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The dispersal of fish into distant and isolated habitats remains a topic of continuous discussion in the field of fish biogeography. This is particularly relevant due to the perceived limitation of fish movement to what is known as active dispersal. Fish migration is often confined to interconnected water bodies, underscoring the significance of dispersal for fish inhabiting isolated aquatic habitats. However, empirical evidence for a natural (i.e. not human‐mediated) mechanism has been limited. Here we explore and provide evidence for waterbird‐mediated endozoochory as a possible dispersal mechanism in various fish species and families. We force‐fed mallardsAnas plathyrynchoswith fertilised eggs of nine bony fish species, covering nine taxonomic families. We recovered viable embryos of five fish taxa in the faeces of mallard, proving the ability of fish eggs to survive the passing of the digestive system of waterbirds. Moreover, the recovered eggs successfully hatched into larvae in two fish species. Taking into the flight speed and numerosity of mallards, as well as the high abundance of fish eggs, our results highlight endozoochory of fish eggs by waterbirds as a possible significant, although likely rare natural dispersal mechanism that can occur across more species than previously known in freshwater fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Editorial Comment Estimating equations for the assessment of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) have been poorly investigated in the critical care setting. We evaluated the agreement between the GFR measured with 51CrEDTA/iohexol (mGFR) and four estimating equations based on serum concentrations of creatine and/or cystatin C (eGFR) in two cohorts: critically ill patients and outpatients with normal‐to‐moderately reduced GFR.Forty‐three patients in the critical care group and 48 patients in the outpatient group were included. GFR was measured (mGFR) by plasma infusion clearance of 51Cr‐EDTA/iohexol (critical care group) and the single injection, one‐sample plasma 51Cr‐EDTA clearance technique (outpatients). The following estimating equations (eGFR) were used: the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD‐EPI) equation for creatinine (CKD‐EPICr), cystatin C (CKD‐EPICys C), creatinine+cystatin C (CKD‐EPICr + Cys C) and the Lund‐Malmö creatinine+cystatin C equation (LMCr + Cys C). Agreement between mGFR and eGFR was assessed by the Bland–Altman method and accuracy by calculating P30 and P10.In the critically ill group, the bias between the estimating equations and mGFR was −3.6 to 2.8 mL/min/1.73 m2, while the error was 121%–127% and the accuracy (P30) 33%–40%. In the outpatients, the bias between the estimating equations and mGFR was −13.0 to 7.6 mL/min/1.73 m2, while the error was 31%–41% and the accuracy (P30), 67%–96%.All four equations performed poorly in assessing GFR in the critically ill cohort with an unacceptably high error and low accuracy in contrast to the outpatient group. To accurately assess GFR in critically ill patients, GFR must be measured not estimated.For the assessment of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), it can be measured directly, but is frequently estimated using a point measure of serum creatinine concentration. In this study, ICU case GFR estimations, by different adjusted equations, done also for a cohort of outpatients, showed that these serum creatinine‐based estimations for ICU cases are not highly precise or reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion processes are often discussed as stochastic events. Here, it is shown that some of these seemingly random processes are not driven by nanoscopic fluctuations but rather by the spatial distribution of micrometer‐scale heterogeneities that trigger fast reactions associated with corrosion. Using a novel excitable reaction‐diffusion model, corrosion waves traveling over the metal surface and the associated material loss are described. This resulting nonuniform corrosion penetration, seen as a height loss in modeling, exposes buried intermetallic particles, which depending on the local electrochemical state of the surface trigger or block new waves. Informed by quantitative experimental data for the Mg–Al–Zn alloy AZ31B, wave speeds, wave widths, and average material loss are accurately captured. Morphogenic mitigation based on wave‐breaking microparticles is also simulated. While AZ31B corrosion is identified as a process driven by rare‐wave events, this study predicts several other corrosion regimes that proceed via spots or patchy patterns, opening the door for new protection, design, and prediction strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal runaway is a ductile localization mechanism that has been linked to deep‐focus earthquakes and pseudotachylyte formation. In this study, we investigate the dynamics of this process using one‐dimensional, numerical models of simple shear deformation. The models employ a visco‐elastic rheology where viscous creep is accommodated with a composite rheology encompassing diffusion and dislocation creep as well as low‐temperature plasticity. To solve the nonlinear system of differential equations governing this rheology, we utilize the pseudo‐transient iterative method in combination with a viscosity regularization to avoid resolution dependencies. To determine the impact of different model parameters on the occurrence of thermal runaway, we perform a parameter sensitivity study consisting of 6,000 numerical experiments. We observe two distinct behaviors, namely a stable regime, characterized by transient shear zone formation accompanied by a moderate (100–300 K) temperature increase, and a thermal runaway regime, characterized by strong localization, rapid slip and a temperature surge of thousands of Kelvin. Nondimensional scaling analysis allows us to determine two dimensionless groups that predict the model behavior. The ratio tr/td ${t}_{\mathrm{r}}/{t}_{\mathrm{d}}$ represents the competition between heat generation from stress relaxation and heat loss due to thermal diffusion while the ratio Uel/Uth ${U}_{\text{el}}/{U}_{\text{th}}$ compares the stored elastic energy to thermal energy in the system. Thermal runaway occurs if tr/td ${t}_{\mathrm{r}}/{t}_{\mathrm{d}}$ is small and Uel/Uth ${U}_{\text{el}}/{U}_{\text{th}}$ is large. Our results demonstrate that thermal runaway is a viable mechanism driving fast slip events that are in line with deep‐focus earthquakes and pseudotachylyte formation at conditions resembling cores of subducting slabs. Plain Language Summary: Thermal runaway is a mechanism that concentrates material deformation into thin layers without breaking the material and has been linked to earthquakes more than 70 km below the surface. This study uses one‐dimensional computer models with a complex material behavior and conducts 6,000 numerical experiments to investigate the influence of different parameters like temperature, deformation rate and material properties. Results show two distinct behaviors, namely a stable regime with slow sliding and a temperature rise of 100–300 K or thermal runaway with fast movement and a temperature increase of a few thousand Kelvin. We find two dimensionless ratios that are combinations of the input parameters and can predict the behavior. The ratio tr/td ${t}_{\mathrm{r}}/{t}_{\mathrm{d}}$ compares heat production to heat loss, and the ratio Uel/Uth ${U}_{\text{el}}/{U}_{\text{th}}$ compares stored elastic energy to thermal energy. If the first ratio is small and the second ratio is large, thermal runaway occurs. Our results show that thermal runaway could cause fast deformation events like earthquakes and produce thin layers of molten rock in conditions that are typical for subducting plates. Key Points: Numerical investigation of thermal runaway in visco‐elastic material with diffusion creep, dislocation creep and low‐temperature plasticityNondimensional scaling analysis reveals two dimensionless groups governing the occurrence of thermal runawayDuctile localization can cause slip events in line with deep earthquakes and pseudotachylyte formation at subducting slab core conditions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic options for conversion of indeno[2,1‐c]fluorene‐5,8‐diones into larger polyaromatic compounds with extended π‐conjugated systems were explored. The crucial two‐fold transformation of the five‐membered ketone moieties of indeno[2,1‐c]fluorene‐5,8‐diones was based either on a one‐carbon homologation or on a ring‐expansion reaction which eventually enabled syntheses of compounds possessing substituted tribenzo[a,e,l]indeno[1,2,3‐hi]acephenanthrylenes and [5]helicenes scaffolds. The former was prepared by using a reaction sequence based on Ramirez olefination, intramolecular Heck reaction, and intermolecular Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling, whereas the latter utilized a sequence comprising Büchner−Curtius−Schlotterbeck reaction and intermolecular Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling. Scholl reaction of selected [5]helicenes yielded planarized polyaromatic compounds with the tribenzo[a,e,l]indeno[1,2,3‐hi]acephenanthrylene scaffold. Where possible, structures of products were confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analyses. Photophysical properties were determined as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Granulocyte transfusions for patients with prolonged neutropenia and severe infections has been a controversial practice. Previous studies suggest a benefit of high‐dose granulocyte transfusions (≥0.6 × 109/kg), although, until recently, the consistent production of high‐dose units has been challenging. Here, we present our experience and results utilizing high‐dose granulocyte transfusions at a large, tertiary academic medical center for the treatment of infections in adult, neutropenic patients. Study Design/Methods: A retrospective chart review (2018–2021) was conducted for all patients who received high‐dose granulocyte transfusions from donors stimulated with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) and dexamethasone. Gathered parameters included patient demographics, clinical history, infection status, dose, clinical outcomes, pre‐ and post‐absolute neutrophil count (ANC), and transfusion times including time between granulocyte collection, administration, and posttransfusion ANC count. Gathered parameters were summarized using descriptive statistics, outcomes were assessed utilizing Kaplan–Meier curves/log‐rank/regression testing. Results: Totally 28 adult, neutropenic patients refractory to antimicrobial agents and/or G‐CSF received a total of 173 granulocyte concentrates. Median ANC increased from 0.7 × 109/L pre‐transfusion to 1.6 × 109/L posttransfusion. The mean granulocyte yield was 77.4 × 109 resulting in an average dose per kilogram of 0.90 × 109 ± 0.30 × 109 granulocytes. Composite day 42 survival and microbial response was 42.9% (n = 12/28) without significant adverse reactions. Discussion: Here, we demonstrate the successful and safe implementation of high‐dose granulocyte transfusions for neutropenic patients. Given the rapid and consistent production, distribution, and improved granulocyte quality, further investigations to determine the clinical efficacy of G‐CSF primed granulocyte transfusions is now possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2‐Azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐en‐3‐one (Vince lactam) is known to be a valuable building block in synthetic organic chemistry and drug research. It is an important precursor to access of some blockbuster antiviral drugs such as Carbovir or Abacavir as well as other carbocyclic neuraminidase inhibitors as antiviral agents. The ring C=C bond of the Vince lactam allows versatile chemical manipulations to create not only functionalized γ‐lactams, but also γ‐amino acid derivatives with a cyclopentane framework. The aim of the current account is to summarize the chemistry of Vince lactam, its synthetic utility and application in organic and medicinal chemistry over the last decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though industrial biotechnology is successfully used for the production of some chemicals, for many other chemicals it is not yet competitive with conventional petrochemical production. Usually, fermentation as well as downstream processing requires improvement. Downstream processing has to deal with low product concentrations, microorganisms, impurities and thermodynamic constraints (e.g., azeotropes), which often makes it very challenging and expensive, especially on a large scale. However, downstream processing of biochemicals has not attracted as much attention as upstream fermentation processes. In that context, this perspective paper offers a lightly referenced scholarly opinion about the downstream processing performance of different bioalcohols after fermentation. Due to the stronger toxicity effects on microbes, the achievable concentrations of monohydric aliphatic alcohols in the fermentation broth decrease with the increasing chain length. Specifically, the concentrations used here are 6.14, 5.00, 1.61 and 0.24 wt% of ethanol, isopropanol, isobutanol and hexanol, respectively. More dilute fermentation broths lead to more complex recovery processes. According to our previous work, the total purification costs increase from 0.080 USD kg−1 for ethanol, 0.109 USD kg−1 for isopropanol and 0.161 USD kg−1 for isobutanol to 0.529 USD kg−1 for hexanol. A similar trend is noticeable for the energy usage (0.960, 1.348, 2.018 and 3.069 kWthh kg−1, respectively) and the related CO2 emissions (0.164, 0.221, 0.449 and 0.555 kgCO2 kg−1, respectively). This work shows that advanced separation and purification based on process intensification principles are crucial for overall efficient production processes. The achievable product concentration in the fermentation broth – and not so much the alcohol chain length – has the biggest influence on the performance of downstream processing. Therefore, simultaneous development of both upstream and downstream processing is necessary to ensure the competitiveness and viability of industrial fermentation processes. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To report on the surgical safety and quality of pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) in patients treated with radical cystectomy (RC) and PLND for muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) after neoadjuvant chemo‐immunotherapy. Patients and Methods: The Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK) 06/17 was an open‐label single‐arm phase II trial including 61 cisplatin‐fit patients with clinical stage (c)T2–T4a cN0–1 operable urothelial MIBC or upper urinary tract cancer. Patients received neoadjuvant cisplatin/gemcitabine and durvalumab followed by surgery. Prospective quality assessment of surgeries was performed via central review of intraoperative photographs. Postoperative complications were assessed using the Clavien–Dindo Classification. Data were analysed descriptively. Results: A total of 50 patients received RC and PLND. All patients received neoadjuvant chemo‐immunotherapy. The median (interquartile range) number of lymph nodes removed was 29 (23–38). No intraoperative complications were registered. Grade ≥III postoperative complications were reported in 12 patients (24%). Complete nodal dissection (100%) was performed at the level of the obturator fossa (bilaterally) and of the left external iliac region; in 49 patients (98%) at the internal iliac region and at the right external iliac region; in 39 (78%) and 38 (76%) patients at the right and left presacral level, respectively. Conclusion: This study supports the surgical safety of RC and PLND following neoadjuvant chemo‐immunotherapy in patients with MIBC. The extent and completeness of protocol‐defined PLND varies between patients, highlighting the need to communicate and monitor the surgical template. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Denmark, alongside other Scandinavian countries, the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, has high prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV). Our oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) database includes all diagnosed cases in Eastern Denmark during a period of more than two decades. We investigated the incidence, survival, and recurrence of patients with OPSCC with combined p16‐ and HPV testing covering a consecutive 21‐year period. Age‐adjusted incidence rate (AAIR) per 100,000, survival models, and Cox proportional‐hazards model were employed. Two thousand eight hundred thirty‐four patients were included (57.5% HPV positive (HPV+)/p16 positive (p16+), 33.7% HPV negative (HPV‐)/p16 negative (p16−), 4% HPV+/p16−, and 4.8% HPV−/p16+). The AAIR for all patients increased from 1.8 to 5.1 per 100,000 from 2000 to 2020 linked to an increasing AAIR of HPV+/p16+ OPSCCs from 0.9 to 3.5 per 100,000 from 2000 to 2020. The AAIR for the HPV−/p16− OPSCCs decreased from 1.6 to 1.4 from 2017 to 2020. HPV+/p16+ OPSCCs had a higher 5‐year overall survival (OS) of 79.2% compared to the other subgroups (HPV+/p16− OS: 50.4%; HPV−/p16+ OS: 49.4%; HPV−/p16− OS: 35.1%). The AAIR of the total OPSCC group increased from year 2000 to 2020, driven by a rise in the HPV+/p16+ group. A decreasing incidence rate was observed for the HPV−/p16− OPSCCs from 2017 to 2020. The OS for HPV+/p16+ OPSCCs was significantly higher compared to all other HPV/p16 subgroups. Therefore, we recommend testing for combined HPV and p16 status in patients with OPSCC when selecting patients for clinical trials, especially in case of de‐escalating/escalating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Cu‐catalyzed multi‐component reaction of trifluoromethylated β‐amino ketones and nitriles using tert‐butyl nitrite as a diazotization reagent has been developed. Under the optimized conditions, N‐trifluoroalkyl amides were obtained with yields up to 87%. Control experiments and computational studies reveal that the reaction proceeds through the generation of diazo, in situ formation of nitrile ylide, water addition and final enol tautomerism. This approach features mild reaction conditions, wide substrate tolerance, and scale‐up applicability, which provides an efficient and practical strategy for amide synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Photoageing describes complex cutaneous changes that occur due to chronic exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The 'gold standard' for the treatment of photoaged white skin is all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA); however, cosmetic retinol (ROL) has also proven efficacious. Recent work has identified that black skin is susceptible to photoageing, characterized by disintegration of fibrillin‐rich microfibrils (FRMs) at the dermal–epidermal junction (DEJ). However, the impact of topical retinoids for repair of black skin has not been well investigated. Objectives: To determine the potential of retinoids to repair photoaged black skin. Methods: An exploratory intervention study was performed using an in vivo, short‐term patch test protocol. Healthy but photoaged black volunteers (>45 years) were recruited to the study, and participant extensor forearms were occluded with either 0.025% ATRA (n = 6; 4‐day application due to irritancy) or ROL (12‐day treatment protocol for a cosmetic) at concentrations of 0.3% (n = 6) or 1% (n = 6). Punch biopsies from occluded but untreated control sites and retinoid‐treated sites were processed for histological analyses of epidermal characteristics, melanin distribution and dermal remodelling. Results: Treatment with ATRA and ROL induced significant acanthosis (all p < 0.001) accompanied by a significant increase in keratinocyte proliferation (Ki67; all p < 0.01), dispersal of epidermal melanin and restoration of the FRMs at the DEJ (all p < 0.01), compared to untreated control. Conclusions: This study confirms that topical ATRA has utility for the repair of photoaged black skin and that ROL induces comparable effects on epidermal and dermal remodelling, albeit over a longer timeframe. The effects of topical retinoids on black photoaged skin are similar to those reported for white photoaged skin and suggest conserved biology in relation to repair of UVR‐induced damage. Further investigation of topical retinoid efficacy in daily use is warranted for black skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical control of grape black rot, caused by Phyllosticta ampelicida, relies mainly on the use of demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) and quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs). The effectiveness of QoI fungicides is influenced by alternative respiration activity, and the exon/intron structure and point mutations in the target protein's gene, the cytochrome b (cytb) gene. Our study aims to investigate the QoI fungicide sensitivity of 48 P. ampelicida isolates in vitro by measuring EC50 and the molecular characteristics of the cytb gene and its mRNA in P. ampelicida and other Phyllosticta species. Mycelial growth tests revealed that the P. ampelicida isolates were sensitive to both azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin; baseline EC50 values were 0.029 and 0.022 μg/mL, respectively. Addition of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) resulted in lower EC50 values (0.024 and 0.017 μg/mL, respectively). None of the typical point mutations conferring resistance to QoIs in some fungi were detected. A group I intron was present right after the 143rd codon in the cytb gene in four of the six Phyllosticta species examined. The sequence and exon/intron structure of the cytb gene of P. ampelicida isolated from Vitis vinifera is studied in detail and published here. Our results indicate a low risk of QoI resistance development via the G143A mutation in P. ampelicida. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low physical activity and high sedentary behaviour have been clearly linked with colorectal cancer development, yet data on their potential role in colorectal cancer survival is limited. Better characterisation of these relationships is needed for the development of post‐diagnosis physical activity and sedentary behaviour guidance for colorectal cancer survivors. We searched PubMed and Embase through 28 February 2022 for studies assessing post‐diagnosis physical activity, and/or sedentary behaviour in relation to all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality and recurrence after colorectal cancer diagnosis. Total and recreational physical activity were assessed overall and by frequency, duration, intensity, and volume using categorical, linear, and non‐linear dose–response random‐effects meta‐analyses. The Global Cancer Update Programme (CUP Global) independent Expert Committee on Cancer Survivorship and Expert Panel interpreted and graded the likelihood of causality. We identified 16 observational studies on 82,220 non‐overlapping patients from six countries. Physical activity was consistently inversely associated with colorectal cancer morbidity and mortality outcomes, with 13%–60% estimated reductions in risk. Sedentary behaviour was positively associated with all‐cause mortality. The evidence had methodological limitations including potential confounding, selection bias and reverse causation, coupled with a limited number of studies for most associations. The CUP Global Expert panel concluded limited‐suggestive evidence for recreational physical activity with all‐cause mortality and cancer recurrence. Total physical activity and its specific domains and dimensions, and sedentary behaviour were all graded as limited‐no conclusion for all outcomes. Future research should focus on randomised trials, while observational studies should obtain objective and repeated physical activity measures and better adjustment for confounders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the World Cancer Research Fund Global Cancer Update Programme, we performed systematic reviews and meta‐analyses to investigate the association of post‐diagnosis adiposity, physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and dietary factors with colorectal cancer prognosis. We searched PubMed and Embase until 28th February, 2022. An independent expert committee and expert panel graded the quality of evidence. A total of 167 unique publications were reviewed, and all but five were observational studies. The quality of the evidence was graded conservatively due to the high risk of several biases. There was evidence of non‐linearity in the associations between body mass index and colorectal cancer prognosis. The associations appeared reverse J‐shaped, and the quality of this evidence was graded as limited (likelihood of causality: limited‐no conclusion). The evidence on recreational physical activity and lower risk of all‐cause mortality (relative risk [RR] highest vs. lowest: 0.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.62–0.77) and recurrence/disease‐free survival (RR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.70–0.92) was graded as limited‐suggestive. There was limited‐suggestive evidence for the associations between healthy dietary and/or lifestyle patterns (including diets that comprised plant‐based foods), intake of whole grains and coffee with lower risk of all‐cause mortality, and between unhealthy dietary patterns and intake of sugary drinks with higher risk of all‐cause mortality. The evidence for other exposures on colorectal cancer outcomes was sparse and graded as limited‐no conclusion. Analyses were conducted excluding cancer patients with metastases without substantial changes in the findings. Well‐designed intervention and cohort studies are needed to support the development of lifestyle recommendations for colorectal cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adiposity influence on colorectal cancer prognosis remains poorly characterised. We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis on post‐diagnosis adiposity measures (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference, waist‐to‐hip ratio, weight) or their changes and colorectal cancer outcomes. PubMed and Embase were searched through 28 February 2022. Random‐effects meta‐analyses were conducted when at least three studies had sufficient information. The quality of evidence was interpreted and graded by the Global Cancer Update Programme (CUP Global) independent Expert Committee on Cancer Survivorship and Expert Panel. We reviewed 124 observational studies (85 publications). Meta‐analyses were possible for BMI and all‐cause mortality, colorectal cancer‐specific mortality, and cancer recurrence/disease‐free survival. Non‐linear meta‐analysis indicated a reverse J‐shaped association between BMI and colorectal cancer outcomes (nadir at BMI 28 kg/m2). The highest risk, relative to the nadir, was observed at both ends of the BMI distribution (18 and 38 kg/m2), namely 60% and 23% higher risk for all‐cause mortality; 95% and 26% for colorectal cancer‐specific mortality; and 37% and 24% for cancer recurrence/disease‐free survival, respectively. The higher risk with low BMI was attenuated in secondary analyses of RCTs (compared to cohort studies), among studies with longer follow‐up, and in women suggesting potential methodological limitations and/or altered physiological state. Descriptively synthesised studies on other adiposity‐outcome associations of interest were limited in number and methodological quality. All the associations were graded as limited (likelihood of causality: no conclusion) due to potential methodological limitations (reverse causation, confounding, selection bias). Additional well‐designed observational studies and interventional trials are needed to provide further clarification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of diet in colorectal cancer prognosis is not well understood and specific lifestyle recommendations are lacking. We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and longitudinal observational studies on post‐diagnosis dietary factors, supplement use and colorectal cancer survival outcomes in PubMed and Embase from inception until 28th February 2022. Random‐effects dose–response meta‐analyses were conducted when at least three studies had sufficient information. The evidence was interpreted and graded by the CUP Global independent Expert Committee on Cancer Survivorship and Expert Panel. Five RCTs and 35 observational studies were included (30,242 cases, over 8700 all‐cause and 2100 colorectal cancer deaths, 3700 progression, recurrence, or disease‐free events). Meta‐analyses, including 3–10 observational studies each, were conducted for: whole grains, nuts/peanuts, red and processed meat, dairy products, sugary drinks, artificially sweetened beverages, coffee, alcohol, dietary glycaemic load/index, insulin load/index, marine omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, supplemental calcium, circulating 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and all‐cause mortality; for alcohol, supplemental calcium, circulating 25(OH)D and colorectal cancer‐specific mortality; and for circulating 25(OH)D and recurrence/disease‐free survival. The overall evidence was graded as 'limited'. The inverse associations between healthy dietary and/or lifestyle patterns (including diets that comprised plant‐based foods), whole grains, total, caffeinated, or decaffeinated coffee and all‐cause mortality and the positive associations between unhealthy dietary patterns, sugary drinks and all‐cause mortality provided 'limited—suggestive' evidence. All other exposure‐outcome associations provided 'limited—no conclusion' evidence. Additional, well‐conducted cohort studies and carefully designed RCTs are needed to develop specific lifestyle recommendations for colorectal cancer survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A portable and highly sensitive sensor was designed for the specific detection of 3,4‐methyl‐enedioxy‐methamphetamine (MDMA), in a range of field‐testing situations. The sensor can detect MDMA in street samples, even when other controlled substances drugs, or adulterants are present. In this work, we report for the first time a sensor using electroactive molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles computationally designed to recognize MDMA and then produced using solid phase synthesis. A composite comprising chitosan, reduced graphene oxide, and molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles synthesized for MDMA for the first time was immobilized on screen‐printed carbon electrodes. The sensors displayed a satisfactory sensitivity (106.8 nA × μM−1), limit of detection (1.6 nM; 0.31 ng/mL), and recoveries (92–99%). The accuracy of the results was confirmed through validation using Ultra‐High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS). This technology could be used in forensic analysis and make it possible to selectively detect MDMA in street samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic pathogen frequently causing nosocomial infections. The virulence of this organism is underpinned by its capacity to evade phagocytosis, allowing dissemination in the host. Immune evasion requires a surface polysaccharide produced by all enterococci, known as the enterococcal polysaccharide antigen (EPA). EPA consists of a cell wall‐anchored rhamnose backbone substituted by strain‐specific polysaccharides called 'decorations', essential for the biological activity of this polymer. However, the structural determinants required for innate immune evasion remain unknown, partly due to a lack of suitable validated assays. Here, we describe a quantitative, in vitro assay to investigate how EPA decorations alter phagocytosis. Using the E. faecalis model strain OG1RF, we demonstrate that a mutant with a deletion of the locus encoding EPA decorations can be used as a platform strain to express heterologous decorations, thereby providing an experimental system to investigate the inhibition of phagocytosis by strain‐specific decorations. We show that the aggregation of cells lacking decorations is increasing phagocytosis and that this process does not involve the recognition of lipoproteins by macrophages. Collectively, our work provides novel insights into innate immune evasion by enterococci and paves the way for further studies to explore the structure/function relationship of EPA decorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetrahydro‐β‐carbolines (THβCs) also known as tryptolines serve as important structural elements in natural products and pharmaceutical compounds, and they are also utilized in drug discovery. They display diverse bioactivities, including anticancer, antifungal, antiparasitic, anti‐ischemic, anti‐inflammatory, and other activities. Besides their pharmacological and biological significance, these structural motifs are also extensively used in the production of other bioactive compounds. This review is intended to summarize recent advancements in the chemistry of this compound class, including the synthesis and the applications as organic synthetic intermediates and bioactive molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Tumour grading is an essential part of the pathologic assessment that promotes patient management. The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) proposed a grading system for non‐mucinous lung adenocarcinoma in 2020. We aimed to validate the prognostic impact of this novel grading system on overall survival (OS) and recurrence‐free survival (RFS) based on literature data. Methods and Results: The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023396059). We aimed to identify randomized or non‐randomized controlled trials published after 2020 comparing different IASLC grade categories in Medline, Embase, and CENTRAL. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of OS and RFS were pooled and the Quality In Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool was used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. Ten articles were eligible for this review. Regarding OS estimates, grade 1 lung adenocarcinomas were better than grade 3 both in univariate and multivariate analyses (HROSuni = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.05–0.66, p = 0.009; HROSmulti = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.12–0.38, p < 0.001). Regarding RFS estimates, grade 3 adenocarcinomas had a worse prognosis than grade 1 in multivariate analysis (HRRFSmulti: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.14–0.35, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The literature data and the result of our meta‐analysis demonstrate the prognostic relevance of the IASLC grading system. This supports the inclusion of this prognostic parameter in daily routine worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this project, we used formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissue samples to measure thousands of spectra per tissue core with Fourier transform mid‐infrared spectroscopy using an FT‐IR imaging system. These cores varied between normal colon (NC) and colorectal primer carcinoma (CRC) tissues. We created a database to manage all the multivariate data obtained from the measurements. Then, we applied classifier algorithms to identify the tissue based on its yielded spectra. For classification, we used the random forest, a support vector machine, XGBoost, and linear discriminant analysis methods, as well as three deep neural networks. We compared two data manipulation techniques using these models and then applied filtering. In the end, we compared model performances via the sum of ranking differences (SRD). Thousands of MIR spectra were measured from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue samples that varied between normal colon and colorectal primer carcinoma tissues. Machine learning algorithms, including deep neural networks, were applied to predict the type of tissue a spectrum belonged to. Further analysis was conducted with data manipulation techniques and the sum of ranking differences (SRD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties of a latest generation all‐suture anchor repair device (ASARD) for meniscal repair with that of a latest generation PEEK‐cage anchor repair device (PCARD) in an experimental setting using cadaveric menisci. Methods: Twenty‐six menisci were obtained from the knees of fresh body donors. Artificially created meniscal lesions were treated randomly, using a single stitch with either an ASARD or a PCARD. Cyclic biomechanical testing, utilising a universal material testing machine and following an established protocol, was carried out and load‐to‐failure (LTF), displacement, stiffness, and mode‐of‐failure (MOF) reported. Results: Mean LTF was found to be 61% higher in the ASARD group at 107.10 N (standard deviation [SD], 42.34), compared to 65.86 N (SD, 27.42) in the PCARD group with statistical significance (p = 0.022). The ASARD exhibited a trend towards higher stiffness (10.35 N; SD, 3.92 versus 7.78 N; SD; 3.59) and higher displacement at cycles one, 100, and 499 (1.64, 3.27, and 4.17 mm versus 0.93, 2.19, and 2.83 mm) compared to the PCARD. Cheese wiring was the most common mode‐of‐failure in both groups (76.9%). Conclusions: This study demonstrates that an ASARD shows a higher mean LTF than a PCARD when compared in an experimental biomechanical setting. Level of evidence: Level III [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The minimizing Delta Debugging (DDMIN) was among the first algorithms designed to automate the task of reducing test cases. Its popularity is based on the characteristics that it works on any kind of input, without knowledge about the input structure. Several studies proved that smaller outputs can be produced faster with more advanced techniques (e.g., building a tree representation of the input and reducing that data structure); however, if the structure is unknown or changing frequently, maintaining the descriptors might not be resource‐efficient. Therefore, in this paper, we focus on the evaluation of the novel fixed‐point iteration of minimizing Delta Debugging (DDMIN*) on publicly available test suites related to software engineering. Our experiments show that DDMIN* can help reduce inputs further by 48.08% on average compared to DDMIN (using lines as the units of the reduction). Although the effectiveness of the algorithm improved, it comes with the cost of additional testing steps. This study shows how the characteristics of the input affect the results and when it pays off using DDMIN*. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the intricate web of plant–animal interactions, granivore birds can play a dual antagonist–mutualist role as seed predators and dispersers. This study delves into the ecological significance of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) as seed disperser by endozoochory. A sample of individual droppings and faecal pools were collected from a communal roost in central Spain to examine the presence of seeds. Seed viability was determined using the tetrazolium test. Our findings revealed that around 22% of the analysed droppings contained seeds, contradicting the prevalent notion of house sparrow solely as seed predator. Viability tests demonstrated that 53.9% of the defecated seeds were viable, although it varied between plant species, including those from fleshy‐fruited common fig and five species of dry‐fruited herbs. This study challenges the traditional perspectives on the ecological role of the house sparrow, and glimpses on their contribution to seed dispersal. Understanding the nuanced roles of granivore species like the house sparrow is crucial for developing holistic conservation and management strategies in urban and agricultural landscapes. Future studies are encouraged to unravel the actual role of this cosmopolitan species as disperser of a likely broad spectrum of wild, cultivated and exotic plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thyroid cancer (TC) is substantially more common in women than in men, pointing to a possible role of sex steroid hormones. We investigated the association between circulating sex steroid hormones, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and the risk of differentiated TC in men and women within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition (EPIC) cohort. During follow‐up, we identified 333 first primary incident cases of differentiated TC (152 in pre/peri‐menopausal women, 111 in post‐menopausal women, and 70 in men) and 706 cancer‐free controls. Women taking exogenous hormones at blood donation were excluded. Plasma concentrations of testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, estradiol, estrone and progesterone (in pre‐menopausal women only) were performed using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method. SHBG concentrations were measured by immunoassay. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression models adjusted for possible confounders. No significant associations were observed in men and postmenopausal women, while a borderline significant increase in differentiated TC risk was observed with increasing testosterone (adjusted OR T3 vs T1: 1.68, 95% CI: 0.96–2.92, ptrend =.06) and androstenedione concentrations in pre/perimenopausal women (adjusted OR T3 vs T1: 1.78, 95% CI: 0.96–3.30, ptrend =.06, respectively). A borderline decrease in risk was observed for the highest progesterone/estradiol ratio (adjusted OR T3 vs T1: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.28–1.05, ptrend =.07). Overall, our results do not support a major role of circulating sex steroids in the etiology of differentiated TC in post‐menopausal women and men but may suggest an involvement of altered sex steroid production in pre‐menopausal women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long‐distance seed dispersal is a crucial process determining the distribution of plant biodiversity and, therefore, of major interest in biogeography and macroecology. A recent data article on Global Ecology and Biogeography presented a database of estimated seed‐dispersal distance classes for the European flora, where the classes are defined by the morphological dispersal syndrome of species associated with a single dispersal mode. We explain how this article overlooks literature on the unreliable capacity of dispersal syndromes for predicting key dispersal modes involved in long‐distance seed dispersal. Consequently, the published database does not consider the possibility that individual species can naturally be dispersed through multiple modes (polychory). Most importantly, the database consistently omits seed‐dispersal modes that can mediate dispersal distances several orders of magnitude longer than the mode predicted by the syndromes. This is the case of many terrestrial and aquatic plants dispersed by animals, notably ungulates and waterbirds, and that of coastal plants dispersed by the sea. We thus urge caution when using this database to model potential plant dispersal because long‐distance seed dispersal is underestimated in many species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti‐PP1PK alloimmunization is rare given ubiquitous P1PK expression. Prevention of recurrent miscarriages and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) in pregnant individuals with anti‐PP1PK antibodies has relied upon individual reports. Here, we demonstrate the successful management of maternal anti‐PP1PK alloimmunization in a 23‐year‐old, G2P0010, with therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE), intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and monitoring of anti‐PP1Pk titers. Twice‐weekly TPE (1.5 plasma volume [PV], 5% albumin replacement) with weekly titers and IVIG (1 g/kg) was initiated at 9 weeks of gestation (WG). The threshold titer was ≥16. Weekly middle cerebral artery‐peak systolic velocities (MCA‐PSV) for fetal anemia monitoring was initiated at 16 WG. PVs were adjusted throughout pregnancy based on treatment schedule, titers, and available albumin. Antigen‐negative, ABO‐compatible RBCs were obtained through the rare donor program and directed donation. An autologous blood autotransfusion system was reserved for delivery. Titers decreased from 128 to 8 by 10 WG. MCA‐PSV remained stable. At 24 WG, TPE decreased to once weekly. After titers increased to 32, twice‐weekly TPE resumed at 27 WG. Induction of labor was scheduled at 38 WG. Vaginal delivery of a 2950 g neonate (APGAR score: 9, 9) occurred without complication (Cord blood: 1+ IgG DAT; Anti‐PP1Pk eluted). Newborn hemoglobin and bilirubin were unremarkable. Discharge occurred postpartum day 2. Anti‐PP1Pk alloimmunization is rare but associated with recurrent miscarriages and HDFN. With multidisciplinary care, a successful pregnancy is possible with IVIG and TPE adjusted to PV and titers. We also propose a patient registry and comprehensive management plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Homelessness is a traumatic experience, and can have a devastating effect on those experiencing it. People who are homeless often face significant barriers when accessing public services, and have often experienced adverse childhood events, extreme social disadvantage, physical, emotional and sexual abuse, neglect, low self‐esteem, poor physical and mental health, and much lower life expectancy compared to the general population. Rates of problematic substance use are disproportionately high, with many using drugs and alcohol to deal with the stress of living on the street, to keep warm, or to block out memories of previous abuse or trauma. Substance dependency can also create barriers to successful transition to stable housing. Objectives: To understand the effectiveness of different substance use interventions for adults experiencing homelessness. Search Methods: The primary source of studies for was the 4th edition of the Homelessness Effectiveness Studies Evidence and Gaps Maps (EGM). Searches for the EGM were completed in September 2021. Other potential studies were identified through a call for grey evidence, hand‐searching key journals, and unpacking relevant systematic reviews. Selection Criteria: Eligible studies were impact evaluations that involved some comparison group. We included studies that tested the effectiveness of substance use interventions, and measured substance use outcomes, for adults experiencing homelessness in high income countries. Data Collection and Analysis: Descriptive characteristics and statistical information in included studies were coded and checked by at least two members of the review team. Studies selected for the review were assessed for confidence in the findings. Standardised effect sizes were calculated and, if a study did not provide sufficient raw data for the calculation of an effect size, author(s) were contacted to obtain these data. We used random‐effects meta‐analysis and robust‐variance estimation procedures to synthesise effect sizes. If a study included multiple effects, we carried out a critical assessment to determine (even if only theoretically) whether the effects are likely to be dependent. Where dependent effects were identified, we used robust variance estimation to determine whether we can account for these. Where effect sizes were converted from a binary to continuous measure (or vice versa), we undertook a sensitivity analysis by running an additional analysis with these studies omitted. We also assessed the sensitivity of results to inclusion of non‐randomised studies and studies classified as low confidence in findings. All included an assessment of statistical heterogeneity. Finally, we undertook analysis to assess whether publication bias was likely to be a factor in our findings. For those studies that we were unable to include in meta‐analysis, we have provided a narrative synthesis of the study and its findings. Main Results: We included 48 individual papers covering 34 unique studies. The studies covered 15, 255 participants, with all but one of the studies being from the United States and Canada. Most papers were rated as low confidence (n = 25, or 52%). By far the most common reason for studies being rated as low confidence was high rates of attrition and/or differential attrition of study participants, that fell below the What Works Clearinghouse liberal attrition standard. Eleven of the included studies were rated as medium confidence and 12 studies as high confidence. The interventions included in our analysis were more effective in reducing substance use than treatment as usual, with an overall effect size of –0.11 SD (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.27, 0.05). There was substantial heterogeneity across studies, and the results were sensitive to the removal of low confidence studies (−0.21 SD, 95% CI [−0.59, 0.17] − 6 studies, 17 effect sizes), the removal of quasi‐experimental studies (−0.14 SD, 95% CI [−0.30, 0.02] − 14 studies, 41 effect sizes) and the removal of studies where an effect size had been converted from a binary to a continuous outcome (−0.08 SD, 95% CI [−0.31, 0.15] − 10 studies, 31 effect sizes). This suggests that the findings are sensitive to the inclusion of lower quality studies, although unusually the average effect increases when we removed low confidence studies. The average effect for abstinence‐based interventions compared to treatment‐as‐usual (TAU) service provision was –0.28 SD (95% CI, −0.65, 0.09) (6 studies, 15 effect sizes), and for harm reduction interventions compared to a TAU service provision is close to 0 at 0.03 SD (95% CI, −0.08, 0.14) (9 studies, 30 effect sizes). The confidence intervals for both estimates are wide and crossing zero. For both, the comparison groups are primarily abstinence‐based, with the exception of two studies where the comparison group condition was unclear. We found that both Assertative Community Treatment and Intensive Case Management were no better than treatment as usual, with average effect on substance use of 0.03 SD, 95% CI [−0.07, 0.13] and –0.47 SD, 95% CI [−0.72, −0.21] 0.05 SD, 95% CI [−0.28, 0.39] respectively. These findings are consistent with wider research, and it is important to note that we only examined the effect on substance use outcomes (these interventions can be effective in terms of other outcomes). We found that CM interventions can be effective in reducing substance use compared to treatment as usual, with an average effect of –0.47 SD, 95% CI (−0.72, −0.21). All of these results need to be considered in light of the quality of the underlying evidence. There were six further interventions where we undertook narrative synthesis. These syntheses suggest that Group Work, Harm Reduction Psychotherapy, and Therapeutic Communities are effective in reducing substance use, with mixed results found for Motivational Interviewing and Talking Therapies (including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy). The narrative synthesis suggested that Residential Rehabilitation was no better than treatment as usual in terms of reducing substance use for our population of interest. Authors' Conclusions: Although our analysis of harm reduction versus treatment as usual, abstinence versus treatment as usual, and harm reduction versus abstinence suggests that these different approaches make little real difference to the outcomes achieved in comparison to treatment as usual. The findings suggest that some individual interventions are more effective than others. The overall low quality of the primary studies suggests that further primary impact research could be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive distillation (RD) is a process intensification technique that offers major advantages over conventional technologies by enabling the integration of reaction and separation into a single apparatus. This integration introduces and exploits complex interaction between mass transfer, chemical reaction and hydrodynamics within an RD column; however, these complexities can hinder the adoption of RD by industry. Many approaches have been developed by the scientific community to advance understanding and to expedite the initialization of RD design at the conceptual level. This paper critically discusses recent developments in conceptual methods for synthesizing RD processes. This review paper is the first to consider the range of available approaches for assessing the technical feasibility, controllability, economic viability, and sustainability of RD units by taking into account various configurations in which RD is treated as a new unit operation, and as part of process synthesis in a different way of designing processes based on functions. The review also addresses complex configurations, such as advanced RD technologies. Special attention is paid to process modeling and simulation as well as to education. Knowledge gaps to be filled by further research are indicated. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How people experience nature influences their attitudes and actions towards it. Having had a negative encounter with an animal may facilitate avoidance and freezing responses which may encourage negative feelings towards it and the environment in which it is found. Animals associated with fear, such as snakes, are often the victims of hunting and killing, possibly in part due to an overperception of their inherent danger.Past research has shown that fear affects approach–avoidance response at both the preparatory and executive stages of movement. However, the way one reacts to different threats may also depend on its proximity and how fearful one is of that specific threat.We employed a mouse‐tracking paradigm where participants (N = 40) categorized pictures of threatening and non‐threatening animals (snakes and butterflies respectively). The picture could appear at the middle, top or bottom of the screen. Participants initiated the movement from the centre of the screen and the category labels appeared on the top of the screen. Participants therefore had to either move towards the picture on the top or move away from the picture (presented centrally or at the bottom). Participants were split into fearful and non‐fearful groups based on self‐report snake fear.Non‐fearful participants were generally slower when a threat was present. But, in the fearful group, we found longer movement initiation times for central threats and shorter initiation times for off‐centre threats (compared to neutral targets). Fearful participants were also slower to initiate movement when moving away from the threat, but faster when moving towards it (compared to neutral targets). The slower start and execution may be due to the lack of active planning and/or may imply the presence of a passive temporary freezing response.Strong negative emotions towards nature and animals serve as crucial factors both in animal phobias and anti‐animal behaviours (i.e. the purposeful decimation of certain species). Understanding the action dynamics of approach–avoid behaviours in response to threatening animals may help to inform both the prevention and treatment of phobias, and relatedly, the promotion of conservationist endeavours. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distinguishing primary liver cancer (PLC), namely hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), from liver metastases is of crucial clinical importance. Histopathology remains the gold standard, but differential diagnosis may be challenging. While absent in most epithelial, the expression of the adherens junction glycoprotein N‐cadherin is commonly restricted to neural and mesenchymal cells, or carcinoma cells that undergo the phenomenon of epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, we recently established N‐ and E‐cadherin expression as hallmarks of normal hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, which are also preserved in HCC and iCCA. Therefore, we hypothesized that E‐ and/or N‐cadherin may distinguish between carcinoma derived from the liver vs carcinoma of other origins. We comprehensively evaluated E‐ and N‐cadherin in 3359 different tumors in a multicenter study using immunohistochemistry and compared our results with previously published 882 cases of PLC, including 570 HCC and 312 iCCA. Most carcinomas showed strong positivity for E‐cadherin. Strong N‐cadherin positivity was present in HCC and iCCA. However, except for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (23.6% of cases) and thyroid cancer (29.2%), N‐cadherin was only in some instances faintly expressed in adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract (0%–0.5%), lung (7.1%), pancreas (3.9%), gynecological organs (0%–7.4%), breast (2.2%) as well as in urothelial (9.4%) and squamous cell carcinoma (0%–5.6%). As expected, N‐cadherin was detected in neuroendocrine tumors (25%–75%), malignant melanoma (46.2%) and malignant mesothelioma (41%). In conclusion, N‐cadherin is a useful marker for the distinction of PLC vs liver metastases of extrahepatic carcinomas (P <.01). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing ability of neuroscience to analyse and modulate human brain functions calls for a new regulatory approach to identify and deal with potential harmful applications in the early stages of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversity‐oriented synthesis of some novel functionalized azaheterocyclic β‐amino esters with multiple chiral centers from 1,3‐cyclooctadiene‐based β‐amino acids through a stereocontrolled synthetic route has been accomplished. The strategy was based on the creation of some novel unsaturated N‐protected cyclic β‐amino esters from 1,3‐cyclooctadiene. Products were subjected to ring‐opening metathesis (ROM) followed by selective ring‐closing metathesis (RCM). A comparative investigation on the selectivity, regarding the catalysts, yields, conversions, and substrate directing effect on ring‐rearrangement metathesis (RRM) transformation has been accomplished. Importantly, the procedure used in this synthetic process does not affect the configuration of the chiral centers. The pathway takes place across conservation of the configurations of the stereocenters; therefore, the architectural skeleton of the starting cyclooctene‐based β‐amino acids predetermined the structure of the new azaheterocyclic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Screen time has been reported to be associated with binge‐eating disorder (BED) among adolescents in the US; however, potential mediators remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate depression symptoms as a mediator of the prospective association between screen time and BED. Method: We utilized data from 9465 children (aged 9–11 years at baseline) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study (2016–2021). A generalized structural equation model was used to examine the prospective association between average daily screen time at baseline and BED at year 2, adjusting for baseline BED diagnosis, and other potential covariates (e.g., age, sex, and income). Mediation was examined using bias‐corrected (BC) 95% confidence intervals for the indirect effect of baseline screen time on year 2 BED through depression symptoms (change from baseline to year 1). Results: One hundred and one participants (42.7% male, 49.4% racial/ethnic minority) met the criteria for BED in year 2. Participants were 9.9 years of age on average at baseline, 51.3% identified as male, and 43.1% identified as a racial/ethnic minority. Adjusting for covariates, screen time was prospectively associated with BED (OR = 1.09, 95% CI [1.03, 1.14], p =.005). Depression symptoms (B =.19, BC 95% CI [0.10, 0.28]) partially mediated (9.2%) the prospective association between screen time and BED. Discussion: Among US adolescents, higher baseline screen time was prospectively associated with BED diagnosis at year 2, and this relationship was partially mediated by increased depression symptoms. Preventive approaches targeting high screen use may have utility for reducing BED risk among adolescents. Public significance: Among U.S. adolescents, higher screen time was prospectively associated with the incidence of BED. This association was partially mediated by the change in depressive symptoms. Preventive approaches targeting high screen use may have utility for reducing BED risk among adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we optimized the recipe of ground tire rubber (GTR) containing natural rubber--based vulcanizates using the Taguchi method. We examined the effect of the amount of different components on the mechanical properties of natural rubber--based vulcanizates containing GTR. We determined the individual impact of each component on the tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus, tear strength, and hardness of the vulcanizates. However, when multiple components are changed simultaneously, understanding the underlying processes can be challenging. Nevertheless, using the Taguchi method, we were able to decide which component quantity we needed to modify to enhance a specific mechanical property. With the Taguchi method, we determined how and to what extent each component influences the tensile strength of vulcanizates in a sulfur-based vulcanization system. Finally, based on the results, we formulated a recipe to produce a vulcanizate with approximately 43% higher tensile strength compared to the reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Genetically engineered mouse models have the potential to unravel fundamental biological processes and provide mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of human diseases. We have previously observed that germline genetic variation at the TULP4 locus influences clinical characteristics in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. To elucidate the role of TULP4 in pathological and physiological processes in vivo, we generated a Tulp4 knockout mouse model. Systemic Tulp4 deficiency exerted a strong impact on embryonic development in both Tulp4 homozygous null (Tulp4−/−) and heterozygous (Tulp4+/−) knockout mice, the former exhibiting perinatal lethality. High‐resolution episcopic microscopy (HREM) of day 14.5 embryos allowed for the identification of multiple developmental defects in Tulp4−/− mice, including severe heart defects. Moreover, in Tulp4+/− embryos HREM revealed abnormalities of several organ systems, which per se do not affect prenatal or postnatal survival. In adult Tulp4+/− mice, extensive examinations of hematopoietic and cardiovascular features, involving histopathological surveys of multiple tissues as well as blood counts and immunophenotyping, did not provide evidence for anomalies as observed in corresponding embryos. Finally, evaluating a potential obesity‐related phenotype as reported for other TULP family members revealed a trend for increased body weight of Tulp4+/− mice. Research Highlights: To study the role of the TULP4 gene in vivo, we generated a Tulp4 knockout mouse model.Correlative analyses involving HREM revealed a strong impact of Tulp4 deficiency on murine embryonic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research supports the argument that community‐based organizations (CBOs) can be effective vehicles to shift societal norms and expectations in order to facilitate co‐creation and acceptability of new and sustainable ways of living. CBOs are conceptualized as meso‐level entities where sustainable behavior can be socialized through not‐for‐profit and socioecological‐oriented approaches, a unique position in a market society. To learn what roles CBOs fulfill when providing space for peer interactions influencing sustainable behavior, a qualitative research study was carried out based on 21 interviews with key stakeholders from CBOs working in different sustainability‐related fields (mobility, food, energy, etc.) in the urban context of Budapest, Hungary. The grouping and interpretation of interview data show that the sampled urban CBOs can impact sustainable behavior through (1) raising members' awareness; (2) influencing everyday practices; and (3) providing space for non‐consumerist peer interactions. These impacts can be exercised through the three roles of translation, reinforcement, and contribution. Translation covers the practical‐cognitive (why it is important and how to do it) dimensions of peer interactions, while reinforcement and contribution are psychological‐emotional factors, the former being directed toward adopting individual practices (through positive reinforcement), the latter pointing to the collective, the common good to which one feels one is contributing. These results imply that sustainability‐oriented policymaking could support the sustainability transition by co‐designing systems of provisions together with the affected communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lynx remains are rare in archaeological assemblages. The skeleton of an adult male accompanied by four dogs was found in a large Migration Period pit at Zamárdi–Kútvölgyi‐dűlő II, Hungary. Extant lynx skeletons were used in estimating the shoulder height of this individual. Its stature is comparable to those of the large dogs it was buried with. None of the five skeletons showed skinning marks. Although the physical reconstruction of the lynx was of help in appraising this special pit, the actual nature of the deposit remains in question. Possible interpretations range from the mundane discard of carcasses to the poorly understood ritual burial of carnivores, beginning with the lynx. We reviewed these options within the framework of cultural diversity of Migration Period peoples in west‐central Hungary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Isopropanol and acetone production by syngas fermentation is a promising alternative to conventional fossil carbon‐dependent production. However, this alternative technology has not yet been scaled up to an industrial level owing to the relatively low product concentrations (about 5 wt% in total). This original research aims to develop cost‐effective and energy‐efficient processes for the recovery of isopropanol and acetone from highly dilute fermentation broth (>94 wt% water) for large‐scale production (about 100 ktIPA+AC y−1). RESULTS: Vacuum distillation and pass‐through distillation enhanced with heat pumps or multi‐effect distillation were efficiently coupled with regular atmospheric distillation and extractive distillation in several innovative intensified downstream processes. Over 99.2% of isopropanol and 100% of acetone were recovered as high‐purity end‐products (>99.8 wt%). Advanced heat pumping (mechanical vapor recompression) and heat integration techniques were implemented to decrease total annual costs (0.109–0.137 USD kgIPA+AC−1), reduce energy requirements (1.348–2.043 kWth h kgIPA+AC−1) and lower CO2 emissions (0.067–0.191 kgCO2 kgIPA+AC−1), resulting in highly competitive recovery processes. CONCLUSION: The proposed three novel isopropanol and acetone recovery processes from dilute broth significantly contribute to the expansion of sustainable industrial fermentation. Furthermore, this original research is the first one to develop novel pass‐through distillation technology for the complex isopropanol–acetone–water system. All the designed processes are highly economically competitive and environmentally viable. In addition to recovering efficiently both isopropanol and acetone, the designed downstream processes offer the possibility to enhance the fermentation process by recycling all the present microorganisms and reducing fresh‐water requirements. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent success of far‐right populism has led to a wave of public attention to its causes. Drawing on novel survey items from the Canadian Election Study, we investigate how economic insecurity, mediated by immigration and feminist attitudes, affects voting behavior. While economic distress has been linked to far‐right voting in Europe, we find support that subjective measures of economic distress are significantly associated with voting for the Right in Canada, when interacting with immigration and feminist attitudes. However, the association only holds for men. The findings suggest that Canada, despite its comparatively weak nativist cleavage, is not immune to tensions arising from globalization and economic insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of supported metal catalysts heavily relies on the synergistic interactions between metal nanoparticles and the material they are dispersed on. It is clear that interfacial perimeter sites have outstanding skills for turning catalytic reactions over, however, high activity and selectivity of the designed interface‐induced metal distortion can also obtain catalysts for the most crucial industrial processes as evidenced in this paper. Herein, the beneficial synergy established between designed Pt nanoparticles and MnO in the course of the reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction resulted in a Pt/MnO catalyst having ≈10 times higher activity compared to the reference Pt/SBA‐15 catalyst with >99 % CO selectivity. Under activation, a crystal assembly through the metallic Pt (110) and MnO evolved, where the plane distance differences caused a mismatched‐row structure in softer Pt nanoparticles, which was identified by microscopic and surface‐sensitive spectroscopic characterizations combined with density functional theory simulations. The generated edge dislocations caused the Pt lattice expansion which led to the weakening of the Pt−CO bond. Even though MnO also exhibited an adverse effect on Pt by lowering the number of exposed metal sites, rapid desorption of the linearly adsorbed CO species governed the performance of the Pt/MnO in the RWGS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to unique technical challenges, effective peripheral blood stem cell collections (PBSCs) have not been consistently reported in patients weighing less than 5 kg. We describe three PBSCs performed in a 4.6‐kg child undergoing myeloablative chemotherapy for high‐grade glioma. Study Design and Methods: A multidisciplinary group representing the clinical and apheresis teams adapted a PBSC protocol to accommodate the patient's size and collection targets. Special considerations included timing of the collection relative to chemotherapy, vascular access, strategies for monitoring adverse events during collection, and contingencies. Results and Discussion: The patient underwent three PBSC procedures over 2 days due to suboptimal collection after the first two procedures. For procedure 1, a conservative inlet: anticoagulant (AC) ratio and AC infusion rate of 15 and 0.6 mL/min/L total blood volume (TBV) resulted in premature discontinuation due to clotting. A ratio of 8 and AC infusion rate of 1.5–1.7 mL/min/L TBV with subsequent titration to higher levels were adopted for the second and third procedures. These changes resulted in greater acid‐citrate‐dextrose exposure, that was managed by continuous calcium chloride infusion. There was no hypocalcemia, hypotension, or distress during any procedure. A total of 15 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg were collected. This retrospective review illustrates that PBSC can be safely undertaken in children weighing less than 5 kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Kidney dysfunction (KD) is a main limiting factor of applying guideline‐directed medical therapy (GDMT) and reaching the recommended target doses (TD) in heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Hypothesis: We aimed to assess the success of optimization, long‐term applicability, and adherence of neurohormonal antagonist triple therapy (TT:RASi [ACEi/ARB/ARNI] + βB + MRA) according to the KD after a HF hospitalization and to investigate its impact on prognosis. Methods: The data of 247 real‐world, consecutive patients were analyzed who were hospitalized in 2019−2021 for HFrEF and then were followed‐up for 1 year. The application and the ratio of reached TD of TT at hospital discharge and at 1 year were assessed comparing KD categories (eGFR: ≥90, 60−89, 45−59, 30−44, <30 mL/min/1.73 m2). Moreover, 1‐year all‐cause mortality and rehospitalization rates in KD subgroups were investigated. Results: Majority of the patients received TT at hospital discharge (77%) and at 1 year (73%). More severe KD led to a lower application ratio (p <.05) of TT (92%, 88%, 80%, 73%, 31%) at discharge and at 1 year (81%, 76%, 76%, 68%, 40%). Patients with more severe KD were less likely (p <.05) to receive TD of MRA (81%, 68%, 78%, 61%, 52%) at discharge and a RASi (53%, 49%, 45%, 21%, 27%) at 1 year. One‐year all‐cause mortality (14%, 15%, 16%, 33%, 48%, p <.001), the ratio of all‐cause rehospitalizations (30%, 35%, 40%, 43%, 52%, p =.028), and rehospitalizations for HF (8%, 13%, 18%, 20%, 38%, p =.001) were significantly higher in more severe KD categories. Conclusions: KD unfavorably affects the application of TT in HFrEF, however poorer mortality and rehospitalization rates among them highlight the role of the conscious implementation and up‐titration of GDMT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 70% (90.5 million) of United States (US) households own at least one pet. Dogs are the most common, making up about 38% of all household pets, followed by cats, which make up 25%. Other pets such as fish, birds, reptiles, and small animals such as hamsters, gerbils, and rabbits are less common household members. Pets are often considered a part of the family and there are significant medical and psychosocial benefits to pet ownership; however, the possibility of disease transmission exists related to the type of animal and infectious organism, and specific human risk factors. Immunocompromised individuals may be at increased risk of serious illness from zoonotic infections. During the transplant evaluation and routinely posttransplant, the multidisciplinary team should inquire about pet ownership and animal exposures to guide on potential risks. This review discusses the most common diseases seen in various household pets including dogs, cats, birds, fish, and some farm animals. We will also present guidelines for pet safety and include strategies to decrease the risk of infection while supporting the benefits of pet ownership after transplant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, published in the Journal of Cutaneous Pathology, discusses a case of metachronous primary secretory carcinomas (SC) in the eyelid and parotid gland. SCs are rare tumors that are mainly found in the parotid gland, but can also occur in other locations such as the eyelid. Histopathologically, SCs are characterized by secretions within the cells and a specific chromosomal translocation. The article presents the case of a patient who had two separate SCs in the eyelid and parotid gland, and discusses the differential diagnosis and prognosis of these tumors. The patient did not experience recurrence or metastasis after surgical excision of both tumors. [Extracted from the article]