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The current investigation focuses on producing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) utilizing a quick, economical, and environmentally friendly approach employing aqueous fruit extracts of Dysoxylum binectariferum plant. The ZnO NPs were thoroughly characterized using P‐XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDS, and BET techniques. The synthesized nanoparticles' anti‐bacterial properties were evaluated against Gram‐negative bacteria (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) and Gram‐positive bacteria (S. aureus and S. pyogenes). The findings indicated that the synthesized material exhibited greater efficacy against Gram‐negative bacterial infections, especially E. coli. Furthermore, the anti‐fungal activity was examined using the C. albicans strain, demonstrating that the synthesized ZnO NPs were twice as effective against C. albicans compared to the conventional medication Griseofulvin. In contrast, Griseofulvin, with a 500 μM MIC against the C. albicans pathogenic fungal strain, did not display the same level of efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a series of novel ferrocenyl/phenyl/thiophenyl‐azoles was disclosed by vinylic amination of ferrocenyl/phenyl/thiophenyl substituted β‐chloro cinnamaldehydes and acrylonitriles. A highly economical and robust chalcogen‐stabilized iron selenide carbonyl cluster Fe3Se2(CO)9 worked as an efficient catalyst under aerobic conditions. The amination of ferrocenyl/phenyl/thiophenyl substituted β‐chloro‐vinylic Csp2‐Cl with azole derivatives was fully established and fabrication of the Csp2‐N bond was completely supported by various spectral analysis. Moreover, wide range of substrates with functionally different azoles were investigated for the present reaction and good to excellent transformation was recorded. Some of the selected ferrocenated azole derivatives were screened for anti‐cancer activity against the prostate cancer cells (PC‐3) and found to be highly active at low concentration of 5.77 μM with IC50 value. Furthermore, HOMO and LUMO levels and energy gap of some selected compounds were calculated by the density functional theory (DFT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the extensive array of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), Zr‐based MOFs stand out as particularly promising materials due to their diverse structures, exceptional stability, and intriguing properties. These MOFs are currently in the early stages of development, but noteworthy strides have been achieved in recent years. This overview focuses on the progress in Zr‐MOFs since 2012, covering design, synthesis, and applications in various reactions such as C−H activation, oxidation, C−C, and C−N coupling approaches. Different Zr‐MOF structural variants are explained in terms of Zr‐based secondary building units and a variety of organic ligands. The review highlights the roles that Zr‐MOFs play in catalysis by highlighting their uses as porous carriers, molecule adsorption, and separation. It is anticipated that this kind of concentrated review on Zr‐MOFs would offer important direction for next studies investigating MOFs for catalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A considerable amount of research has been carried out in recent years on synthesizing metal nanoclusters (NCs), which have wide applications in the field of optical materials with non‐linear properties, bio‐sensing, and catalysis. Aside from being structurally accurate, the atomically precise NCs possess well‐defined compositions due to significant tailoring, both at the surface and the core, for certain functionalities. To illustrate the importance of atomically precise metal NCs for catalytic processes, this review emphasizes 1) the recent work on Cu, Ag, and Au NCs with their synthesis, 2) the parameters affecting the activity and selectivity of NCs catalysis, and 3) the discussion on the catalytic potential of these metal NCs. Additionally, metal NCs will facilitate the design of extremely active and selective catalysts for significant reactions by elucidating catalytic mechanisms at the atomic and molecular levels. Future advancements in the science of catalysis are expected to come from the potential to design NCs catalysts at the atomic level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven pyridine iodine(I) sulfonate complexes were prepared and isolated at low temperatures and characterized by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The inherently instable pyridine iodine(I) cations are stabilized by an oxygen of sulfonate anions via the I⋅⋅⋅O halogen bond. In these complexes, the iodine atom of the pyridine iodine(I) cation acts as an electron acceptor and the sulfonate oxygen as the electron donor. These complexes are stable enough in the crystalline state, yet decompose rapidly under ambient conditions, also being unstable in solution. The (pyridine)N−I bond lengths [2.140(3)–2.197(2) Å] and the I⋅⋅⋅O halogen bonds [2.345(6)–2.227(3) Å] are analogous to (imide)N−I⋅⋅⋅O−N‐pyridine uncharged halogen‐bonded complexes formed from N‐haloimides and pyridine N‐oxides, thus confirming the existence of elusive pyridine iodine(I) cation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coordination nature of 2‐mono‐ and 2,6‐disubstituted pyridines with electron‐withdrawing halogen and electron‐donating methyl groups for [N−X−N]+ (X=I, Br) complexations have been studied using 15N NMR, X‐ray crystallography, and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The 15N NMR chemical shifts reveal iodine(I) and bromine(I) prefer to form complexes with 2‐substituted pyridines and only 2,6‐dimethylpyridine. The crystalline halogen(I) complexes of 2‐substituted pyridines were characterized by using X‐ray diffraction analysis, but 2,6‐dihalopyridines were unable to form stable crystalline halogen(I) complexes due to the lower nucleophilicity of the pyridinic nitrogen. In contrast, the halogen(I) complexes of 2,6‐dimethylpyridine, which has a more basic nitrogen, are characterized by X‐crystallography, which complements the 15N NMR studies. DFT calculations reveal that the bond energies for iodine(I) complexes vary between −291 and −351 kJ mol−1 and for bromine between −370 and −427 kJ mol−1. The bond energies of halogen(I) complexes of 2‐halopyridines with more nucleophilic nitrogen are 66‐76 kJ mol−1 larger than those of analogous 2,6‐dihalopyridines with less nucleophilic nitrogen. The experimental and DFT results show that the electronic influence of ortho‐halogen substituents on pyridinic nitrogen leads to a completely different preference for the coordination bonding of halogen(I) ions, providing new insights into bonding in halogen(I) chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature of (imide)N–X⋯N(pyridine) halogen‐bonded complexes formed by six N‐haloimides and sixteen 2‐substituted pyridines are studied using X‐ray crystallography (68 crystal structures), Density Functional Theory (DFT) (86 complexation energies), and NMR spectroscopy (90 association constants). Strong halogen bond (XB) donors such as N‐iodosuccinimide form only 1:1 haloimide:pyridine crystalline complexes, but even stronger N‐iodosaccharin forms 1:1 haloimide:pyridine and three other distinct complexes. In 1:1 haloimide:pyridine crystalline complexes, the haloimide's N─X bond exhibits an unusual bond bending feature that is larger for stronger N‐haloimides. DFT complexation energies (ΔEXB) for iodoimide–pyridine complexes range from −44 to −99 kJ mol−1, while for N‐bromoimide–pyridine, they are between −31 and −77 kJ mol−1. The ΔEXB of I⋯N XBs in 1:1 iodosaccharin:pyridine complexes are the largest of their kind, but they are substantially smaller than those in [bis(saccharinato)iodine(I)]pyridinium salts (−576 kJ mol−1), formed by N‐iodosaccharin and pyridines. The NMR association constants and ΔEXB energies of 1:1 haloimide:pyridine complexes do not correlate as these complexes in solution are heavily influenced by secondary interactions, which DFT studies do not account for. Association constants follow the σ‐hole strengths of N‐haloimides, which agree with DFT and crystallography data. The haloimide:2‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)pyridine complex undergoes a halogenation reaction resulting in 5‐iodo‐2‐dimethylaminopyridine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In comparison to bovine milk, compositional differences in goat milk such as lower αs1‐casein and higher β‐casein content, small‐sized fat globules, higher mineral content and medium‐chain fatty acids generate difficulties in manufacturing goat milk products. Majorly, soft and fragile gel structure, lower yield, salty taste and goaty flavour result in decreased acceptability of goat milk products. Therefore, the present review discusses the technological challenges in preparation of goat milk‐based products, mainly yogurt and cheeses. Understanding the challenges involved in preparing goat milk products and overcoming them by modifying the processing parameters and product formulations could help to improve the quality of goat milk products. Thermal treatment, admixture with bovine milk, enzymatic modifications, and membrane processing have shown promising results in improving the final quality of goat milk products. This review strengthens the existing knowledge for producing goat milk products with improved textural and sensorial attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homoleptic [L−I−L]+ iodine(I) complexes (where L is a R3R2R1N tertiary amine) were synthesized via the [L−Ag−L]+→ [L−I−L]+ cation exchange reaction. In solution, the amines form [R3R2R1N−Ag−NR1R2R3]+ silver(I) complexes, which crystallize out from solution as the meso‐[L−Ag−L]+complexes, as characterized by X‐ray crystallography. The subsequent [L−I−L]+ iodine(I) analogues were extremely reactive and could not be isolated in the solid state. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to study the Ag+−N and I+−N interaction energies in silver(I) and iodine(I) complexes, with the former ranging from −80 to −100 kJ mol−1 and latter from −260 to −279 kJ mol−1. The X‐ray crystal structures revealed Ag+⋅⋅⋅Cπ and Ag+⋅⋅⋅H−C short contacts between the silver(I) cation and flexible N‐alkyl/N‐aryl groups, which are the first of their kind in such precursor complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the most effective recoverable catalytic systems, metal‐oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are well known for their extensive uses in a broad range of industries, pharmaceuticals, and nano‐biotechnology. In addition, heterogeneous catalysis uses clearly defined materials which are present an extensive range of new possibilities for the research and production of innovative catalysts that help to solve the world's energy and environmental problems. ZnO‐NPs have been used as effective nanocatalysts according to the literature for various kinds of organic reactions. The extensive advantages of ZnO‐NPs over bulk materials suggest that this is a promising field for further research. This review article provides an in‐depth overview of the several ZnO‐NPs that have been reported to catalyse organic transformations including the production of bio‐active compounds like benzofuran, coumarin, imidazole, indole, pyrazole, pyridine pyrimidine, thiazole, diazepine, azoles derivatives. Recent synthetic routes for modifying and functionalizing ZnO‐NPs to increase their catalytic efficacy were also addressed, and illustrated with schematics. The development of novel, highly effective, and reusable modified ZnO‐NPs as catalysts, which would clear the way for the establishment of greener and sustainable technologies, provides the key to the future of catalysis. Researchers attempting to synthesise new functionalized ZnO‐NPs for sustainable development will find this review informative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil and groundwater salinity associated with limited rainfall are the challenges for checking salinity build‐up in semi‐arid regions. This field experiment was conducted to test the impact of deficit saline irrigation (DSI) (in winter) with mulching and tillage on salinity build‐up, yield and nutritive value of rainfed‐forage sorghum. Tillage (reduced, conventional and zero), saline water (8.0 dS m−1) irrigation (100%, 80% and 60% of water requirement [WR] in wheat) and mulch were allocated following split factorial layout. DSI with mulching produced at par wheat and sorghum yield compared with 100WR irrigation with harvested rainwater. Mulching improved wheat grain yield and the soil water content by ~13% throughout the cropping season. Forage sorghum yield was increased by DSI and mulching in the previous season compared with irrigation with 100WR saline water. Reduced tillage declined the neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) with an increase in cell soluble constituents. DSI and mulching also increased the digestible nutrient, crude protein (CP), ash and reduced ADF of sorghum. Soil salinity showed a negative correlation with CP, positive correlation with ADF, ADL and cellulose. Therefore, it is recommended that DSI and reduced tillage with mulching can be a reliable option for productive use of saline soils and water by cropping system intensification. These results also showed the potential for achieving 2030 agenda for sustainable development goals as well as targets of land degradation neutrality in salt‐affected soils by savings irrigation, doubling cropping intensity and preventing salinity build‐up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have been considered as adaptable alternatives of interest in catalytic reactions. Modern MOFs research and advancements strongly support their employment as catalysts to produce significant organic molecules. Concerning how such substances might be utilized in heterogeneous catalysis, the entire potency of MOFs in value‐added organic transformations must be thoroughly investigated. Standard MOFs components including encapsulation materials, linkers, metal‐nodes, and coated structures frequently provide effective catalytic active sites that provide ways to lessen human efforts to implement novel natural reactions. The significant aspects of using MOFs as recyclable catalysts are their convenient fabrication, consistent porosity, substantial pore volume, reusability and durable framework in addition to cost‐effectiveness. Since MOFs were extensively explored, they may have been used to fabricate medicinal active compounds through coupling and organic transformations. In this review, several Cu‐based MOFs are examined along with their catalytic attributes that assist with the selective fabrication of the product organic moieties via various cross‐coupling reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variable fluid properties with thermal radiation in an unsteady magnetohydrodynamics free stream incompressible flow over a stretching sheet has been considered. The thermal diffusivity and viscosity of the fluid varies linearly with temperature. The governing partial differential equations are moulded to ordinary differential equations using time‐dependent similarity variables and the stream function. RKF technique with shooting method has been implement to find the solution numerically. In the current analysis the impact of unsteadiness, magnetic field, radiative parameter, variable fluid viscosity and thermal diffusivity parameter on heat and flow behavior with the free stream parameter have been studied. Transition point observed in the velocity profiles with an change in unsteadiness parameter and the effect of magnetic field is reduced in the presence of free stram velocity. The velocity and the temperature gradient are computed on the surface and their outcomes with different parameters have been analyzed in the results shown graphically and in tabular form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemists found Imidazole as a multipurpose nucleus, primarily notable for its biological role in drug discovery. This compilation of the reports gives information regarding the development and the previous background of the synthesis of the nucleus. However, the synthesis through multicomponent is taken to narrow the report. The importance of the multicomponent reactions with many nucleus has been part of the heavy literature; however, the synthesis of the bioactive scaffold as imidazole has been highlighted here with the essential points. The emphasis of the review is to show the multicomponent approach where the multicomponent reaction plays a vital role in the formation of the ring. The MCR approaches align with modern‐day drug discovery, where the library of the molecules is needed for drug development within a limited time frame. The multicomponent also comes under the green chemistry, where the reaction time and fewer reactions step plays a crucial role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of purine‐derived ligands for a diversity of nucleotide‐dependent enzymes has assisted in enlightenment in interest in the synthesis of purine derivatives in recent decades. The research work discloses the synthesis of CuO NPs coated with ionic liquid (triethylammonium chloride (HN222) & aluminium chloride) as a novel and powerful nanocatalyst (CuO[HN222][Al2Cl7]) as well as the exploration of its activity in the synthesis of N‐arylnucleobase and N‐aryl heterocyclic derivatives by C−N cross‐coupling reaction between adenine, imidazole, and benzimidazole compounds with aryl boronic acids in greener solvent at room temperature. This practical approach produced the products with good to excellent yields in acceptable reaction time (3 h). The nanocatalyst was characterized by Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET), Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Powder X‐ray diffraction (P‐XRD), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Additional eco‐friendly aspects of this nanocatalyst include strong catalytic activity, ease of recovery of nanocatalyst from the reaction mixture via filtration, and recyclability upto five times without significant performance loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: VANET transforms vehicles into a social environment, allowing for maximum security and cooperative data transmission. Each vehicle is assigned a cluster, which transfers data to the cluster head (CH). The efficiency of a VANET network is determined by two factors: efficient vehicle groupings and optimal CH selection. This article proposes a novel modularized hypergraph clustering scheme in which the VANET is represented as a hypergraph network clustered using tensor trace maximization with the modularity matrix as the feed. CH is chosen from each cluster based on four vehicle parameters: vehicle speed about neighbors, consensus trust score, link lifetime, and connectivity level. For the final CH selection, all parameters are converted to eigenvalues. The fuzzy decision‐making scheme selects the best CH for all vehicles in that cluster based on a set of four parameters. The proposed algorithm for selecting the stable CH for improved network performance has also been validated and significantly improved using state‐of‐the‐art schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated farming systems (IFS) entail a holistic approach to farming aimed at meeting the multiple demands (impart farm resilience, farmer livelihoods, food security, ecosystem services, and making farms adaptive and resilient, etc.). IFS are characterized by temporal and spatial mixing of crops, livestock, fishery, and allied activities in a single farm. It is hypothesized that these complex farms are more productive at a system level, are less vulnerable to volatility, and produce less negative externalities than simplified farms. Thereby, they cater the needs of small and marginal farmers, who are the backbone of agriculture in India. Our review of literature shows that IFS have the potential to improve farm profitability (265%) and employment (143%) compared to single enterprise farms. The literature showed that IFS enhance nutrient recycling through composting, mulching, and residue incorporation and, as a consequence, have the capacity to reduce the external purchase of inputs. The nutrient recycling in turn helps to increase the soil quality indicators such as soil nutrient availability and also improves soil microbial activity. The IFS play a major role in biodiversity conservation through adoption of diversified cropping system and through integration of indigenous livestock breeds. IFS also played important role in improving soil organic carbon from 0.75 to 0.82%. Due to increased carbon sequestration, biomass production by trees, reduced consumption of fertilizers, and pesticides the greenhouse gas emission could be reduced significantly. This results in a linked system making it sustainable and climate‐resilient. The main challenge associated with adoption of IFS is it requires skill, knowledge, resources, labor, and capital which are not always available with small and marginal farmers. There is a need for integrating productivity, profitability, and environmental sustainability variables in a single evaluation framework to effectively generate information toward enhancing adaptability of IFS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Vehicular ad‐hoc network (VANET) is the unstructured evolving conception of a wireless network; clustering in these networks is perplexing due to continuously varying topology and recurrent disconnection in networks. The cluster head (CH) stability plays a noticeable role in robustness and scalability in the network. The author designs a model that includes cluster generation and maintenance. The cluster formation is conceived on the notion that the changes that are brought about due to the vehicle's speed are inevitable. A directed hypergraph approach is used to comprehend this problem, and then, based on the spectral clustering through tensor trace maximization, an optimal number of the cluster is formed. The centers of these clusters are used to place the auxiliary facilities that aid cluster maintenance. In the maintenance phase, the author has envisioned a CH selection method based on a summed amalgamation of three metrics: link lifetime, cooperative connectivity level, and relative cooperative speed superimposed on the vehicular hypergraph network to design the metric for choosing a stable CH. The proposed scheme is tested on the old Delhi area that includes a market area with urban inclusion. Also, the area is highly crowded as being the marketplace. The region also has a tourist attraction as being part of the heritage of Delhi. The traffic density and the variety are high in peak hours—a complete analysis of the different vehicular mobility and routing analysis. The analysis done through microscopic and macroscopic parameters has projected significant improvement in the CH stability and a promising solution for dynamic networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic frameworks containing boron as one of the units have wide application in organic synthesis. Due to the non‐toxicity and cheap accessibility, the organoboron compounds have gained increased demand towards the organic chemist. Besides, there has been a huge progress in the area of chiral organoboron synthesis, which allows direct access to chiral synthons. Among other methods developed for the asymmetric synthesis of organoboron compounds, pericyclic reaction plays an important role. Cycloaddition reactions using vinyl boronic esters have been extensively reported for the synthesis of cyclic boronic esters. Asymmetric cycloaddition using organoboron compound opens a quick access to various intermediates with multiple chiral centers, which has been utilized for the total synthesis of bioactive molecules. This mini‐review outlines various asymmetric pericyclic reactions developed to date demonstrating its applicability towards bioactive molecule synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating sustainable land management (SLM) practices have regional to worldwide implications. It is imperative to develop SLM under particular soil type, climate, and cropping sequence following area‐specific best management practices to harness maximum profitability. The alternative land‐use system (ALUS—natural forest, pasture, cashew, areca nut, coconut) on hills and agricultural land‐use system (AGLUS—rice–rice, rice–pulse) in the coastal plains of Goa State in west coast India were evaluated in this study. This study assessed the impact of sustainable land‐use management practices on different fractions of soil organic carbon (SOC), its stock, and soil quality index (SQI) under the ALUS and AGLUS. The total SOC stocks under different land‐use systems varied from 14.4 Mg C ha−1 in rice–rice rotations to 133.7 Mg C ha−1 in cashew. The lability index, available nutrients, and biochemical properties were higher in ALUS. The variation in the levels of SOC and soil quality was due to land use and management practices. The results indicated land use with areca nut (SQI = 0.8) on the hills and rice–pulses (SQI = 0.25) rotations on the coast had maintained soil quality of high order. We recommend promoting sustainable agriculture with ALUS on the hills and AGLUS on the coastal plains of Goa State to enhance SOC storage, improve soil quality, and increase farmers' income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are commonly caused by uropathogenic E coli (UPEC), which uses different mechanisms to invade and damage hosts. NLRP3 inflammasome activation is a double‐edged sword, although beneficial in the clearance of dysfunctional cells or pathogens but results in severe pathologies, if unchecked. NLRP3 inflammasome plays a critical role in UPEC‐mediated inflammatory cell death during UPEC infection, though the effects of its activation are not clearly understood yet. Inflammatory response usually involves Signal‐I (MyD88, TRIF and NF‐κB signalling) and Signal‐II (Inflammasome oligomerization) which is induced by the pathogen‐associated molecular patterns during infection. We observed that proIL‐1β and mature IL‐1β remained unchanged on inhibition of MyD88 and TRIF‐dependent signalling in CFT073‐insulted THP‐1m. However, inhibition of NF‐κB pathway resulted in concomitant reduction in both pro‐ and cleaved forms of IL‐1β in cellular extracts but there was no change in IL‐1 β secretion. Interestingly, inhibition of NLRP3 completely abolished the maturation and release of cleaved form of IL‐1β. Additionally, NLRP3‐mediated mitochondrial dysfunction (increased mito‐ROS and mitochondrial hyperpolarization) resulting in cell death was induced in CFT073‐insulted THP‐1m, which was rescued upon inhibition of NLRP3 activation. Therefore, we have concluded that UPEC uses a different signal‐I pathway (other than MyD88 and TRIF), while NLRP3 inflammasome is the major signal‐II for the induction of inflammatory response. Further, this study signifies the importance of NLRP3‐mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in CFT073‐induced inflammatory cell death of macrophages, which could be rescued through inhibition of NLRP3 activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that threatens >10 million people annually. Despite advances in TB diagnostics, patients continue to receive an insufficient diagnosis as TB symptoms are not specific. Many existing biodiagnostic tests are slow, have low clinical performance, and can be unsuitable for resource‐limited settings. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a rapid, sputum‐free, and cost‐effective triage test for real‐time detection of TB is urgently needed. This article reports on a new diagnostic pathway enabling a noninvasive, fast, and highly accurate way of detecting TB. The approach relies on TB‐specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are detected and quantified from the skin headspace. A specifically designed nanomaterial‐based sensors array translates these findings into a point‐of‐care diagnosis by discriminating between active pulmonary TB patients and controls with sensitivity above 90%. This fulfills the WHO's triage test requirements and poses the potential to become a TB triage test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of batteries in the electronics, automobile, and chemical industries is growing rapidly worldwide. The portability, high energy density, and low maintenance needs of batteries eliminates the need for transportation or reticulation of power. However, battery technologies suffer from a limited life span, which results in a need for frequent replacement. The generation of large quantities of battery waste has created a need for an effective management strategy to safely treat and recover valuable resources used in battery manufacturing. This review covers current issues in battery waste management, including a description of the advantages, limitations, challenges, and economical feasibility of various treatment technologies. Future perspectives are also discussed to encourage research on imminent environmental issues associated with batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large accessible surface area, facile pore engineering, and high electrical conductivity are highly desirable properties of efficient electrode materials. Herein, porous carbon fibers with a graphitic carbon skeleton and amorphous carbon body are successfully synthesized from directly carbonized polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/FeCl3 electrospun fibers via in situ catalytic graphitization and subsequent chemical activation. Due to the graphitic carbon skeleton, which facilitates fast electron transfer, and porous carbon body, which gives a large specific surface area for charge accumulation and fast ion diffusion, optimal porous graphitic carbon fibers are developed that exhibit a fast‐charging electrochemical performance with a capacitance of 165 F g−1 at high current densities of 300 A g−1 in an alkaline electrolyte. These findings can prove to be beneficial for realizing a supercapacitor with rapid charging and discharging ability at high current densities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer ( BC) is the second most common cause of cancer deaths. Triple-negative breast cancer ( TNBC) does not show immunohistochemical expression of oestrogen receptors, progesterone receptors or HER2. At present, no suitable treatment option is available for patients with TNBC. This dearth of effective conventional therapies for the treatment of advanced stage breast cancer has provoked the development of novel strategies for the management of patients with TNBC. This review presents recent information associated with different therapeutic options for the treatment of TNBC focusing on promising targets such as the Notch signalling, Wnt/β-catenin and Hedgehog pathways, in addition to EGFR, PARP1, mTOR, TGF-β and angiogenesis inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

R4753 --> 733.22 --> Oxalate is a small molecule found in several foods and is excreted in the urine. Accumulation of oxalate in the kidney can lead to crystal and kidney stone formation. Oxalate crystals have been reported to stimulate inflammation and injure renal epithelial cells. However, the effect of CaOx crystals on monocytes and macrophages is not fully‐characterized. Studies from our laboratory have shown that oxalate reduces mitochondrial metabolism and induces oxidative stress in monocytes and macrophages. The purpose of this study was to investigate additional mechanisms of oxalate‐induced changes in myeloid cells. Healthy adults were recruited for these studies and asked to consume a controlled oxalate diet for three days followed by a high oxalate load. Circulating monocytes and plasma were collected from participants before and after the oxalate load. Monocytes were examined using RNA‐sequencing, and plasma cytokine levels were evaluated using ELISA. Human primary macrophages and THP‐1 differentiated macrophages were used to assess mitochondrial quality control and lysosomal function following 24‐hour oxalate exposure using qRT‐PCR, western blotting, and microscopy. Transcriptomics revealed that 1,197 genes were differentially expressed in circulating monocytes following the oxalate load. Genes related to mitochondrial respiration, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial dysfunction, and IL‐10 signaling (regulator of mitochondrial metabolism) were significantly modified by oxalate. IL‐10 plasma cytokine levels were also significantly reduced. Macrophages exposed to oxalate had an accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria and reduced lysosomal integrity. The findings from these studies indicate IL‐10 signaling may play a role in regulating mitochondrial quality control and lysosomal function in myeloid cells in response to oxalate. Additional studies investigating the significance of IL‐10 signaling on myeloid cells during crystal and stone formation are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contents The present study was aimed to validate expression stability of 6 housekeeping genes (viz. YWHAZ, SDHA, GAPDH, RPS15, RPS18 and RN18S1) in the oocytes and embryos of different stages in buffalo. A modified Trizol protocol was optimized for RNA isolation from as few as five oocytes. The expression level of selected genes was studied by an optimized real time PCR using DCT method and their stability of expression was evaluated by Microsoft Excel based visual application, geNORM. The analysis revealed that the RPS15 and GAPDH were the most stable genes across different samples. Also, the geometric mean of three genes (i.e. RPS15, RPS18 and GAPDH) were found suitable for normalization of real time PCR data from buffalo oocytes/embryos. The information would help in more accurate interpretation of gene expression data from oocytes/embryos towards understanding the molecular events in these cells during development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potatoes destined for making chips, French fries and other fried products, need to have low sugar content to avoid browning of the finished product. The sugar content of potatoes is determined by the genotype and several pre- and post-harvest factors. The major pre-harvest factors affecting sugar content are crop maturity, temperature during growth, mineral nutrition and irrigation, while important post-harvest factors are mechanical stresses and storage conditions. Each genotype requires an ideal pre-and post-harvest treatment to maintain low sugar levels; any kind of stress results in sugar accumulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the significance of widening participation programmes to improve access to medical and dental schools. Information is offered about the organization known as Student Assisted Medical and Dental Application (SAMDA), a volunteering group within Queen Mary University of London. Details of several events organized by SAMDA are presented, including the Skills Day event.

Serine/threonine phosphatases achieve substrate diversity by forming distinct holoenzyme complexes in cells. Although the PPP family of serine/threonine phosphatase family members such as PP1 and PP2A are well known to assemble and function as holoenzymes, none of the PPM family members were so far shown to act as holoenzymes. Here, we provide evidence that PPM1G, a member of PPM family of serine/threonine phosphatases, forms a distinct holoenzyme complex with the PP2A regulatory subunit B56δ. B56δ promotes the re‐localization of PPM1G to the cytoplasm where the phosphatase can access a discrete set of substrates. Further, we unveil α‐catenin, a component of adherens junction, as a new substrate for the PPM1G‐B56 phosphatase complex in the cytoplasm. B56δ‐PPM1G dephosphorylates α‐catenin at serine 641, which is necessary for the appropriate assembly of adherens junctions and the prevention of aberrant cell migration. Collectively, we reveal a new holoenzyme with PPM1G‐B56δ as integral components, in which the regulatory subunit provides accessibility to distinct substrates for the phosphatase by defining its cellular localization. Synopsis: PPM family phosphatases are thought to act as monomers. This study shows that PPM1G forms a distinct holoenzyme complex with the PP2A regulatory subunit B56δ in the cytoplasm that functions in adherens junction assembly. B56δ binds to PPM1G to form a new phosphatase holoenzyme complex.α‐Catenin is a cytoplasmic substrate of the PPM1G‐B56δ holoenzyme.α‐Catenin dephosphorylation by PPM1G‐B56δ is required for the proper assembly of adherens junctions and for the prevention of aberrant cell migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Mnemonics in Dermatology," by N. Bouganim and others.