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Purpose: Tricuspid valve flow velocities are challenging to measure with cardiovascular MR, as the rapidly moving valvular plane prohibits direct flow evaluation, but they are vitally important to diastolic function evaluation. We developed an automated valve‐tracking 2D method for measuring flow through the dynamic tricuspid valve. Methods: Nine healthy subjects and 2 patients were imaged. The approach uses a previously trained deep learning network, TVnet, to automatically track the tricuspid valve plane from long‐axis cine images. Subsequently, the tracking information is used to acquire 2D phase contrast (PC) with a dynamic (moving) acquisition plane that tracks the valve. Direct diastolic net flows evaluated from the dynamic PC sequence were compared with flows from 2D‐PC scans acquired in a static slice localized at the end‐systolic valve position, and also ventricular stroke volumes (SVs) using both planimetry and 2D PC of the great vessels. Results: The mean tricuspid valve systolic excursion was 17.8 ± 2.5 mm. The 2D valve‐tracking PC net diastolic flow showed excellent correlation with SV by right‐ventricle planimetry (bias ± 1.96 SD = −0.2 ± 10.4 mL, intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.92) and aortic PC (−1.0 ± 13.8 mL, ICC = 0.87). In comparison, static tricuspid valve 2D PC also showed a strong correlation but had greater bias (p = 0.01) versus the right‐ventricle SV (10.6 ± 16.1 mL, ICC = 0.61). In most (8 of 9) healthy subjects, trace regurgitation was measured at begin‐systole. In one patient, valve‐tracking PC displayed a high‐velocity jet (380 cm/s) with maximal velocity agreeing with echocardiography. Conclusion: Automated valve‐tracking 2D PC is a feasible route toward evaluation of tricuspid regurgitant velocities, potentially solving a major clinical challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment resistance remains a major issue in aggressive prostate cancer (PC), and novel genomic biomarkers may guide better treatment selection. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) can provide minimally invasive information about tumor genomes, but the genomic landscape of aggressive PC based on whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) of ctDNA remains incompletely characterized. Thus, we here performed WGS of tumor tissue (n = 31) or plasma ctDNA (n = 10) from a total of 41 aggressive PC patients, including 11 hormone‐naïve, 15 hormone‐sensitive, and 15 castration‐resistant patients. Across all variant types, we found progressively more altered tumor genomic profiles in later stages of aggressive PC. The potential driver genes most frequently affected by single‐nucleotide variants or insertions/deletions included the known PC‐related genes TP53, CDK12, and PTEN and the novel genes COL13A1, KCNH3, and SENP3. Etiologically, aggressive PC was associated with age‐related and DNA repair‐related mutational signatures. Copy number variants most frequently affected 14q11.2 and 8p21.2, where no well‐recognized PC‐related genes are located, and also frequently affected regions near the known PC‐related genes MYC, AR, TP53, PTEN, and BRCA1. Structural variants most frequently involved not only the known PC‐related genes TMPRSS2 and ERG but also the less extensively studied gene in this context, PTPRD. Finally, clinically actionable variants were detected throughout all stages of aggressive PC and in both plasma and tissue samples, emphasizing the potential clinical applicability of WGS of minimally invasive plasma samples. Overall, our study highlights the feasibility of using liquid biopsies for comprehensive genomic characterization as an alternative to tissue biopsies in advanced/aggressive PC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Background Objective Study design Methods Results Main limitations Conclusions There is limited information regarding cryptorchid teratomas other than a few case report studies, and almost all involved standard‐frame horse breeds.To investigate the prevalence of testicular teratoma in horses presented for cryptorchidism and to determine its relationship with horse breeds.Retrospective case series.Medical records from all horses presented for cryptorchidism that underwent surgical cryptorchidectomy between January 2010 and August 2021 in a single institution were reviewed. Additionally, cryptorchid horses with a histopathological diagnosis of testicular teratoma were further analysed.Cryptorchidectomy was performed in 220 horses (253 testicles: 187 unilateral and 33 bilateral). Left abdominal cryptorchidism was the most common presentation (101/187, 54%), followed by right abdominal (37/187, 20%) and then, right (27/187, 14%) and left (22/187, 12%) inguinal. A teratoma was confirmed via histopathology in two Draughts, one Draught‐related breed (Canadian horse) and one Paint. Unfortunately, a pre‐operative diagnosis of teratoma was not reached in 3/3 horses where only routine caudal ultrasonography was performed. Draught and draught‐related breeds represented 6% (2219/36,857) of the hospital caseload during the study period and 11% (24/220) of the entire cryptorchid population. Draught and draught‐related breeds had a 37.1 relative risk ratio of having a cryptorchid teratoma (95% CI: 7.85–175.73) in this study. However, this may have been coincidental or specific to our geographic location given the small number of affected cases.Retrospective nature of the study, small population of horses, one institution and by extent one geographical location.We found that cryptorchid teratomas are encountered with a high prevalence in our draught and draught‐related breed caseload. A thorough pre‐operative ultrasound, including cranio‐ventral abdomen, may be recommended in cryptorchids to facilitate identification of large teratomas lying cranially within the abdomen as well as surgical planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adverse effects of large artery stiffening are well established in the systemic circulation; stiffening of the proximal pulmonary artery (PPA) and its sequelae are poorly understood. We combined in vivo (n = 6) with ex vivo data from cadavers (n = 8) and organ donors (n = 13), ages 18 to 89, to assess whether aging of the PPA associates with changes in distensibility, biaxial wall strain, wall thickness, vessel diameter, and wall composition. Aging exhibited significant negative associations with distensibility and cyclic biaxial strain of the PPA (p ≤ 0.05), with decreasing circumferential and axial strains of 20% and 7%, respectively, for every 10 years after 50. Distensibility associated directly with diffusion capacity of the lung (R2 = 0.71, p = 0.03). Axial strain associated with right ventricular ejection fraction (R2 = 0.76, p = 0.02). Aging positively associated with length of the PPA (p = 0.004) and increased luminal caliber (p = 0.05) but showed no significant association with mean wall thickness (1.19 mm, p = 0.61) and no significant differences in the proportions of mural elastin and collagen (p = 0.19) between younger (<50 years) and older (>50) ex vivo samples. We conclude that age‐related stiffening of the PPA differs from that of the aorta; microstructural remodeling, rather than changes in overall geometry, may explain age‐related stiffening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miscanthus, a C4 perennial rhizomatous grass, is a low‐input energy crop suitable for marginal land, which cultivation can improve soil quality and promote soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. In this study, four promising Miscanthus hybrids were chosen to evaluate their short‐term potential, in six European marginal sites, to sequester SOC and improve physical, chemical, and biological soil quality in topsoil. Overall, no differences among Miscanthus hybrids were detected in terms of impacts on soil quality and SOC sequestration. SOC sequestration rate after 4 years was of +0.4 Mg C ha−1 year−1, but land‐use transition from former cropland or grassland showed contrasting SOC sequestration trajectories. In unfertilized marginal lands, cultivation of high‐yielding Miscanthus genotypes caused a depletion of K (−216 kg ha−1 year−1), followed by Ca (−56 kg ha−1 year−1), Mg (−102 kg ha−1 year−1) and to a lesser extent of N. On the contrary, the biological turnover of organic matter increased the available P content (+164 kg P2O5 ha−1 year−1). SOC content was identified as the main driver of changes in biological soil quality. High input of labile plant C stimulated an increment of microbial biomass and enzymatic activity. Here, a novel approach was applied to estimate C input to soil from different Miscanthus organs. Despite the high estimated plant C input to soil (0.98 Mg C ha−1 year−1), with significant differences among sites and Miscanthus hybrids, it was not identified as a driver of SOC sequestration. On the contrary, initial SOC and nutrients (N, P) content, as well as their elemental stoichiometric ratios with C, were the key factors controlling SOC dynamics. Introducing Miscanthus on marginal lands impacts positively soil biological quality over the short term, but targeted fertilization plans are needed to secure crop yield over the long term as well as the C sink capacity of this perennial cropping system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity can stabilize ecological communities through biological insurance, but climate and other environmental changes may disrupt this process via simultaneous ecosystem destabilization and biodiversity loss. While changes to diversity–stability relationships (DSRs) and the underlying mechanisms have been extensively explored in terrestrial plant communities, this topic remains largely unexplored in benthic marine ecosystems that comprise diverse assemblages of producers and consumers. By analyzing two decades of kelp forest biodiversity survey data, we discovered changes in diversity, stability, and their relationships at multiple scales (biological organizational levels, spatial scales, and functional groups) that were linked with the most severe marine heatwave ever documented in the North Pacific Ocean. Moreover, changes in the strength of DSRs during/after the heatwave were more apparent among functional groups than both biological organizational levels (population vs. ecosystem levels) and spatial scales (local vs. broad scales). Specifically, the strength of DSRs decreased for fishes, increased for mobile invertebrates and understory algae, and were unchanged for sessile invertebrates during/after the heatwave. Our findings suggest that biodiversity plays a key role in stabilizing marine ecosystems, but the resilience of DSRs to adverse climate impacts primarily depends on the functional identities of ecological communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we statistically analyze the Jovian auroral radio sources detected in situ by Juno/Waves at frequencies f below the electron cyclotron frequency fce. We first conduct a survey of Juno/Waves data over 1–40 MHz from 2016 to 2022. The 15 detected HectOMetric (HOM) sources all lie within 1–5 MHz and are both less frequent than the radio sources commonly observed slightly above fce and clustered in the southern hemisphere, within ∼90–270° longitudes. We analyze these emission regions with a growth rate analysis in the framework of the Cyclotron Maser Instability (CMI), which we apply to JADE‐E high cadence electron measurements. We show that the f < fce emissions correspond to crossed radio sources, ∼300 km wide. They are located in a hot and highly depleted auroral plasma environment, along flux tubes colocated with upward field‐aligned current and at the equatorward edge of the main auroral oval. The wave amplification is consistent with the CMI and its free energy source consists of a shell‐type electron distribution function (EDF) with characteristic energies of 0.2–5keV. More energetic, 5–50 keV, shell‐type EDFs were systematically observed at higher latitudes but without any radio counterpart. Various parameters for the f < fce HOM sources, reminiscent of the ones at Earth/Saturn, are compared. Other CMI‐unstable EDFs, primarily loss cone ones, are systematically observed during the same intervals, giving rise to emission observed at fce < f < fce + 0.5%. Our analysis thus reveals that different portions of the same EDF can be CMI‐unstable and simultaneously amplify radio waves below and above fce. Plain Language Summary: Taking advantage of Juno radio, electron and magnetic measurements within the source of Jupiter's auroral radio emissions, we analyze a new type of HectOMectric (HOM, a wavelength of 1 hm matching a frequency of 3 MHz) emissions observed in situ by Juno/Waves at frequencies f below the electron cyclotron frequency fce. We first survey the Juno/Waves radio observations over 1–40 MHz between 2016 and 2022, covering the first 45 orbits. The 15 detected cases of f < fce emissions are much less frequent than the usual HOM emissions observed slightly above fce and their sources are inhomogeneously distributed. We then analyze these events in the framework of the Cyclotron Maser Instability (CMI) by calculating their theoretical growth rate from electron distribution functions simultaneously measured by the Juno/JADE‐E spectrometer. We show that the f < fce HOM sources are definitely consistent with the CMI powered by electron beams of 0.2–5 keV. This new type of Jovian auroral radio emission is reminiscent of the ones prominently observed at Earth and Saturn. These f < fce sources co‐exist with HOM emission at fce < f < fce + 0.5%, which is also driven by the CMI based on different well‐known sources of free energy. Key Points: A survey of Juno/Waves in situ measurement (2016–2022) reveals 15 hectometric sources observed below the local electron cyclotron frequencyWe show with a Cyclotron Maser Instability growth rate analysis using Juno/JADE‐E data that they are generated by 0.2–5 keV shell electronsThis new source of Jovian auroral radio emission is reminiscent of the auroral kilometric radiations of Earth and Saturn [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With disease‐modifying drugs in reach for cerebellar ataxias, fine‐grained digital health measures are highly warranted to complement clinical and patient‐reported outcome measures in upcoming treatment trials and treatment monitoring. These measures need to demonstrate sensitivity to capture change, in particular in the early stages of the disease. Objective: Our aim is to unravel gait measures sensitive to longitudinal change in the—particularly trial‐relevant—early stage of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). Methods: We performed a multicenter longitudinal study with combined cross‐sectional and 1‐year interval longitudinal analysis in early‐stage SCA2 participants (n = 23, including nine pre‐ataxic expansion carriers; median, ATXN2 CAG repeat expansion 38 ± 2; median, Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia [SARA] score 4.8 ± 4.3). Gait was assessed using three wearable motion sensors during a 2‐minute walk, with analyses focused on gait measures of spatio‐temporal variability that have shown sensitivity to ataxia severity (eg, lateral step deviation). Results: We found significant changes for gait measures between baseline and 1‐year follow‐up with large effect sizes (lateral step deviation P = 0.0001, effect size rprb = 0.78), whereas the SARA score showed no change (P = 0.67). Sample size estimation indicates a required cohort size of n = 43 to detect a 50% reduction in natural progression. Test–retest reliability and minimal detectable change analysis confirm the accuracy of detecting 50% of the identified 1‐year change. Conclusions: Gait measures assessed by wearable sensors can capture natural progression in early‐stage SCA2 within just 1 year—in contrast to a clinical ataxia outcome. Lateral step deviation represents a promising outcome measure for upcoming multicenter interventional trials, particularly in the early stages of cerebellar ataxia. © 2024 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The stroke risk for persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIVs) doubled compared to uninfected individuals. Stroke‐unit (SU)—access, acute reperfusion therapy—use and outcome data on PLHIVs admitted for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) are scarce. Methods: AIS patients admitted (01 January 2017 to 31 January 2021) to 10 representative Paris‐area SUs were screened retrospectively from the National Hospitalization Database. PLHIVs were compared to age‐, initial NIHSS‐ and sex‐matched HIV‐uninfected controls (HUCs). Outcome was the 90‐day modified Rankin Scale score. Results: Among 126 PLHIVs with confirmed first‐ever AIS, ~80% were admitted outside the thrombolysis‐administration window. Despite antiretrovirals, uncontrolled plasma HIV loads exceeded 50 copies/mL (26% of all PLHIVs; 38% of those ≤55 years). PLHIVs' stroke causes by decreasing frequency were large artery atherosclerosis (LAA), undetermined, other cause, cerebral small‐vessel disease (CSVD) or cardioembolism. No stroke etiology was associated with HIV duration or detectable HIVemia. MRI revealed previously unknown AIS in one in three PLHIVs, twice the HUC rate (p = 0.006). Neither group had optimally controlled modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs): 20%–30% without specific hypertension, diabetes, and/or dyslipidemia treatments. Their stroke outcomes were comparable. Multivariable analyses retained good prognosis associated solely with initial NIHSS or reperfusion therapy. Older age and hypertension were associated with CSVD/LAA for all PLHIVs. Standard neurovascular care and reperfusion therapy were well‐tolerated. Interpretation: The high uncontrolled HIV‐infection rate and suboptimal CVRF treatment support heightened vigilance to counter suboptimal HIV suppression and antiretroviral adherence, and improve CVRF prevention, mainly for younger PLHIVs. Those preventive, routine measures could lower PLHIVs' AIS risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Diastolic function evaluation requires estimates of early and late diastolic mitral filling velocities (E and A) and of mitral annulus tissue velocity (e′). We aimed to develop an MRI method for simultaneous all‐in‐one diastolic function evaluation in a single scan by generating a 2D phase‐contrast (PC) sequence with balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) contrast (PC‐SSFP). E and A could then be measured with PC, and e′ estimated by valve tracking on the magnitude images, using an established deep learning framework. Methods: Our PC‐SSFP used in‐plane flow‐encoding, with zeroth and first moment nulling over each TR. For further acceleration, different k‐t principal component analysis (PCA) methods were investigated with both retrospective and prospective undersampling. PC‐SSFP was compared to separate balanced SSFP cine and PC‐gradient echo acquisitions in phantoms and in 10 healthy subjects. Results: Phantom experiments showed that PC‐SSFP measured accurate velocities compared to PC‐gradient echo (r = 0.98 for a range of pixel‐wise velocities −80 cm/s to 80 cm/s). In subjects, PC‐SSFP generated high SNR and myocardium‐blood contrast, and excellent agreement for E (limits of agreement [LOA] 0.8 ± 2.4 cm/s, r = 0.98), A (LOA 2.5 ± 4.1 cm/s, r = 0.97), and e′ (LOA 0.3 ± 2.6 cm/s, r = 1.00), versus the standard methods. The best k‐t PCA approach processed the complex difference data and substituted in raw k‐space data. With prospective k‐t PCA acceleration, higher frame rates were achieved (50 vs. 25 frames per second without k‐t PCA), yielding a 13% higher e′. Conclusion: The proposed PC‐SSFP method achieved all‐in‐one diastolic function evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineral dust accumulated on the ocean floor is an important archive for reconstructing past atmospheric circulation changes and climatological conditions in the source areas. Dust emitted from Southern Hemisphere dust sources is widely deposited over the oceans. However, there are few records of dust deposition over the open ocean, and a large need for extended geographical coverage exists. We present a large data set (134 surface sediment samples) of Late Holocene dust deposition from seafloor surface sediments covering the entire South Atlantic Ocean. Polymodal grain‐size distributions of the lithogenic fraction indicate that the sediments are composed of multiple sediment components. By using end‐member modeling, we attempt to disentangle the dust signal from non‐aeolian sediments. Combined with 230Th‐normalized lithogenic fluxes, we quantified the specific deposition fluxes for mineral dust, crrent‐sorted sediments and ice‐rafted debris (IRD). Although the method could not completely separate the different components in every region, it shows that dust deposition off the most prominent dust source for the South Atlantic Ocean—southern South America—amounts up to approximately 0.7 g cm−2 Kyr−1 and decreases downwind. Bottom‐current‐sorted sediments and IRD are mostly concentrated around the continental margins. The ratio of the coarse to fine dust end members reveals input from north African dust sources to the South Atlantic. The majority of the observations are in good agreement with new model simulations. This extensive and relevant data set of dust grain size and deposition fluxes to the South Atlantic could be used to calibrate and validate further model simulations. Plain Language Summary: Ocean records of mineral dust can be used to reconstruct past climatic changes such as wind strength and aridity in the source regions, and also marine biological productivity. However, in the remote open ocean, dust samples are difficult to obtain and therefore records are sparse. We present a large data set of dust deposition, determined from the top centimeter of ocean floor sediments, covering the entire South Atlantic Ocean. These appeared to be complex mixtures of different sediment types, which we attempted to unmix mathematically. This resulted in four individual components, which are fine and coarse mineral dust, current‐sorted sediments and ice‐rafted debris (IRD). Although the unmixing has its limitations, it shows that the dust deposition off the most prominent dust source for the South Atlantic Ocean—southern South America—is significant and decreases downwind as dust settles during transport across the ocean. Current‐sorted sediments and IRD are mostly concentrated around the continental margins. The results also reveal dust transport across the equator from north African dust sources and show similarities with new model simulations. This extensive and relevant data set of dust grain size and deposition fluxes to the South Atlantic can be used to calibrate and validate further model simulations. Key Points: End‐member (EM) modeling is used to disentangle different sediment components from polymodal grain‐size distributionsCombined with 230Th‐normalized lithogenic fluxes, specific fluxes for dust, current‐sorted sediments and ice‐rafted debris are obtainedThis independent quantification provides more specific dust fluxes compared to global compilations of lithogenic fluxes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Prostate cancer (PCa) is by far the most common type of cancer among men in western countries. However, relatively little is known about its etiology despite the high morbidity and mortality. It has been suggested that chronic inflammation may be involved in prostate carcinogenesis. We investigated the role of sexually and non-sexually transmitted infections in prostate cancer risk with a specific interest in the aggressive types. Methods: We used data from epidemiological study of prostate cancer (EPICAP), a population-based case–control study. A total of 819 incident cases and 879 controls were interviewed face-to-face using a standardized questionnaire gathering information on known or suspected risk factors of prostate cancer and personal history of specific sexually and non-sexually transmitted infections: gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomonas, herpes, mononucleosis, Epstein–Barr virus, varicellazoster, and dengue. Odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence interval were estimated using multivariate unconditional logistic regression. Results: There was no significant association between gonorrhea (OR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.61–1.33), trichomonas (OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.27–2.07), genital herpes (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.38–1.27), and the risk of prostate cancer. No association emerged for overall sexually transmitted bacterial and viral infections (OR 1.05, 95% CI: 0.86–1.29) and overall non-sexually transmitted viral infections (OR 1.11, 95% CI: 0.90–1.35) and the risk of prostate cancer. Conclusion: Our results showed that sexually or non-sexually transmitted infections, either bacterial or viral, were not associated to prostate cancer. Therefore, further investigation is needed to help advance our understanding of the role of chronic inflammation in the etiology of prostate cancer, with a particular focus on its most aggressive types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observations of a quiet electrostatic auroral arc by the ALIS network on 5 March 2008 are used to infer a two‐dimensional map of the flux of precipitating energy. Among a family of numerical solutions of a stationary magnetosphere—ionosphere coupling model in which the origin of the arc is a magnetospheric generator interface, we find which generator interface properties best fit the observed precipitating energy flux. The procedure finds that the plasma populations in the generator are colder and more rarefied on one side of the interface and warmer and denser on the other side, similar to a transition between plasma trough and plasma sheet plasmas. The increase of the arc's brightness, the decrease of its thickness and its slight spatial undulation may be driven by an increase of plasma sheet electron temperature in the tailward direction, tangential to the interface, and a local spatial indentation in the dawn‐ward direction. Plain Language Summary: Optical observations of aurora provide information about the local electromagnetic and plasma conditions in the ionosphere where the impact of energetic electrons produces auroral light emissions. The electrons gain energy through acceleration by static or dynamic electric fields along their path from the magnetospheric source to the upper ionized atmosphere where they collide with various atomic species, like oxygen and nitrogen, which emit light at various wavelengths. In this paper we use optical observations of a steady electrostatic auroral arc to identify the conditions in the magnetospheric source that best fit these observations in the context of an electrostatic auroral acceleration model. This way, optical auroral observations from the ground are used as a remote sensing tool to probe the magnetospheric source of the arc. Key Points: A new application using tomographic imaging of electrostatic auroral arcs with ALIS estimates the magnetospheric generator stateThe generator of the arc observed by ALIS appears to be a plasma interface at the contact between trough and plasma sheet‐like plasmasThe arc's longitudinal changes are linked to a tailward increase of electron temperature and dawnward indentation of the generator interface [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At Jupiter, part of the auroral radio emissions are induced by the Galilean moons Io, Europa and Ganymede. Until now, except for Ganymede, they have been only remotely detected, using ground–based radio–telescopes or electric antennas aboard spacecraft. The polar trajectory of the Juno orbiter allows the spacecraft to cross the range of magnetic flux tubes which sustain the various Jupiter–satellite interactions, and in turn to sample in situ the associated radio emission regions. In this study, we focus on the detection and the characterization of radio sources associated with Io, Europa and Ganymede. Using electric wave measurements or radio observations (Juno/Waves), in situ electron measurements (Juno/JADE–E), and magnetic field measurements (Juno/MAG) we demonstrate that the Cyclotron Maser Instability (CMI) driven by a loss–cone electron distribution function is responsible for the encountered radio sources. We confirmed that radio emissions are associated with Main (MAW) or Reflected Alfvén Wing (RAW), but also show that for Europa and Ganymede, induced radio emissions are associated with Transhemispheric Electron Beam (TEB). For each traversed radio source, we determine the latitudinal extension, the CMI–resonant electron energy, and the bandwidth of the emission. We show that the presence of Alfvén perturbations and downward field–aligned currents are necessary for the radio emissions to be amplified. Plain Language Summary: At Jupiter, the auroras are much more intense and long‐lasting than on Earth, and some are influenced by Jupiter's three largest moons: Io, Europa, and Ganymede. We're particularly interested in the radio signals from these auroras. Until recently, these signals were mainly studied from a distance, using Earth‐based telescopes or spacecraft passing by Jupiter. However, since 2016, the Juno spacecraft has been orbiting Jupiter, flying through the auroral zone. Our study investigates the creation of these radio auroras using Juno's instruments to measure radio waves, particles, and magnetic fields. Our research strongly suggests that a phenomenon called the Cyclotron Maser Instability is the cause of these radio signals. This instability happens because some electrons are not coming back from Jupiter after causing Ultraviolet aurora on top of Jupiter's atmosphere. These radio signals are connected to the moons' ultraviolet auroras. Additionally, our research highlights the importance of specific perturbations in Jupiter's magnetic field, known as Alfvén perturbations, and currents that link Jupiter to these moons. This study deepens our understanding of Jupiter‐moon interactions and sheds light on Jupiter's fascinating auroras. Key Points: All Jupiter‐moon radio emissions are shown to be similarly triggered by the CMIThe crossed radio sources are colocated with either MAW, RAW or TEB footprintsThe crossed radio sources coincide with downward field‐aligned currents and Alfvén perturbations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective logging is one of the most prevalent land uses of forests worldwide, affecting biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. However, the effect of selective logging on the dual nature of temporal stability, and the scale dependence of this effect, remain to be elucidated. By conducting several decade‐long experiments in temperate forest ecosystems, we tested the effects of selective logging on aggregate and compositional stability at multiple spatial scales. As expected, forest ecosystem stability at larger spatial scales was enhanced both by the stability of local scales (i.e. α stability) and asynchronous dynamics among local communities (i.e. spatial asynchrony). We found that the negative effects of selective logging on both facets of forest stability propagated from local to larger spatial scales due to reduced α stability and the biological insurance effects of α diversity. However, both spatial aggregate and compositional asynchrony were not affected by selective logging. Interestingly, despite the selective logging, α diversity still provided biological insurance effects for maintaining aggregate and compositional stability. Our results imply that selective logging may destabilize the aggregate ecosystem functioning and species composition of forest ecosystems at local and larger spatial scales. To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence of the scale dependence of aggregate and compositional stability of forest ecosystems in response to selective logging. Our findings suggest that forest management should avoid excessive selective logging and strive to protect forest diversity to safeguard the sustainability of the functioning and composition of natural forest ecosystems at multiple spatial scales. Keywords: aggregate stability, compositional stability, diversity, ecosystem functioning, spatial asynchrony, stability [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catatonia occurs at high rates in idiopathic and syndromic neurodevelopmental disorders. At our institution's multidisciplinary catatonia clinic, clinical genetic testing (including microarray, fragile X PCR and methylation, autism/ID expanded panels, and exome sequencing) was commonly completed as part of clinical workup on patients with co‐occurring neurodevelopmental disorders and catatonia (performed in 36/48 cases or 75%). This testing identified a pathogenic or likely pathogenic finding in 15/36 patients (42%). Testing identified a VUS (variant of uncertain significance) in 9/36 patients (25%). On review of the VUS findings, 4/9 were felt to be suspicious and potentially diagnostic. Testing was negative for 12/36 patients (33%). Many of the variants identified in this cohort were found in genes involved in gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamatergic synaptic signaling; imbalances of these neurotransmitters are hypothesized to be drivers of catatonia. More work is needed to further characterize the molecular underpinnings of catatonia in the setting of neurodevelopmental disorders, including expanding genetic testing to larger cohorts in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saturn Kilometric Radiation (SKR) is a non‐thermal auroral emission with peak emission occurring at 100–400 kHz. Its properties have been extensively studied since Cassini's arrival at Saturn until mission end with its Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) experiment. Low Frequency Extensions (LFEs) of SKR which consist of global intensifications of SKR accompanied by extensions of the main SKR band down to lower frequencies have been studied in particular. Low Frequency Extensions result from internally driven tail reconnection and from solar wind compressions of the magnetosphere, which also trigger tail reconnection. They have been cataloged through visual inspection with two approaches, using an intensity threshold for LFEs in 2006 (Reed et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017ja024499) and more recently O'Dwyer et al. (2023a, https://doi.org/10.25546/103103) produced a sample of LFEs detected by Cassini/RPWS by fitting their exact frequency‐time coordinates with polygons. In this study we use the latter catalog of LFEs as a training set for an image based machine learning algorithm to classify all LFEs detected by Cassini/RPWS. The inputs to the model are multi‐channel images consisting of spectrogram images in flux density and degree of circular polarization. The outputs of the model are binary masks showing the exact location of the LFE in frequency‐time space. The median Intersection Over Union across the testing and training set were calculated to be 0.97 and 0.98, respectively. The output of this study is a list of all 4,874 LFEs detected using this method. The list of LFE frequency‐time coordinates is available for use amongst the scientific community. Plain Language Summary: We are using radio observations from the Cassini spacecraft that was in orbit around the planet Saturn for 13 years. We want to search for characteristic features of Saturn's auroral radio emissions (called Saturn Kilometric Radiation or SKR) in the data stream from the radio instrument—specifically events called Low Frequency Extensions (LFEs). The edges of these events can be tracked in time‐frequency spectrograms of Cassini radio observations. We find several hundred examples of the LFEs that we're looking for, and feed these into a computer algorithm which learns what they look like. The algorithm can then be applied to new/unseen data and we allow it to search for similar events. The end result is an extensive catalog of all the LFEs observed throughout the 13‐year near‐Saturn mission by the radio instrument of Cassini. This catalog can be used by the scientific community as a basis for statistical studies of Saturn's radio emissions. The machine learning aspect of this work can be adapted through something known as transfer learning to other planets where we look for similar features in data. Key Points: Supervised learning applied to database of labeled polygons marked on radio spectrogramsFocus on Low Frequency Extensions of Saturn Kilometric Radiation to return a full catalog from the Cassini missionA modified U‐Net architecture achieved median Intersection over Union values of 0.98 and 0.97 across the training and testing set [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cancer is an enormous public health challenge in the United States and around the world. Early detection through screening can identify cancer when it is most treatable and can result in greater survival rates; however, racial and ethnic disparities in breast and cervical screening result in late diagnosis and a higher risk of poor outcomes and death for women of color. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine barriers that a diverse sample of women in Rhode Island face related to breast and cervical cancer screening, as well as motivators that encourage women to obtain screening services. Design and methods: Women, most of whom self‐identified as Black or Hispanic, who were aged 40 years and older, were recruited to participate in focus groups via Zoom. The main topics of the discussions included thoughts, attitudes, beliefs, and prior experiences with screening. Results: Forty‐seven women from Rhode Island participated in a total of six focus groups. The following themes emerged: (1) fear, lack of knowledge, cultural beliefs, and the role of women as caretakers are personal barriers; (2) communication challenges, a shortage of primary care providers and negative health experiences are system barriers; and (3) family history of cancer, encouragement from providers, and clinic reminders are motivators that encourage women to get screened. Conclusions: Results suggest that communities must focus on eliminating barriers, promoting motivators, and expanding access to supportive screening services to reduce the number of cases and deaths due to breast and cervical cancer. The purpose of this study was to examine barriers that a diverse sample of women in Rhode Island face related to breast and cervical cancer screening, as well as motivators that encourage women to obtain screening services. Results suggest that communities must focus on eliminating barriers, promoting motivators, and expanding access to supportive screening services to reduce the number of cases and deaths from breast and cervical cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the safety, efficacy and pharmacology of intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) and oral tranexamic acid (TXA) use in pregnant women. Design: Randomised, open‐label trial. Setting: Hospitals in Pakistan and Zambia. Population: Women giving birth by caesarean section. Methods: Women were randomised to receive 1 g IV, 1 g IM, 4 g oral TXA or no TXA. Adverse events in women and neonates were recorded. TXA concentration in whole blood was measured and the concentrations over time were examined with population pharmacokinetics. The relationship between drug exposure and D‐dimer was explored. The trial registration is NCT04274335. Main outcome measures: Concentration of TXA in maternal blood. Results: Of the 120 women included in the randomised safety study, there were no serious maternal or neonatal adverse events. TXA concentrations in 755 maternal blood and 87 cord blood samples were described by a two‐compartment model with one effect compartment linked by rate transfer constants. Maximum maternal concentrations were 46.9, 21.6 and 18.1 mg/L for IV, IM and oral administration, respectively, and 9.5, 7.9 and 9.1 mg/L in the neonates. The TXA response was modelled as an inhibitory effect on the D‐dimer production rate. The half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 7.5 mg/L and was achieved after 2.6, 6.4 and 47 minutes with IV, IM and oral administration of TXA, respectively. Conclusions: Both IM and oral TXA are well tolerated. Oral TXA took about 1 hour to reach minimum therapeutic concentrations and would not be suitable for emergency treatment. Intramuscular TXA inhibits fibrinolysis within 10 minutes and may be a suitable alternative to IV. This article includes Author Insights, a video abstract available at: https://vimeo.com/798431697/87065a2fac. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between biodiversity and stability, or its inverse, temporal variability, is multidimensional and complex. Temporal variability in aggregate properties, like total biomass or abundance, is typically lower in communities with higher species diversity (i.e., the diversity–stability relationship [DSR]). At broader spatial extents, regional‐scale aggregate variability is also lower with higher regional diversity (in plant systems) and with lower spatial synchrony. However, focusing exclusively on aggregate properties of communities may overlook potentially destabilizing compositional shifts. It is not yet clear how diversity is related to different components of variability across spatial scales, nor whether regional DSRs emerge across a broad range of organisms and ecosystem types. To test these questions, we compiled a large collection of long‐term metacommunity data spanning a wide range of taxonomic groups (e.g., birds, fish, plants, invertebrates) and ecosystem types (e.g., deserts, forests, oceans). We applied a newly developed quantitative framework for jointly analyzing aggregate and compositional variability across scales. We quantified DSRs for composition and aggregate variability in local communities and metacommunities. At the local scale, more diverse communities were less variable, but this effect was stronger for aggregate than compositional properties. We found no stabilizing effect of γ‐diversity on metacommunity variability, but β‐diversity played a strong role in reducing compositional spatial synchrony, which reduced regional variability. Spatial synchrony differed among taxa, suggesting differences in stabilization by spatial processes. However, metacommunity variability was more strongly driven by local variability than by spatial synchrony. Across a broader range of taxa, our results suggest that high γ‐diversity does not consistently stabilize aggregate properties at regional scales without sufficient spatial β‐diversity to reduce spatial synchrony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) is important in cardiac MRI but suffers from off‐resonance artifacts. The interpretation‐limiting artifacts in patients with cardiac implants remain an unsolved issue. Purpose: To develop an interleaved radial linear combination bSSFP (lcSSFP) method with partial dephasing (PD) for improved cardiac cine imaging when implanted cardiovascular devices are present. Study Type: Prospective. Phantom and Subjects: Flow phantom adjacent to a pacemaker and 10 healthy volunteers (mean age ± standard deviation: 31.9 ± 2.9 years, 4 females) with a cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) positioned extracorporeally at the left chest in the prepectoral region. Field Strength/Sequence: A 3‐T, 1) Cartesian bSSFP, 2) Cartesian gradient echo (GRE), 3) Cartesian lcSSFP, and 4) radial lcSSFP cine sequences. Assessment: Flow artifacts mitigation using PD was validated with phantom experiments. Undersampled radial lcSSFP with interleaving across phase‐cyclings and cardiac phases (RLC‐SSFP), combined with PD, was then employed for achieving improved quality of cine images from left ventricular short‐axis view. The image quality in the presence of cardiac devices was qualitatively assessed by three independent raters (1 = worst, 5 = best), regarding five criteria (banding artifacts, streak artifacts, flow artifacts, cavity visibility, and overall image quality). Statistical Tests: Wilcoxon rank‐sum test for the five criteria between Cartesian bSSFP cine and RLC‐SSFP with PD. Fleiss kappa test for inter‐reader agreement. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Based on simulations and phantom experiments, 60 projections per phase cycling and 1/6 PD were chosen. The in vivo experiments demonstrated significantly reduced banding artifacts (4.8 ± 0.4 vs. 2.7 ± 0.7), fewer streak artifacts (3.7 ± 0.6 vs. 2.6 ± 0.7) and flow artifacts (4.4 ± 0.4 vs. 3.7 ± 0.6), therefore improved cavity visibility (4.1 ± 0.4 vs. 2.9 ± 0.9) and overall quality (4.0 ± 0.4 vs. 2.7 ± 0.7). Data Conclusion: RLC‐SSFP method with PD may improve cine image quality in subjects with cardiac devices. Evidence Level: 2. Technical Efficacy: Stage 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Assess how historical fragmentation in the form of perched culverts impacts Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis genetic diversity and differentiation in the Beebe River watershed (central New Hampshire), the site of a major culvert removal project in 2017. Methods: We collected genetic samples from Brook Trout one year prior to (2016), and two years following (2018 and 2019) culvert removal from six tributaries in the watershed. We used two analytical approaches, STRUCTURE and discriminant analysis of principal components, to determine the degree to which admixture was occurring and the levels of genetic diversity in the sampled populations. We also compared pairwise FST values to measure the genetic differentiation between tributaries. Result: The analysis revealed that the tributaries with impassable culverts (GR1, GR3, and GR5) exhibited a distinct genetic cluster, indicating genetic homogeneity. In contrast, the tributaries without barriers (GR2, ECR1, and GR4) showed a mixture of individuals assigned to multiple genetic clusters, indicating genetic admixture and high diversity. Culvert outlet drop heights correlated with the level of genetic differentiation and diversity. Culvert replacement did not immediately result in significant changes in the genetic composition of the Brook Trout populations. Fish in tributaries with culverts remained genetically distinct from those in other tributaries even two years after culvert removal. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that historical fragmentation caused by culverts has influenced the population genetic structure of Brook Trout in the Beebe River watershed. Culvert replacement did not lead to immediate changes in genetic composition, suggesting that other factors, such as prespawning behavior and geomorphological disturbances, may have limited fish movement and spawning after culvert removal. The findings highlight the importance of considering the specific characteristics of culverts and their interactions with habitat conditions in assessing their impacts on genetic connectivity. Impact statementOur study took advantage of a unique opportunity to assess the popuation level response of Brook Trout to barrier removal. Our findings highlight the importance of monitoring postrestoration to gain insight into the timing and degree of response by different species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The understanding of the relationship between orofacial structures and feeding habits in preschoolers is helpful for health professionals and those dedicated to food science. The hypothesis tested was whether this relationship is already present even at a very young age. This cross‐sectional study included 91 healthy caries‐free children (50 girls/41 boys; 3.4–6.2 years; mean 4.1 years) and a comprehensive evaluation of the stomatognathic system was performed: dietary intake, facial and occlusal morphology, gustatory sensitivity, bite and lip forces, and orofacial myofunctional aspects (mastication, swallowing and breathing functions). Principal component analysis summarized the variables related to the form and function of the orofacial aspects; further, K‐means analysis identified two clusters of participants with similar aspects. Cluster 1 ("Low orofacial myofunctional functioning"; n = 51) was characterized by children who showed the worst performance of mastication, swallowing and breathing functions and whose parents reported the consumption of sweets, cookies, chocolate, but not fresh fruits the day before, in addition to the higher bottle‐feeding and pacifier use duration. This cluster also showed higher sweet taste threshold. Cluster 2 ("High orofacial myofunctional functioning"; n = 40) showed lower bottle‐feeding and pacifier use duration, higher gustatory sensitivity, greater maxillo‐mandibular dimensions, and better orofacial function performance. The variables sex and BMI did not associate to clusters profile. The frequencies of open bite and current sucking habit (pacifier) also differed between clusters. The results showed that an association between form and function of the structures that comprise the stomatognathic system and dietary intake is already present in children with primary dentition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bottom‐current related sediments have been commonly used for paleoceanographic reconstructions. However, the strength and variability of bottom currents are poorly understood and thus the processes that control sedimentation in deep environments are not clear. In this study, we focus on the Drake Passage, which is connected to the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, that has a major impact on the global climate. We studied the intensity and variability of bottom currents and how they are related to sedimentary processes. For this purpose, we used 27‐years from GLORYS12 Mercator Ocean reanalysis at high resolution to evaluate the bottom current dynamics. Geophysical data and surface grain size measurements were used to identify the type of sediment deposits. Our results show that the dynamics of bottom currents is disconnected from the sea surface dynamics, and bottom circulation is strongly controlled by the rough topography of the Drake Passage. The patterns for the first modes of bottom‐current variability are related to the local topography and seem to generally control the distribution of contourites. The second and third EOF modes show patterns in the bottom currents that differ from the mean field, and they may affect the rate of erosion and deposition differently. Time series of bottom currents reveals multiple high‐speed current events, but contourite drifts seem to accumulate preferentially in zones of slow and stable bottom currents. Our study highlights the potential of using ocean reanalysis to better constrain bottom currents in zones of scarce data and to plan future campaigns of direct measurements. Plain Language Summary: As a result of its unique geography, the Southern Ocean contains the largest ocean current in the world ocean, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). The Drake Passage (DP) is the major geographic constriction for the ACC and exerts a strong control on the exchange of physical, chemical, and biological properties between the ocean basins. Yet, the bottom dynamics and the relation with sedimentary processes remain to be studied. We analyzed the currents flowing near the seafloor using a high resolution (1°/12°) reanalysis and compared the bottom dynamics with the characteristics of the seafloor sediments obtained using geophysical data sets and sediment cores. We found that the complex topography of the DP plays an essential role in bottom‐current dynamics and that the circulation pattern near the seabed is often different from the sea surface circulation. The largest sediment deposits are located in the zones with weakest bottom current activity. Key Points: The variability of bottom currents in the Drake Passage is described using the ocean reanalysis GLORYS12Bottom currents are strongly controlled by the topography and are often disconnected from the surface circulationSedimentary processes are dominated by the influence of local topography and bottom currents [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we aim to reconstruct meteoroid trajectories using a forward scatter radio system transmitting a continuous wave (CW) with no modulation. To do so, we use the meteor echoes recorded at the receivers of the BRAMS (Belgian RAdio Meteor Stations) network. This system consists, at the time of writing, of a dedicated transmitter and 44 receiving stations located in and nearby Belgium, all synchronized using GPS clocks. Our approach processes the meteor echoes at the BRAMS receivers and uses the time delays as inputs to a nonlinear optimization solver. We compare the quality of our reconstructions with and without interferometric data to the trajectories given by the optical CAMS (Cameras for Allsky Meteor Surveillance) network in Benelux. We show that the general CW forward scatter trajectory reconstruction problem can be solved, but we highlight its strong ill‐conditioning. With interferometry, this high sensitivity to the inputs is alleviated and the reconstructed trajectories are in good agreement with optical ones, displaying an uncertainty smaller than 10% on the velocity and 2° on the inclination for most cases. To increase accuracy, the trajectory reconstruction with time delays only should be complemented by information about the signal phase. The use of at least one interferometer makes the problem much easier to solve and greatly improves the accuracy of the retrieved velocities and inclinations. Increasing the number of receiving stations also enhances the quality of the reconstructions. Plain Language Summary: This paper presents a method for tracking the path and speed of meteoroids using radio observations. A simple continuous wave signal is reflected by the electrons created when the meteoroid enters the upper atmosphere and creates ionization. The reflected signal, called a meteor echo, is recorded at various locations not co‐located with the transmitter. The time delays between several echoes is used to retrieve the meteoroid trajectory and speed. In this work, we apply this method using data from Belgian RAdio Meteor Stations (BRAMS), a Belgian network of 44 receiving stations. The results are compared to accurate observations from Cameras for Allsky Meteor Surveillance, an optical network of cameras surveying the sky for meteors. Our method perfectly works with no measurement errors but small uncertainties on the time delays may significantly impact the accuracy of the reconstruction. Using a large amount of receivers and/or a radio interferometer greatly improves the results. This project is the first to tackle the meteoroid trajectory reconstruction using this type of radio system (with no range information and many receivers at different locations). This novel method is essential to fully exploit the capabilities of BRAMS for future applications such as determination of fluxes or sounding of the upper atmosphere (e.g., wind speed measurements). Key Points: Meteoroid trajectory and speed determined with a continuous wave forward scatter radio set‐upTrajectory reconstruction solver is validated against simulated data but the problem is ill‐conditionedInterferometry required for an accuracy of <10% on the velocity and <2° on the inclination for most trajectories [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To quantify water flow occurring in filter beds employed during wastewater treatment, laboratory column tracer experiments were performed on natural low‐cost adsorbents (charcoal, oyster shell, and argan nutshell) under saturated flow conditions. The columns were packed with 100 % of adsorbents and with multi‐sand‐layer (MSL) system, consisting of permeable layers of pozzolan alternated with mixed layers (sand + adsorbent + sawdust). The results showed a more uniform flow in 100 % adsorbents for charcoal and oyster shell compared to their respective MSL columns. Conversely, flow uniformity was slightly improved in MSL versus 100 % adsorbent for argan nutshell columns. The choice of the appropriated adsorbent is crucial for the improvement of flow uniformity and treatment efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our planet is facing a variety of serious threats from climate change that are unfolding unevenly across the globe. Uncovering the spatial patterns of ecosystem stability is important for predicting the responses of ecological processes and biodiversity patterns to climate change. However, the understanding of the latitudinal pattern of ecosystem stability across scales and of the underlying ecological drivers is still very limited. Accordingly, this study examines the latitudinal patterns of ecosystem stability at the local and regional spatial scale using a natural assembly of forest metacommunities that are distributed over a large temperate forest region, considering a range of potential environmental drivers. We found that the stability of regional communities (regional stability) and asynchronous dynamics among local communities (spatial asynchrony) both decreased with increasing latitude, whereas the stability of local communities (local stability) did not. We tested a series of hypotheses that potentially drive the spatial patterns of ecosystem stability, and found that although the ecological drivers of biodiversity, climatic history, resource conditions, climatic stability, and environmental heterogeneity varied with latitude, latitudinal patterns of ecosystem stability at multiple scales were affected by biodiversity and environmental heterogeneity. In particular, α diversity is positively associated with local stability, while β diversity is positively associated with spatial asynchrony, although both relationships are weak. Our study provides the first evidence that latitudinal patterns of the temporal stability of naturally assembled forest metacommunities across scales are driven by biodiversity and environmental heterogeneity. Our findings suggest that the preservation of plant biodiversity within and between forest communities and the maintenance of heterogeneous landscapes can be crucial to buffer forest ecosystems at higher latitudes from the faster and more intense negative impacts of climate change in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess, over a period of 5 years, implant prosthesis and patient‐reported outcomes of complete dentures retained by four implant‐supported attachments in the edentulous maxilla facing either natural teeth or fixed rehabilitation in the lower jaw. Materials and Methods: Implant, prosthodontic and patient‐related outcomes were assessed in 30 patients at 1, 3 and 5 years. Prosthodontic survival, complications or maintenance events as well as implant survival were recorded. Patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) were evaluated with the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐20) questionnaire and a visual analogue scale (VAS) before implant placement (baseline) and during the follow‐up period. Results: After 5 years, three patients dropped out, 21 implants failed, and four overdentures were replaced leading to a prosthesis survival rate of 85.2% (95% CI: 71.8%–98.6%) and an implant survival rate of 80.6% (95% CI: 73.1%–88.0%). Prosthodontic success rate decreased from 86.2% to 74% between the 1st and the 3rd year and reached 63% after 5 years. OHIP results improved significantly from baseline to 1 year (p <.0001) and to 3 years (p =.036), but, at 5 years, the improvement was no longer significant when compared to baseline (p =.12). The overall VAS score remained significantly higher up to 5 years (p <.001). Conclusion: A substantial number of prosthetic complications and replacements occurred over the 5‐year follow‐up. After 5 years, the OHIP‐20 deteriorated and reached again the baseline level. Nonetheless, the VAS results suggest significantly increased patient satisfaction after implant‐supported retention was provided for the removable prostheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high frequency limit (HFL) of the Saturnian Kilometric Radiation (SKR) can probe the deepest SKR sources, closest to Saturn's ionosphere. In this study, we determined and analyzed the SKR HFL throughout the entire Cassini Saturn orbital tour. The maximum frequency of the northern SKR, whose distribution peaks at ~625 kHz, is shifted by +100 to +200 kHz from the distribution of southern SKR HFL, consistent with the magnetic field offset toward the northern hemisphere at Saturn. The uniformly observed SKR HFL in the vicinity of Saturn suggests a broad extent and beaming of the SKR source. When the observer is confined to certain locations, the rotational modulation of the SKR HFL is clearly observed. This modulation feature of the SKR HFL is statistically established and analyzed in this study. The modulation of HFL is best observed at mid-latitudes between 10° and 40° and at almost all local times. We perform a simulation that suggests that the modulation of HFL requires the superposition of a "clock" like and a rotating source behavior. By comparing the derived HFL modulation using different longitudes with variable and fixed rotation periods, we can exclude the existence of a magnetic anomaly that was proposed in a previous study based on the Voyager data. The calculation of the least-square periodogram confirms that the modulation observed in HFL is similar to the ones previously detected at Saturn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New biomass crop hybrids for bioeconomic expansion require yield projections to determine their potential for strategic land use planning in the face of global challenges. Our biomass growth simulation incorporates radiation interception and conversion efficiency. Models often use leaf area to predict interception which is demanding to determine accurately, so instead we use low‐cost rapid light interception measurements using a simple laboratory‐made line ceptometer and relate the dynamics of canopy closure to thermal time, and to measurements of biomass. We apply the model to project the European biomass potentials of new market‐ready hybrids for 2020–2030. Field measurements are easier to collect, the calibration is seasonally dynamic and reduces influence of weather variation between field sites. The model obtained is conservative, being calibrated by crops of varying establishment and varying maturity on less productive (marginal) land. This results in conservative projections of miscanthus hybrids for 2020–2030 based on 10% land use conversion of the least (productive) grassland and arable for farm diversification, which show a European potential of 80.7–89.7 Mt year−1 biomass, with potential for 1.2–1.3 EJ year−1 energy and 36.3–40.3 Mt year−1 carbon capture, with seeded Miscanthus sacchariflorus × sinensis displaying highest yield potential. Simulated biomass projections must be viewed in light of the field measurements on less productive land with high soil water deficits. We are attempting to model the results from an ambitious and novel project combining new hybrids across Europe with agronomy which has not been perfected on less productive sites. Nevertheless, at the time of energy sourcing issues, seed‐propagated miscanthus hybrids for the upscaled provision of bioenergy offer an alternative source of renewable energy. If European countries provide incentives for growers to invest, seeded hybrids can improve product availability and biomass yields over the current commercial miscanthus variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miscanthus, a C4 perennial rhizomatous grass from Asia is a leading candidate for the supply of sustainable biomass needed to grow the bioeconomy. European Miscanthus breeding programmes have recently produced a new range of seeded hybrids with the objective of increasing scalability to large acreages limited by current clonal propagation. For the EU‐GRACE project, new replicated field trials were established in seven locations across Europe in 2018 with eight intraspecific M. sinensis hybrids (sin × sin) and six M. sacchariflorus × M. sinensis (sac × sin) from Dutch and UK breeding programmes, respectively, with clonal Miscanthus × giganteus. The planting density of the sin × sin was double that of sac × sin (30,000 & 15,000 plants ha−1), creating commercially relevant upscaling comparisons between systems. Over the first 3 years, the establishment depended on location and hybrid. The mature sin × sin hybrids formed tight tufts of shoots up to 2.5 m tall which flower and senesce earlier than the taller sac × sin hybrids. Following the third growing season, the highest yields were recorded in Northern Italy at a low altitude (average 13.7 (max 21) Mg DM ha−1) and the lowest yielding was on the industrially damaged marginal land site in Northern France (average 7.0 (max 10) Mg DM ha−1). Moisture contents at spring harvest were lowest in Croatia (21.7%) and highest in Wales, UK (41.6%). Overall, lower moisture contents at harvest, which are highly desirable for transport, storage and for most end‐use applications, were found in sin × sin hybrids than sac × sin (30% and 40%, respectively). Yield depended on climate interactions with the hybrid and their associated planting systems. The sin × sin hybrids appeared better adapted to northern Europe and sac × sin hybrids to southern Europe. Longer‐term yield observations over crop lifespans will be needed to explore the biological (yield persistence) and economic costs and benefits of the different hybrid systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: For patients with end‐stage kidney disease, living‐donor kidney transplantation is the best therapy. There is a duty to ensure that the donor is followed‐up after donation on a regular and long‐term basis. Conditions may arise, such as hypertension, chronic kidney disease, metabolic conditions, and these should be identified and treated as soon as possible for the donor's own longer term wellbeing. In this retrospective cohort study, we investigated the risk of loss to follow‐up after kidney donation for living donors. Methods: Data were collected from the unique Caledonian nephrology medical record software and a phone survey. We evaluated the association between being lost to follow up and donor recipient relationship, donor socio‐demographic characteristics, donation characteristics and care access. We performed a multivariate analysis to identify risk factors of loss to follow‐up. Results: Among the the 86 donors included, 38 (44%) had no nephrology consultation for more than 16 months. The rate of donor follow up decreased from 81% at 2 years to 49% at 10 years after donation. In the multivariate analysis, age less than 45 years old at donation increased the risk of loss to follow up to 4.5 (95% CI 2.0–10.3) and not being a spouse increased the risk to 3.9 (95% CI 1.5–11.1). Conclusion: To conclude, efforts should be made to improve the rate at which donors are followed up in New Caledonia with special attention to younger donors and donors without a marital link with the recipient. Summary at a Glance: The primary aim of this single centre retrospective study was to identify living kidney donor risk factors associated with loss to follow‐up. The study was based on 86 donors at a transplant program serving remote islands in the South Pacific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Limited data are available regarding second‐line (2 L) treatment for advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancers (BTC) in the US real‐world setting. This study explores the rapidly evolving and growing treatment landscape in the 2 L setting for advanced or metastatic BTC with a large cohort of patients treated in a community oncology setting. Methods: Adult patients with BTC initiating 2 L treatment after a platinum‐containing first‐line between 1/1/10‐ and 6/30/19 were identified from the US Oncology Network electronic healthcare record database and followed through 12/31/19. Baseline patient and treatment characteristics were analyzed descriptively, including overall response rate (ORR) in the real‐world clinical setting. Kaplan–Meier methods were used to measure duration of response, progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Results: The overall population (N = 160) included 74 patients (46.3%) with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, 41 (25.6%) with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and 45 (28.1%) with gallbladder cancer. Thirty unique 2 L regimens were recorded for the study population, with folinic acid, fluorouracil and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX, 34.4%) and capecitabine monotherapy (20.0%) being the most common. ORR was 7.5% (95% CI, 3.9%–12.7%). From 2 L initiation, median PFS was 2.8 months (95% CI, 2.4–3.3 months), and median OS was 5.2 months (95% CI, 4.2–6.7 months). Conclusion: Results from this study provide real‐world evidence that although patients treated in the community oncology setting receive a wide variety of 2 L treatments, the regimens are consistent with those recommended by guidelines. Although responses are observed with 2 L treatment, duration is brief and associated with poor OS in patients with advanced or metastatic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate trends and regional variations in uterotonics dispensed around birth between 2003 and 2018 in Belgium. Methods: Data, including outpatient and inpatient prescriptions were extracted from a nationally representative prescription database. The prevalence of uterotonics dispensed during a period including the 7 days before birth, the delivery day and the 7 days after birth was computed over three 4‐year‐long study periods from 2003 to 2018. The trends between periods and associations between the use of at least one uterotonic and maternal age, region of residence, delivery type and social status were assessed using logistic regression. Results: In total, 31 675 pregnancies were included in the study. The proportion of pregnancies exposed to at least one uterotonic decreased significantly from 92.9% (95%CI, 92.3–93.4) in 2003–2006 to 91.4% (95%CI, 90.7–92.0) in 2015–2018 for vaginal births and from 95.5% (95%CI, 94.5–96.4) to 93.7% (95%CI, 92.6–94.7) for caesarean sections. However, for vaginal births, the proportion of oxytocin increased from 84.5% (95%CI, 83.7–85.2) to 89% (95%CI 88.3–89.7). A significant association was found between uterotonic agent use and maternal age, region of residence, and delivery type. The dispensation of some uterotonic agents differed significantly between the regions. Conclusions: The proportion of pregnancies exposed to at least one uterotonic was high across the study period but decreased slightly between 2003 and 2018. Important variations in uterotonic use between regions highlight the need for improved national guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before plant protection product (PPP) marketing authorization, a risk assessment for nontarget soil organisms (e.g., earthworms) is required as part of Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2009. Following a stepwise approach, higher tier earthworm field studies are needed if they cannot demonstrate low long‐term risk based on laboratory studies. The European guidance for terrestrial ecotoxicology refers to ISO guideline 11268‐3 as a standard to conduct earthworm field studies. Assessment of such studies may be challenging, as no European harmonized guidance is available to properly analyze the accuracy, representativeness, and appropriateness of experimental designs, as well as the statistical analysis robustness of results and their scientific reliability. Following the ISO guideline 11268‐3, a field study was performed in 2016–2017 (Versailles, France). An assessment of the first year of this field study was performed in agreement with the quality criteria provided in 2006 in the guidance document published by de Jong and collaborators and recommendations by Kula and collaborators that allows describing the protocol and results of earthworm field studies. Not only did we underline the importance of a detailed analysis of raw data on the effects of pesticides on earthworms in field situations, but we also provided recommendations to harmonize protocols for assessing higher tier field studies devoted to earthworms to advance a better assessment of PPP fate and ecotoxicity. In particular, we provided practical field observations related to the study design, pesticide applications, and earthworm sampling. Concurrently, in addition to the conventional earthworm community study, we propose carrying out an assessment of soil function (i.e., organic matter decomposition, soil structuration, etc.) and calculating diversity indices to obtain information about earthworm community dynamics after the application of PPPs. Finally, through field observations, any relevant observation of external and/or internal recovery should be reported. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:254–271. © 2022 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC). KEY POINTS: The de Jong guidance and the recommendations provided by Kula and collaborators are used to assess an earthworm field study performed following the ISO 11268‐3 guideline of 2014.Recommendations are provided to harmonize protocol on assessing higher tier field studies devoted to earthworms for a better assessment of plant protection products fate and ecotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Logistic regression (LR) is a supervised multiple linear regression model, which uses linear weighted calculation for input to obtain weight coefficients of model. The surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology greatly enhances the Raman signal of analyte. LR model was used to analyze the data of seven types of pancreatic cancer‐related miRNAs obtained from commercial SERS substrate. The classification ability of the model on such data was observed under the configurations of different key parameters (classification mode, regularization method and loss function optimization way), and the effect of the two types of data formats were also evaluated. The results showed that though LR model used to classify this data did not perform well as expected, miRNA‐191 and miRNA‐4306 still had high recalls (sensitivity), which laid a theoretical foundation for the purpose of using LR model to identify these two miRNAs to jointly diagnose of pancreatic cancer at miRNA level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial synapses based on electrochemical synaptic transistors (SynTs) have attracted tremendous attention toward massive parallel computing operations. However, most SynTs still suffer from downscaling limitations and high energy consumption. To overcome such drawbacks, a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) back‐end‐of‐line compatible solid‐state SynT is presented, which includes an ultrathin (10 nm thick) quasiamorphous LixTiO2 channel. A nonvolatile conductance modulation (<75 nS) is achieved through reversible lithium intercalation into the channel, and synaptic functions, such as long‐term potentiation/depression involve ultralow switching energy of 2 fJ µm−2. Moreover, this SynT shows excellent endurance (>105 weight updates) and recognition accuracy (>95% on the MNIST data test using crossbar simulations). Furthermore, a comprehensive electrochemical study allows deeper insight into the specific pseudocapacitive mechanism at the origin of conductance modulation. These results underline the high potential of LixTiO2‐based SynTs for energy‐efficient neuromorphic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B Introduction: b Although in a phase III trial of extranodal MZL (EMZL) patients (pts) the combination of rituximab and chlorambucil had superior progression-free and event-free survival (PFS, EFS) compared to either drug given alone (Zucca et al. JCO 2016), there is no standard front-line therapy for MZL pts requiring systemic treatment, and no randomized trial specifically addressed initial treatment for the splenic (SMZL) and nodal (NMZL) MZL subtypes. [Extracted from the article]

The dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere is controlled by the interplay of the planet's fast rotation, its solar-wind interaction and its main plasma source at the Io torus, mediated by coupling processes involving its magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere. At the ionospheric level, these processes can be characterized by a set of parameters including conductances, field-aligned currents, horizontal currents, electric fields, transport of charged particles along field lines including the fluxes of electrons precipitating into the upper atmosphere which trigger auroral emissions, and the particle and Joule heating power dissipation rates into the upper atmosphere. Determination of these key parameters makes it possible to estimate the net transfer of momentum and energy between Jovian upper atmosphere and equatorial magnetosphere. A method based on a combined use of Juno multi-instrument data and three modeling tools was developed by Wang et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021ja029469) and applied to an analysis of the first nine orbits to retrieve these parameters along Juno's magnetic footprint. We extend this method to the first 30 Juno science orbits and to both hemispheres. Our results reveal a large variability of these parameters from orbit to orbit and between the two hemispheres. They also show dominant trends. Southern current systems are consistent with the generation of a region of sub-corotating ionospheric plasma flows, while both super-corotating and sub-corotating plasma flows are found in the north. These results are discussed in light of the previous space and ground-based observations and currently available models of plasma convection and current systems, and their implications are assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Saliva is a non‐invasive source of biomarkers useful in the study of different pathophysiological conditions. The qualitative and quantitative study of saliva, as well as the assessment of oral health, can be particularly useful for a better understanding of obesity due to its importance in the food oral perception and ingestion. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of treatment of morbid obesity (dietary counselling versus gastroplasty) on salivary characteristics, oral sensory perception and dental health in a controlled study. Methods: Seventy‐three adults (60 females; 19–59 years) with morbid obesity were divided in: Control group (CG; n = 34) followed‐up during a 6‐months dietary programme, and Gastroplasty group (GG; n = 39) evaluated immediately before, 3 and 6 months after gastroplasty. Dietary habits, Oral Health Impact Profile and xerostomia complaints were investigated by interview. The clinical examination included anthropometric and caries experience evaluation. Salivary flow rate, buffering capacity, total protein and alpha‐amylase levels, and sensitivity for the four basic tastes were assessed. Two‐way mixed model and sign test were applied. Results: Physical and clinical aspects did not differ between groups in the beginning of the study, and GG showed a rapid weight loss after surgery (p <.001). An improvement in most of the dietary aspects was observed, especially in the GG. A worsening in the dental health status was observed over time in both groups, with an increase in the number of filled and decayed teeth. CG showed a better oral health‐related quality of life, while xerostomia complains increased in GG after gastroplasty. Salivary flow rate remained stable in both groups, but a decrease in buffering capacity, total protein and alpha‐amylase activity was observed in GG after 6‐months; taste sensitivity increased from baseline to 6‐months in GG (p <.05). Conclusion: After 6‐months of follow‐up, patients undergoing gastroplasty presented an improvement in dietary habits and taste sensitivity. However, changes in saliva composition and a worsening in dental health status and xerostomia complaints were also observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study 10 years (1995–2004 inclusive) of auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) radio emission data from the Wind spacecraft to examine the link between AKR and terrestrial substorms. We use substorm lists based on parameters including ground magnetometer signatures and geosynchronous particle injections as a basis for superposed epoch analyses of the AKR data. The results for each list show a similar, clear response of the AKR power around substorm onset. For nearly all event lists, the average response shows that the AKR power begins to increase around 20 min prior to expansion phase onset, as defined by the respective lists. The analysis of the spectral parameters of AKR bursts show that this increase in power is due to an extension of the source region to higher altitudes, which also precedes expansion phase onset by 20 min. Our observations show that the minimum frequency channel that observes AKR at this time, on average, is 60 kHz. AKR visibility is highly sensitive to observing spacecraft location, and the biggest radio response to substorm onset is seen in the 21:00–03:00 hr local time sector. Plain Language Summary: Substorms are an energetic disturbance to the magnetic environment of the Earth. They represent the driving of the terrestrial magnetosphere by particles from the Sun and the subsequent response in various parts of this environment, in both its inner and outer boundaries. These effects are mostly constrained to the nightside of Earth, and can be observed by both ground‐based and remote sensing instruments. In this work, we select auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) observations from 10 years (from 1995 to 2004 inclusive) of radio data from the Wind/WAVES instrument, and compare this with lists of substorm expansion phase onsets that are derived from various observational signatures. After accounting for visibility of the radio sources, we show that the AKR response correlates with the size/strength of the substorm, based on the sensitivity of the list. Our results show that the AKR source region tends to increase in size along magnetic field lines while the emission intensifies, using a longer data set to corroborate previous results. Key Points: Auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) observations made over 10 years are compared with four event lists of substorm onsets using superposed epoch analysesOn average, AKR power increases and source region extends to higher altitudes in the 20 min prior to onsetThe occurrence of AKR power at higher altitudes is sensitive to the substorm size [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]