current practices, and discuss evidence gaps, strengths, and limitations. This paper is the output of the "HP 13C MRI Consensus Group" as well as the ISMRM Hyperpolarized Media MR and Hyperpolarized Methods and Equipment study groups. It further aims to provide a comprehensive reference for future consensus, building as the field continues to advance human studies with this metabolic imaging modality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybridisation can be an important driver of evolutionary change, but hybridisation with invasive species can have adverse effects on native biodiversity. While hybridisation has been documented across taxa, there is limited understanding of ecological factors promoting patterns of hybridisation and the spatial distribution of hybrid individuals. We combined the results of ecological niche modelling (ENM) and restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing to test theories of niche conservatism and biotic resistance on the success of invasion, admixture, and extent of introgression between native and non‐native fishes. We related Maxent predictions of habitat suitability based on the native ranges of invasive Eastern Banded Killifish (Fundulus diaphanus diaphanus Lesueur 1817) and native Western Banded Killifish (Fundulus diaphanus menona Jordan and Copeland 1877) to admixture indices of individual Banded Killifish. We found that Eastern Banded Killifish predominated at sites predicted as suitable from their ENM, consistent with niche conservatism. Admixed individuals were more common as Eastern Banded Killifish habitat suitability declined. We also found that Eastern Banded Killifish were most common at sites closest to the presumed source of this invasion, whereas the proportion of admixed individuals increased with distance from the source of invasion. Lastly, we found little evidence that habitat suitability for Western Banded Killifish provides biotic resistance from either displacement by, or admixture with, invasive Eastern Banded Killifish. Our study demonstrates that ENMs can inform conservation‐relevant outcomes between native and invasive taxa while emphasising the importance of protecting isolated Western Banded Killifish populations from invasive conspecifics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: High‐quality health systems rely on care that centers on patient preferences. Realization of patient preferences can improve the birth experience. However, in the dynamic setting of birth, birth preferences can diverge from what is medically indicated. Through studying women and birthing peoples' experiences of unplanned labor procedures, we aimed to identify ways in which practitioners can support women and birthing people through unexpected or unwanted aspects of their delivery. Specifically, we focused on labor induction. Methods: In one large US academic center, women and birthing people participated in prenatal and postpartum surveys regarding their desires, expectations, and experiences of labor induction. From April to November 2021, participants were eligible if they showed discordance between having labor induction and whether it was initially wanted or expected. Interviews focused on attitudes toward birth preferences and outcomes, with attention to discordances. We analyzed interviews through a modified grounded theory approach. Results: Of 22 participants, our sample was predominantly white (91%). Participants in this sample reported discordance between wanting and experiencing (73%) and/or expecting and experiencing (54%) an induction. We identified two themes: "Discordance without mitigation is perceived as a negative experience" and "Practitioner interaction can buffer against negative experience" which includes three ways in which participants prefer support in instances of discordance: preparation, communication, and care and comfort. These methods of support foster patient autonomy and can lead to positive patient experiences. Conclusions: While medical systems should work to support patient preferences, our results suggest that patients can still have positive birth experiences, even when preferences are not fulfilled. Early practitioner preparation, positive communication, and responsive care and comfort may help to improve patient birth experience when challenges arise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events, raising the risk of urban flood disasters. This study uses a crowd‐sourced municipal call database to characterize the spatial distribution of flood risk in Detroit, MI. Call data including dates and addresses were obtained from the City of Detroit Department of Public Works for 2021. Calls were mapped and aggregated to census tract counts and merged with neighborhood‐level data. Associations of predictors with flood calls were tested using spatial regression models. Flooding calls were located throughout the city but were concentrated in specific areas. Multivariate models of census tract level call counts indicated that increased poverty and Black, immigrant, and older residents were positively associated with flood calls, while increased elevation was associated with protective effects. Longer distances from waste water interceptors were associated with higher risk for calls. Crowd‐sourced flood hotline call data can be used for effective spatial flood risk assessment. Though flooding occurs throughout the city of Detroit, infrastructural, neighborhood, and household factors influence flooding extent. Limitations included the self‐reported nature of calls. Future modeling efforts might include input from local stakeholders to improve spatial risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canola (Brassica napus) and pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) are winter oilseed crops that can be used to create sustainable aviation fuel. They have been grown successfully in the Upper Midwest and Great Plains and are garnering interest in the Mid‐South. A field study was conducted in Tennessee to determine management practices and average yields expected for the region. From this study, a budget and breakeven analysis was conducted. Budgets were created for tilled and no‐till canola and pennycress systems. Based on average yields obtained and projected oilseeds prices, canola systems are potentially profitable, while pennycress systems are not. However, breakeven prices were highly variable between years, locations, oilseed species, and tillage type. Canola has been relatively established in the region and can be promoted to growers as a profitable crop. Presently, the adoption of pennycress in the Mid‐South is not recommended without further research on best management practices, breeding efforts for higher yielding varieties, and the creation of a viable market for sale. Plain Language Summary: Winter oilseeds are emerging crops grown in the winter months for biofuel production. In the southern states, little research on the economic viability of these crops has been conducted. We conducted a study to determine whether or not growing winter canola and pennycress is profitable in Tennessee. We determined that producing pennycress in Tennessee is not yet profitable, but that under certain conditions, canola can be profitable in Tennessee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Implementation science (IS) offers methods to systematically achieve the Ending the HIV Epidemic goals in the United States, as well as the global UNAIDS targets. Federal funders such as the National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) have invested in implementation research to achieve these goals, including supporting the AIDS Research Centres (ARCs), which focus on high‐impact science in HIV and mental health (MH). To facilitate capacity building for the HIV/MH research workforce in IS, "grey areas," or areas of IS that are confusing, particularly for new investigators, should be addressed in the context of HIV/MH research. Discussion: A group of IS experts affiliated with NIMH‐funded ARCs convened to identify common and challenging grey areas. The group generated a preliminary list of 19 grey areas in HIV/MH‐related IS. From the list, the authors developed a survey which was distributed to all ARCs to prioritize grey areas to address in this paper. ARC members across the United States (N = 60) identified priority grey areas requiring clarification. This commentary discusses topics with 40% or more endorsement. The top grey areas that ARC members identified were: (1) Differentiating implementation strategies from interventions; (2) Determining when an intervention has sufficient evidence for adaptation; (3) Integrating recipient perspectives into HIV/MH implementation research; (4) Evaluating whether an implementation strategy is evidence‐based; (5) Identifying rigorous approaches for evaluating the impact of implementation strategies in the absence of a control group or randomization; and (6) Addressing innovation in HIV/MH IS grants. The commentary addresses each grey area by drawing from the existing literature (when available), providing expert guidance on addressing each in the context of HIV/MH research, and providing domestic and global HIV and HIV/MH case examples that address these grey areas. Conclusions: HIV/MH IS is key to achieving domestic and international goals for ending HIV transmission and mitigating its impact. Guidance offered in this paper can help to overcome challenges to rigorous and high‐impact HIV/MH implementation research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Iridoids are non‐canonical monoterpenoids produced by both insects and plants. An example is the cat‐attracting and insect‐repelling volatile iridoid nepetalactone, produced by Nepeta sp. (catmint) and aphids. Recently, both nepetalactone biosynthetic pathways were elucidated, showing a remarkable convergent evolution. The iridoid, dolichodial, produced by Teucrium marum (cat thyme) and multiple insect species, has highly similar properties to nepetalactone but its biosynthetic origin remains unknown. We set out to determine the genomic, enzymatic, and evolutionary basis of iridoid biosynthesis in T. marum. First, we generated a de novo chromosome‐scale genome assembly for T. marum using Oxford Nanopore Technologies long reads and proximity‐by‐ligation Hi‐C reads. The 610.3 Mb assembly spans 15 pseudomolecules with a 32.9 Mb N50 scaffold size. This enabled identification of iridoid biosynthetic genes, whose roles were verified via activity assays. Phylogenomic analysis revealed that the evolutionary history of T. marum iridoid synthase, the iridoid scaffold‐forming enzyme, is not orthologous to typical iridoid synthases but is derived from its conserved paralog. We discovered an enzymatic route from nepetalactol to diverse iridoids through the coupled activity of an iridoid oxidase cytochrome P450 and acetyltransferases, via an inferred acylated intermediate. This work provides a genomic resource for specialized metabolite research in mints and demonstration of the role of acetylation in T. marum iridoid diversity. This work will enable future biocatalytic or biosynthetic production of potent insect repellents, as well as comparative studies into iridoid biosynthesis in insects. Significance Statement: Cat thyme (Teucrium marum) produces the iridoid dolichodial which can repel certain insects and attract cats; the compound is also produced by some insect species. We generated a de novo chromosome‐scale genome assembly for T. marum, investigated the genetic and enzymatic basis of iridoid biosynthesis, and demonstrated the role of acetylation in generating iridoid diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the development of immunotherapies has been revolutionary in the treatment of several cancers, many cancer types remain unresponsive to immune‐based treatment and are largely managed by chemotherapy drugs. However, chemotherapeutics are not infallible and are frequently rendered ineffective as resistance develops from prolonged exposure. Recent investigations have indicated that some chemotherapy drugs have additional functions beyond their normative cytotoxic capacity and are in fact immune‐modifying agents. Of the pharmaceuticals with identified immune‐editing properties, gemcitabine is well‐studied and of interest to clinicians and scientists alike. Gemcitabine is a chemotherapy drug approved for the treatment of multiple cancers, including breast, lung, pancreatic, and ovarian. Because of its broad applications, relatively low toxicity profile, and history as a favorable combinatory partner, there is promise in the recharacterization of gemcitabine in the context of the immune system. Such efforts may allow the identification of suitable immunotherapeutic combinations, wherein gemcitabine can be used as a priming agent to improve immunotherapy efficacy in traditionally insensitive cancers. This review looks to highlight documented immunomodulatory abilities of one of the most well‐known chemotherapy agents, gemcitabine, relating to its influence on cells and proteins of the immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Dams and reservoirs can alter juvenile growth and survival of migratory salmonids through several physical and biological mechanisms. Juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha that are produced upstream of large hydropower dams may have associated passage mortality, but the reservoirs created by these dams can support rapid growth. Characterizing the biotic drivers of growth and mortality in reservoirs may aid in understanding the cumulative effects of river impoundments on migratory salmonid populations. The purpose of this study was to understand how reservoirs facilitate rapid growth in juvenile Chinook Salmon. Methods: We analyzed stomach contents to determine diet composition throughout the summer and fall. We also recorded prevalence of the parasitic nematode Philonema sp. in the coeloms of fish. Result: We found that juvenile Chinook Salmon frequently consumed young‐of‐year centrarchids, which likely contributed to rapid growth. Piscivory was highest from July through October and decreased with surface temperature from November through December. Correspondingly, zooplankton and arthropod consumption increased in November and December. Prevalence of visible Philonema sp. infections in the coelom was high (34.6%), negatively associated with time, and nonlinearly associated with fork length. Conclusion: These findings reveal unique diet patterns and suggest potential parasite‐associated mortality in reservoir‐rearing Chinook Salmon, but more detailed studies across a longer time scale are needed to robustly assess the population‐level effects of this parasite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Depressive symptoms are associated with higher risk of dementia, but how they impact cognition in diverse populations is unclear. METHODS: Asian, Black, Latino, or White participants (n = 2227) in the Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences (age 65+) and the Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans (age 50+) underwent up to three waves of cognitive assessments over 4 years. Multilevel models stratified by race/ethnicity were used to examine whether depressive symptoms were associated with cognition or cognitive decline and whether associations differed by race/ethnicity. RESULTS: Higher depressive symptoms were associated with lower baseline verbal episodic memory scores (−0.06, 95% CI: −0.12, −0.01; −0.15, 95% CI: −0.25, −0.04), and faster decline annually in semantic memory (−0.04, 95% CI: −0.07, −0.01; −0.10, 95% CI: −0.15, −0.05) for Black and Latino participants. Depressive symptoms were associated with lower baseline but not decline in executive function. DISCUSSION: Depressive symptoms were associated with worse cognitive outcomes, with some evidence of heterogeneity across racial/ethnic groups. HIGHLIGHTS: We examined whether baseline depressive symptoms were differentially associated with domain‐specific cognition or cognitive decline by race/ethnicity.Depressive symptoms were associated with worse cognitive scores for all racial/ethnic groups across different domains examined.Higher depressive symptoms were associated with faster cognitive decline for semantic memory for Black and Latino participants.The results suggest a particularly harmful association between depressive symptoms and cognition in certain racial/ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Improving the quality and maintaining the fidelity of large coverage abdominal hyperpolarized (HP) 13C MRI studies with a patch based global–local higher‐order singular value decomposition (GL‐HOVSD) spatiotemporal denoising approach. Methods: Denoising performance was first evaluated using the simulated [1‐13C]pyruvate dynamics at different noise levels to determine optimal kglobal and klocal parameters. The GL‐HOSVD spatiotemporal denoising method with the optimized parameters was then applied to two HP [1‐13C]pyruvate EPI abdominal human cohorts (n = 7 healthy volunteers and n = 8 pancreatic cancer patients). Results: The parameterization of kglobal = 0.2 and klocal = 0.9 denoises abdominal HP data while retaining image fidelity when evaluated by RMSE. The kPX (conversion rate of pyruvate‐to‐metabolite, X = lactate or alanine) difference was shown to be <20% with respect to ground‐truth metabolic conversion rates when there is adequate SNR (SNRAUC > 5) for downstream metabolites. In both human cohorts, there was a greater than nine‐fold gain in peak [1‐13C]pyruvate, [1‐13C]lactate, and [1‐13C]alanine apparent SNRAUC. The improvement in metabolite SNR enabled a more robust quantification of kPL and kPA. After denoising, we observed a 2.1 ± 0.4 and 4.8 ± 2.5‐fold increase in the number of voxels reliably fit across abdominal FOVs for kPL and kPA quantification maps. Conclusion: Spatiotemporal denoising greatly improves visualization of low SNR metabolites particularly [1‐13C]alanine and quantification of [1‐13C]pyruvate metabolism in large FOV HP 13C MRI studies of the human abdomen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The higher‐order turbulence scheme, Cloud Layers Unified by Binormals (CLUBB), is known for effectively simulating the transition from cumulus to stratocumulus clouds within leading atmospheric climate models. This study investigates an underexplored aspect of CLUBB: its capacity to simulate near‐surface winds and the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL), with a particular focus on its coupling with surface momentum flux. Using the GFDL atmospheric climate model (AM4), we examine two distinct coupling strategies, distinguished by their handling of surface momentum flux during the CLUBB's stability‐driven substepping performed at each atmospheric time step. The static coupling maintains a constant surface momentum flux, while the dynamic coupling adjusts the surface momentum flux at each CLUBB substep based on the CLUBB‐computed zonal and meridional wind speed tendencies. Our 30‐year present‐day climate simulations (1980–2010) show that static coupling overestimates 10‐m wind speeds compared to both control AM4 simulations and reanalysis, particularly over the Southern Ocean (SO) and other midlatitude ocean regions. Conversely, dynamic coupling corrects the static coupling 10‐m winds biases in the midlatitude regions, resulting in CLUBB simulations achieving there an excellent agreement with AM4 simulations. Furthermore, analysis of PBL vertical profiles over the SO reveals that dynamic coupling reduces downward momentum transport, consistent with the found wind‐speed reductions. Instead, near the tropics, dynamic coupling results in minimal changes in near‐surface wind speeds and associated turbulent momentum transport structure. Notably, the wind turning angle serves as a valuable qualitative metric for assessing the impact of changes in surface momentum flux representation on global circulation patterns. Plain Language Summary: The Cloud Layers Unified by Binormals (CLUBB) scheme offers a promising way to model the complexities of cloud behavior, but its impact on winds and global circulation has been less explored. In our study, we investigate how different ways of representing the complex coupling between surface drag and the lowest kilometer of the Earth's atmosphere affect global wind speeds and circulation. We specifically examine two distinct approaches: a static approach, which feeds a constant surface drag to CLUBB, and a dynamic approach, which adjusts the surface drag based on the winds updates computed by CLUBB. Over a present‐day climate, we find that static coupling tends to produce excessively large wind speeds in certain regions, like the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic and North Pacific. Instead, dynamic coupling produces excellent near‐surface wind speeds in these regions, and also over the rest of the globe. Moreover, we discover that dynamic coupling reduces the downward turbulent transport of momentum, highlighting the enhancements in near‐surface wind speeds found with this approach are physically consistent. Lastly, we use the change in wind direction with height to qualitatively evaluate how the two coupling methods affect global circulation patterns. Key Points: Dynamic coupling between Cloud Layers Unified by Binormals (CLUBB) and surface momentum flux enhances global winds climate simulations bringing CLUBB in line with control atmospheric climate modelIn midlatitude regions, the dynamic coupling enhances the boundary‐layer momentum transport compared to the static couplingThe wind turning angle turns out a useful qualitative metric, linking changes in surface momentum flux to the changes in global circulation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]