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Diurnal and seasonal variations in soil and surface temperature measured with the HP3 ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}}^{3}$ thermal probe and radiometer of NASA's InSight Mars mission are reported. At a representative depth of 10–20 cm, an average temperature of 217.5 K was found, varying by 5.3–6.7 K during a sol and by 13.3 K during the seasons. From the damping of the temperature variation with depth and the phase shift, a thermal diffusivity of (3.93 ± $\pm $ 0.39) × 10−8 ${10}^{-8}$m2 ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$/s was derived for the upper ∼ ${\sim} $10 cm from the diurnal temperature variation and of (3.63 ± $\pm $ 0.53) × 10−8 ${10}^{-8}$m2 ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$/s for the ∼ ${\sim} $40 cm depth range of the mole from the annual temperature variation. Using published thermal conductivity and inertia values together with the diffusivities, soil densities of 1,470 and 1,730 kg/m3 ${m}^{3}$ were derived for these depths. The temperatures allow the deliquescence of thin films of brine, the efflorescence of which may explain the cemented duricrust observed. Plain Language Summary: Temperature is an important factor in understanding the physical properties of Martian soil. It determines how quickly physical processes and chemical reactions occur, including the transport of heat and materials. Temperature is crucial to astrobiology because it affects the habitability of the soil and the potential for water or brine to support microbial life. We measured the temperature in the soil during several Martian days and over a Martian year using the NASA InSight Mars mission's Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package. The average temperature was −56°C (217.5 K) over the depth extent of the thermal probe, which was about 40 cm. The temperature varied by 5–7° during the day, which is only a tenth of the daily surface temperature variation. It varied by 13° during the seasons. The temperature is subfreezing for water, but it allows the formation of thin films of salty brine for 10 hr or more during a Martian day. The solidification of the brine is a likely explanation for the observed few tens of centimeters thick duricrust, a layer of consolidated, cohesive sand, which is thought to have hampered the penetration to greater depth of the mission's thermal probe. Key Points: We measured the temperature and its diurnal and annual variations in the top 40 cm of the Martian soil at the InSight landing siteThe soil thermal diffusivity was calculated from the diurnal and seasonal surface and soil temperature variationsThe soil temperature allows the formation of thin films of brine; their efflorescence may explain the formation of the observed duricrust [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heat flow and physical properties package measured soil thermal conductivity at the landing site in the 0.03–0.37 m depth range. Six measurements spanning solar longitudes from 8.0° to 210.0° were made and atmospheric pressure at the site was simultaneously measured using InSight's Pressure Sensor. We find that soil thermal conductivity strongly correlates with atmospheric pressure. This trend is compatible with predictions of the pressure dependence of thermal conductivity for unconsolidated soils under martian atmospheric conditions, indicating that heat transport through the pore filling gas is a major contributor to the total heat transport. Therefore, any cementation or induration of the soil sampled by the experiments must be minimal and soil surrounding the mole at depths below the duricrust is likely unconsolidated. Thermal conductivity data presented here are the first direct evidence that the atmosphere interacts with the top most meter of material on Mars. Plain Language Summary: A soil's ability to transport heat is a fundamental parameter that holds information on quantities like soil bulk porosity, composition, grain size, and the state of cementation or induration. In the soil, heat is transported through grain‐to‐grain contacts as well as through the pore filling CO2 gas. The heat flow and physical properties package (HP3) of the InSight Mars mission measured soil thermal conductivity at the landing site repeatedly over the course of a martian year. As atmospheric pressure changes between seasons due to the redistribution of CO2 across the planet, we found that soil thermal conductivity also changes. Thermal conductivity increased for increased atmospheric pressure, a behavior typical for unconsolidated material. This implies that the amount of cement or induration of the sampled soil must be minimal. Key Points: We measured thermal conductivity of the martian soil and found that its conductivity strongly correlates with atmospheric pressureWe conclude that heat conduction through the pore‐filling gas is significant and that cementation of the soil must be minimalOur data show that the atmosphere directly interacts with the top most meter of material on Mars [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use the Martian surface temperature response to Phobos transits observed next to the InSight lander in Elysium Planitia to constrain the thermal properties of the uppermost layer of regolith. Modeled transit lightcurves validated by solar panel current measurements are used to modify the boundary conditions of a 1D heat conduction model. We test several model parameter sets, varying the thickness and thermal conductivity of the top layer to explore the range of parameters that match the observed temperature response within its uncertainty both during the eclipse as well as the full diurnal cycle. The measurements indicate a thermal inertia (TI) of 103−16+22Jm−2K−1s−1/2 in the uppermost layer of 0.2–4 mm, significantly smaller than the TI of 200Jm−2K−1s−1/2 derived from the diurnal temperature curve. This could be explained by larger particles, higher density, or some or slightly higher amount of cementation in the lower layers. Plain Language Summary: The Mars moon Phobos passed in front of the Sun from the perspective of the InSight lander on several occasions. The Mars surface temperatures measured by the lander became slightly colder during these transits due to the lower amount of sunlight the surface received at this time. The transits only last 20–35 s and therefore only the very top layer, about 0.3–0.8 mm, of the ground has time to cool significantly. The top layer cools and heats up faster than we expected based on the temperature changes of the day‐night cycle, which affects about 4 cm of the ground. Based on this observation we conclude that the material in the top mm of the ground is different from that below. A possible explanation would be an increase of density with depth, a larger fraction of smaller particles such as dust at the top, or a layer where particles are slightly cemented together beginning at 0.2–4 mm below the surface. Key Points: The Martian surface temperature response to Phobos transits at the InSight landing site is interpretedThe thermal inertia of the uppermost layer of soil is 103−16+22Jm−2K−1s−1/2The thermal conductivity or density of the top 0.2–4 mm is significantly less than that of the top 4 cm [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heat flow and physical properties package (HP3) of the InSight Mars mission is an instrument package designed to determine the martian planetary heat flow. To this end, the package was designed to emplace sensors into the martian subsurface and measure the thermal conductivity as well as the geothermal gradient in the 0–5 m depth range. After emplacing the probe to a tip depth of 0.37 m, a first reliable measurement of the average soil thermal conductivity in the 0.03–0.37 m depth range was performed. Using the HP3 mole as a modified line heat source, we determined a soil thermal conductivity of 0.039 ± 0.002 W m−1 K−1, consistent with the results of orbital and in‐situ thermal inertia estimates. This low thermal conductivity implies that 85%–95% of all particles are smaller than 104–173 μm and suggests that soil cementation is minimal, contrary to the considerable degree of cementation suggested by image data. Rather, cementing agents like salts could be distributed in the form of grain coatings instead. Soil densities compatible with the measurements are 1211−113+149 kg m−3, indicating soil porosities of 63−9+4%. Plain Language Summary: The heat flow and physical properties package (HP3) of the InSight Mars mission is an instrument package that was designed to measure soil temperature as well as the soil's ability to transport heat, the so called thermal conductivity. After the probe was inserted to a depth of 0.37 m a first measurement of the soil's thermal conductivity was performed. The soil was found to be a poor thermal conductor with average conductivity close to 0.039 W m−1 K−1. As thermal transport properties in sands are related to grain size, the latter can be estimated based on the performed measurement. We find that particles must be smaller than about 150 μm, corresponding to fine sand that may be intermixed with dust. Further, salts in the soil can act as cementing agents, which connect individual sand grains and thus increase the strength of grain‐to‐grain contacts and therefore thermal conductivity. However, given the low thermal conductivity determined here, the amount of such cement must be minimal, contrary to what is suggested by image data. Finally, we find that the soil must have significant porosity of about 60% to be compatible with our measurements. Key Points: The Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package (HP3) measured the average thermal conductivity of the martian soilAverage soil thermal conductivity in the 0.03–0.37 m depth range is 0.039 ± 0.002 W m−1 K−1This implies that 85%–95% of all particles are smaller than 104–173 μm [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Heatflow and Physical Properties Package (HP3) radiometer is currently operating on Mars, observing two spots approximately 1 and 3 m north‐north‐west of the InSight lander. The instrument has primary sensors that are sensitive in the range of 8 to 14 μm and two more sensors with more narrow spectral ranges per field of view. The radiometer underwent radiometric and geometric calibration at DLR—Berlin; and on Mars radiometric self‐calibration is performed regularly. The self‐calibration confirms that one of the two primary sensors has been stable since the ground calibration, but environmental parameters that are likely associated with the thermal contact of sensor and instrument main body may have slightly changed. The other primary sensor has increased in sensitivity for an unknown reason but is still within expectation from the sensor design. The uncertainty of the two primary sensors is approximately 3 K at night, with somewhat larger errors in the late afternoon. This estimate includes the effect of sensitivity changes that would be too small to be reliably detected by the self‐calibration. Key Points: We describe the calibration of the HP3 radiometer measuring surface brightness temperature on Mars next to the Insight landerRegular self‐calibration measurements on Mars ensure an uncertainty of 3 K at night [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The (HP 3) of the InSight Mars mission is an instrument package to measure the Martian geothermal heat flow. The instrument's platinum resistance temperature sensors have been calibrated between −75 and +55 °C, and the absolute temperature uncertainty of the calibration is 10 mK. Temperature differences can be measured with an uncertainty of better than 5 mK. HP 3 determines regolith thermal conductivity by using the HP 3 mole as a modified line heat source, and thermal conductivity can be measured with an uncertainty of better than 4%. Tilt sensors used to determine the attitude of the mole during penetration measure tilt with an uncertainty of better than 0.25°. Key Points: The Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package (HP 3) of the InSight Mars mission is a heat flow probe designed to measure the temperature gradient and thermal conductivity of the Martian regolith to a depth of 5 mTo reconstruct sensor depth, tiltmeters measure the emplacement angle with an uncertainty of better than 0.25°Temperature sensors have been calibrated to measure temperature difference with an uncertainty of better than 5 mK; thermal conductivity can be measured with an uncertainty of better than 4%; all stated uncertainties are 1 σ confidence limits [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defects in the biogenesis of peroxisomes cause a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of neurometabolic disorders, the Zellweger syndrome spectrum (ZSS). Diagnosis predominantly is based on characteristic clinical symptoms, a typical biochemical profile, as well as on identification of the molecular defect in any of the 12 known human PEX genes. The diagnostic workup can be hindered if the typical clinical symptoms are missing and predicting the clinical course of a given patient is almost unfeasible. As a safe and noninvasive method to analyze specific chemical compounds in localized brain regions, in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can provide an indication in this diagnostic process and may help predict the clinical course. However, to date, there are very few reports on this topic. In this study, we performed localized in vivo proton MRS without confounding contributions from T1- and T2-relaxation effects at 2 Tesla in a comparably large group of seven ZSS patients. Patients' absolute metabolite concentrations in cortical gray matter, white matter, and basal ganglia were assessed and compared with age-matched control values. Our results confirm and extend knowledge about in vivo MRS findings in ZSS patients. Besides affirmation of nonspecific reduction of N-acetylaspartate + N-acetylaspartylglutamate (tNAA) in combination with lipid accumulation as a diagnostic hint for this disease group, the amount of tNAA loss seems to reflect disease burden and may prove to be of prognostic value regarding the clinical course of an already diagnosed patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In conjunction with the two-level model the temperature behaviour of the dislocation-related D1-peak follows the T-behaviour of the band gap. Based on luminescence observations in our laboratory and on literature data we propose a ∼30 meV wide domain of the D1 peak. Altogether, the D1-peak position ranges between about 0.76 eV at 300 K and nearly 0.84 eV at a few K. It was shown that the energetic shift for a certain temperature is caused by external electric fields, by excitation level, that affects the intrinsic dislocation field, and by elastic stress. The luminescence of oxygen-related defects / precipitates might be described by a line at ∼ 0.77 eV (P-line) that does not depend on temperature. (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Techniques, such as photoluminescence (PL) and electron-beam-induced current (EBIC), have already proven their effectiveness and applicability for solar materials. Although, the methods are standard techniques for multicrystalline Si PV, their application to thin films is challenging and requires special adjustment and a careful selection of the measuring parameters. Here we report on the investigation of thin-film tandem solar cells consisting of hydrogenated amorphous (a-Si:H) and microcrystalline silicon (µc-Si:H) on glass substrates. We observe a homogeneous spatial distribution of the PL signals caused by the dominance of the surface recombination. A typical PL spectrum exhibits sub-band gap features of a-Si:H. We relate the sub-band-gap spectral features mainly to transitions of carriers trapped in deep states. Observations on partially processed stacks support this supposition. PL is only detectable on the a-Si:H layer, while EBIC signal is generated mainly in the µc-Si:H layer. It is found out that the luminescence features of the thin a-Si:H layer resemble those on bulk a-Si:H. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which investigates the surface hardened 42CrMo4 steel components with the use of water-air spray cooling. The study made use of geometric models of splined shaft with no teeth and machine single-cylinder crankshaft for the series of test in the spray field. It was found out that gradient of splined shaft became hard in spray field. It was concluded that spray cooling with the use of water and air mixture is appropriate for surface hardening on die-forged components.

The relationship between susceptibility to photoinhibition, zeaxanthin formation and chlorophyll fluorescence quenching at suboptimal temperatures was studied in chilling-sensitive maize and in non-acclimated and cold-acclimated Oxyria digyna, a chilling-tolerant plant of arctic and alpine habitats. In maize, zeaxanthin formation was strongly suppressed by chilling. Zeaxanthin formed during preillumination at 20°C did not protect maize leaves from photoinhibition during a subsequent high-light, low-temperature treatment, as judged from the ratios of variable to maximal fluorescence, Fy/Fm. However, such preillumination significantly increased non-photochemical quenching (qN) at low temperatures, mainly due to an enhancement of the fast-relaxing qN component (i.e., of energy-dependent quenching, qE). In O. digyna, cold-acclimation resulted in an increased zeaxanthin formation in the temperature range of 2.5-20°C. Cold-acclimation substantially decreased the susceptibility towards photoinhibition at 4°C, but qN remained nearly unchanged between 2 and 38°C, as compared to control plants. Effects of cold acclimation on photosynthesis, photochemical quenching and quantum efficiency of photosystem II were small and indicated a slight amelioration only of the function of the photosynthetic apparatus at suboptimal temperatures (2-20°C). It is concluded, that the xanthophyll cycle is strongly influenced by cold acclimation, while effects on the photosynthetic carbon assimilation only play a minor role in O. digyna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary small cell carcinoma of the larynx is a rare malignancy with a dismal prognosis. A survey of the long-term follow-up from reported cases of small cell carcinoma of the larynx and a review of the recent experience with this tumor at the University of Michigan Hospitals was undertaken to determine if newer treatment approaches incorporating adjuvant chemotherapy were associated with prolonged survival. Median survival for those patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy was 19 months compared to 11 months for patients treated with surgery and/or radiation therapy alone. Among patients treated initially with primary radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy median survival was 55 months, which was significantly longer than any other treatment regimen (P = 0.02). Systemic chemotherapy and therapeutic irradiation appears to offer the least disabling and most efficacious form of current therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intramuscular hemangiomas are unusual tumors in the head and neck region that occur most frequently in the masseter muscle and are often confused with parotid neoplasms. Four cases are described and the literature reviewed. The diagnosis and management of these tumors are discussed in view of the fact that accurate preoperative diagnosis is unusual and tumor recurrence rates high. Increased awareness of the clinical presentation of intramuscular hemangiomas should enhance diagnostic accuracy and facilitate optimal treatment planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carcinoma of the lip is a common variety of head and neck malignancy frequently seen in the elderly Caucasian male. Three hundred and fifty consecutive cases of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the lip are anlayzed and the treatment methods and their results are presented. Surgical management is recommended for most patients because of the advantage of tumor margin assessment, avoidance of radiotherapy complications, and rapid rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred four patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the pyriform fossa were reviewed retrospectively. Survival, local recurrence and metastatic rates were all compiled for the purpose of comparing the efficacy of combined therapy with radiation therapy and surgery alone in treating such lesions. Combined therapy consisted of 4500 rad Cobalt60 therapy at 200 rad per day preoperatively. All lesions were staged according to AJC classification. There was a similar stage distribution of patients in each therapeutic category. Three-year determinate survival rates were as follows: radiation therapy --10%, surgery--56%, and combined therapy--40%. Evaluation of the local recurrence rate revealed it to be: radiation therapy--19/33 (58%), surgery--1/19 (5%), and combined therapy--9/32 (28%). We interpret this data to suggest that preoperative irradiation impaired the determination of adequate resection margins, despite the use of frozen sections from those margins at the time of surgery. The incidence of late contralateral palpable nodes was greatest in the surgery group--5/19 (26%), compared with radiation therapy--0/33, and combined therapy--1/32 (3%). This supports other studies which indicate that radiation therapy is very effective in controlling subclinical nodal metastases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free flap reconstruction is discussed with emphasis on microsurgical technique utilized in union of blood vessels 1 mm in external diameter. Proper microsurgical instrumentation, magnification and small vessel suture technique are all of importance in achieving a successful microvascu-lar anastomosis. Technical maneuvers employed in identifying and avoiding small vessel thrombosis are presented. Surgical techniques, as presented here, have allowed us to successfully use free flaps to reconstruct large oral cavity defects following ablative cancer operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reported effectiveness of single tumor markers (TMs) associated with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck ranges from 15% to 71%, with most studies reporting sensitivity no higher than 50%. An increased incidence of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone or arginine vasopressin (SIADH) in patients with head and neck cancer has been reported. Serum arginine vasopressin (AVP) was studied as a possible TM in these patients. Sixty-three patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck determined as potentially curable were prospectively evaluated before treatment and compared to 17 patients with apparent cure of head and neck squamous cell cancer who served as controls. Serum AVP levels were obtained and determined by radioimmunoassay in the preoperative period and 1 week postoperatively in 15 patients. Thirty-four patients were staged as T4, 26 as T3, and 3 as T2. Twenty-one (33%) of the 63 patients had no neck involvement. Twenty-four (38%) of 63 patients had elevated serum AVP levels corrected for serum osmolarity. Of the 15 patients evaluated before and after surgery, 8 (53%) had elevated serum AVP levels preoperatively. Of these 8 patients, 3 had reduction in AVP levels and 5 had complete normalization after 1 week. The result obtained for serum AVP do not exceed results of other TMs reported. AVP may also not be as specific as other TMs for cancer of the head and neck. Our group with AVP sampled postoperatively is too small for us to draw conclusions, but reduction of its levels after treatment in all patients may be significant. These preliminary results indicate that further evaluation of AVP during the posttreatment course in a larger number of cases, and perhaps with other TMs as well, is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TARP syndrome, comprising Talipes equinovarus, atrial septal defect (ASD), Robin sequence (micrognathia, glossoptosis, and cleft palate), and persistence of the left superior vena cava, is an X-linked condition with pre- or postnatal lethality in affected males. Based on linkage studies and massively parallel sequencing of X-chromosome exons in two families, the disease-causing gene was identified as RBM10. We identified a maternally inherited frameshift mutation in an unrelated patient, confirming RBM10 as the disease gene. This is the first reported individual with TARP syndrome who survived past early infancy, thus expanding the phenotypic spectrum of this disorder. In addition to the characteristic cleft palate, ASD, and persistent superior vena cava, he had low-set and posteriorly angulated ears, upslanting palpebral fissures, cryptorchidism, and structural brain abnormalities including partial agenesis of the corpus callosum, dysplastic enlarged caudate, and cerebellar hypoplasia with megacisterna magna. Preterm delivery, suspected pulmonary hypoplasia, and pulmonary hypertension resulted in chronic lung disease. At the age of 3(7)/(12) years, he remained ventilator-dependent at night, and he was fed exclusively through a gastro-jejunal tube. Sensorineural hearing loss required a hearing aid. Optic atrophy and cortical visual impairment were noted. He was unable to sit independently, was non-communicative and he had severe intellectual disability. Atrial flutter required recurrent ablation of intra-atrial re-entry pathways. The mother's heterozygosity for the RBM10 mutation underscored the importance of accurate diagnosis and counseling for TARP syndrome., (Copyright © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)

A review of 162 major head and neck operative cases for cancer in patients over age 70 from 1963-1973 are reviewed. The major and minor surgical complication rates and the rate of medical complications are compared to 552 similar procedures in patients under age 70, during the same time period. The operative mortality figures for each group, as well as the causes of death, are examined. A plea is made for aggressive therapy in the elderly, both in the surgical planning and in their pre- and postoperative care.

Recent investigations have questioned the efficacy of a combined therapy regimen with irradiation. The purpose of this study was to compare the survivals with surgery alone versus combined therapy (pre-op irradiation) and to analyze any apparent differences to identify the source(s) of failure. Two and five-year determinate survivals for this group identify the source(s) of failure. Two and five-year determinate survivals for this group were found to be significantly better for surgery alone. There is no instance where combination therapy is found to be statistically superior. An analysis of treatment failures showed that distant metastases occurred at a greater rate in the combined therapy patients than they did with those treated by surgery alone. The advisability of combined therapy using preoperative irradiation with its increased cost and morbidity to the patient is questioned if it does not improve survival over surgery used as a single modality.

For centuries physicians have been intrigued by the variable biologic behavior of cancer in humans. In recent years, attention has focused upon the host immune response as an indicator of patient prognosis and for potential use in tumor detection. In this study, tumor associated antigens were extracted from fresh squamous cell carcinoma and their biologic properties were characterized. Using the Leukocyte Migration Inhibition (LMI) assay, considerable sharing of antigenic determinates was noted among the 12 carcinomas and 18 patients studied, though none cross-reacted with each of the others which were studied. Immune assays using pooled tumor extracts successfully differentiated between tumor patients and control subjects, though further development will be necessary before small aggregates of tumor may be consistently detected.

The charts of 324 patients treated for 363 orbital floor fractures between 1965 and 1973 were reviewed retrospectively. Of these, 38 (11 percent) were isolated floor fractures, 27 (8 percent) were rim and floor fractures, 168 (46 percent) were trimalar fractures and 130 (35 percent) were associated with complex facial fractures. On initial examination, 31 percent of the patients were found to have diplopia and 4 percent enophthalmos. Orbital prolapse was suspected in 31 percent of the patients. Thirty-seven percent of the patients had demonstrable ocular injury at the time of initial examination. Treatment was surgical in 336 of the fractures and non-surgical in 29. Of the surgical patients 140 had no support placed, 120 had antral support only, 51 had both antral support and orbital implant, and 20 had an orbital implant only. Postoperatively the incidence of diplopia was 8 percent in all patients, and 7 percent had enophthalmos. A smaller group followed for more than five months, were found to have diplopia in 17 percent and enophthalmos in 11 percent. Of the 29 patients treated non-surgically, none had persistent diplopia.

The traditional radical neck dissection involves excision of the spinal accessory nerve en bloc with the soft tissue of the posterior triangle in an effort ot remove completely all node-bearing tissue. The resultant decrease in range of motion of the involved extremity and subsequent pain have prompted some surgeons to seek alternatives. The purpose of this study is to review prospectively radical neck specimens with the specific intent of evaluating the frequency of metastatic involvement of the spinal accessory lymph nodes with head and neck malignancies. Fifty neck specimens were studied and the frequency of cancerous involvement of the spinal accessory nodes was not found to be significantly different from nodal involvement of the entire neck specimen. The location of accessory nerve involvement was predominantly in the proximal portion which is not within the posterior triangle. The results are further evaluated with the subsequent conclusion that preservation of the spinal accessory nerve cannot be justified on the basis of infrequent involvement with metastatic lymph nodes.