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Electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is a sustainable alternative to the Haber‒Bosch process for ammonia (NH3) production. However, the significant uphill energy in the multistep NRR pathway is a bottleneck for favorable serial reactions. To overcome this challenge, we designed a vanadium oxide/nitride (V2O3/VN) hybrid electrocatalyst in which V2O3 and VN coexist coherently at the heterogeneous interface. Since single‐phase V2O3 and VN exhibit different surface catalytic kinetics for NRR, the V2O3/VN hybrid electrocatalyst can provide alternating reaction pathways, selecting a lower energy pathway for each material in the serial NRR pathway. As a result, the ammonia yield of the V2O3/VN hybrid electrocatalyst was 219.6 µg h−1 cm−2, and the Faradaic efficiency was 18.9%, which is much higher than that of single‐phase VN, V2O3, and VNxOy solid solution catalysts without heterointerfaces. Density functional theory calculations confirmed that the composition of these hybrid electrocatalysts allows NRR to proceed from a multistep reduction reaction to a low‐energy reaction pathway through the migration and adsorption of intermediate species. Therefore, the design of metal oxide/nitride hybrids with coherent heterointerfaces provides a novel strategy for synthesizing highly efficient electrochemical catalysts that induce steps favorable for the efficient low‐energy progression of NRR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Non‐aqueous lithium‐oxygen batteries (LOBs) have emerged as a promising candidate due to their high theoretical energy density and eco‐friendly cathode reaction materials. However, LOBs still suffer from high overpotential and poor cycling stability resulting from difficulties in the decomposition of discharge reaction Li2O2 products. Here, a 3D open network catalyst structure is proposed based on highly‐thin and porous multi‐metal oxide nanofibers (MMONFs) developed by a facile electrospinning approach coupled with a heat treatment process. The developed hierarchically interconnected 3D porous MMONFs catalyst structure with high specific surface area and porosity shows the enhanced electrochemical reaction kinetics associated with Li2O2 formation and decomposition on the cathode surface during the charge and discharge processes. The uniquely assembled cathode materials with MMONFs exhibit excellent electrochemical performance with energy efficiency of 82% at a current density of 50 mA g−1 and a long‐term cycling stability over 100 cycles at 200 mA g−1 with a cut‐off capacity of 500 mAh g−1. Moreover, the optimized cathode materials exhibit a remarkable energy density of 1013 Wh kg−1 at the 100th discharge and charge cycle, which is nearly four times higher than that of C/NMC721, which has the highest energy density among the cathode materials currently used in electric vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Urea oxidation reaction (UOR) has been utilized to substitute the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), to escalate the energy conversion efficiency in electrochemical hydrogen generation processes with denitrification of widespread urea in wastewater. This study reports breakthroughs in Ni‐based UOR electrocatalysts, particularly with NiFe oxalate (O‐NFF), derived from Ni3Fe alloy foam with prismatic nanostructures and elevated surface area. The O‐NFF achieves cutting‐edge performances, representing 500 mA cm−2 of current density at 1.47 V RHE and exceptionally low Tafel slope of 12.1 mV dec−1 (in 1 m KOH with 0.33 m urea). X‐ray photoelectron/absorption spectroscopy (XPS/XAS) coupled with density functional theory calculations unveil that oxalate ligands induce charge deficient Ni center, promoting stable urea‐O adsorption. Furthermore, Fe dopants enhance oxalate‐O charge density and H‐bond strength, facilitating C‐N cleavage for N2 and NO2− formation. The extraordinary UOR kinetics by the tandem effects of oxalate and Fe prevent Ni over‐oxidation, corroborated by operando XAS, minimizing OER interference. It agrees with an adaptive reconstruction to Fe‐doped β‐NiOOH on top surface in extended urea electrolysis with marginal loss in UOR kinetics. This findings shed light to bimetal‐organic‐framework as (pre)catalysts to improve industrial electrolytic H2 production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Excess charge carriers in metal halide perovskite layer have been known to accelerate degradation of the film and devices to cause poor operational stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). While mechanisms for such degradation have been predominantly studied for methylammonium‐based perovskites, effects of excess charge carriers and their interplays with other degradation causes are barely studied for widely used formamidinium‐based perovskites. Herein, a possible decomposition mechanism of the formamidinium lead tri‐iodide (FAPbI3) perovskite in the presence of excess charge under different humidity levels is investigated. The operating condition with excessive charges is simulated by placing half devices with either electron‐transporting layer (ETL) or hole‐transporting layer (HTL) under 1 sun illumination. FAPbI3 in contact with ETL degrades more rapidly than the one with HTL, which is attributed to excess hole charge carriers in the film. Under higher humidity, the synergetic effect of excess charge carriers and humidity is found and thus degradation pathway and kinetics are strongly dependent on the humidity level. The fundamental understanding of degradation pathways for formamidinium perovskites should provide a useful insight toward the development of efficient and operationally stable PSCs toward practical usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Here,nonprecious high‐entropy chalcogenide glasses (N‐HECGs) consisting of Co, Fe, Ni, Mo, W, and Te are demonstrated in a first demonstration of acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). N‐HECGs electrocatalysts with high activity and stability are synthesized using a hierarchical hybrid approach based on a combination of electrochemical deposition and tellurization process. The as‐prepared CoFeNiMoWTe N‐HECGs electrocatalysts exhibit an amorphous, porous structure of arrayed nanosheets with abundant active sites and the increased valence states of metal cations due to the incorporated non‐metallic Te, enabling the enhancement of glass forming ability and the valence states of metal elements. Thanks to the combination of their unique geometrical and chemical structure, as well as high configuration entropy nature and high corrosion‐resistance ability, the resultant CoFeNiMoWTe N‐HECGs exhibit excellent acidic OER catalytic performance with a superior overpotential of 373 mV and outstanding stability of 100 h at the current density of 10 mA cm−2 in 0.5 m H2SO4. Moreover, the CoFeNiMoWTe‐based proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer is demonstrated to require a cell voltage of 1.81 V at 70 °C to obtain the practically high current density of 1 A cm−2, and exhibits remarkably long‐term stability for 100 h with small potential degradation of only 30 mV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The development of an efficient pH‐universal hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst is essential for practical hydrogen production. Here, an efficient and stable pH‐universal HER electrocatalyst composed of the strongly coupled 2D NiCo2S4 and 2D ReS2 nanosheets (NiCo2S4/ReS2) is demonstrated. The NiCo2S4/ReS2 2D–2D nanocomposite is directly grown on the surface of the carbon cloth substrate, which exhibits excellent HER performance with overpotentials of 85 and 126 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and Tafel slopes of 78.3 and 67.8 mV dec−1 under both alkaline and acidic conditions, respectively. Theoretical and experimental characterizations reveal that the chemical coupling between NiCo2S4 and ReS2 layers induces electron transfer from Ni and Co to interfacial Re‐neighbored S atoms, enabling beneficial H atom adsorption and desorption for both acidic and alkaline HER. Simultaneously, an electron transfer‐induced spin‐crossover generates high‐spin interfacial Ni and Co atoms that promote water dissociation kinetics at the NiCo2S4/ReS2 interface, which is the origin of the superior alkaline HER activity. NiCo2S4/ReS2 also shows decent catalytic activity and long‐term durability for oxygen evolution reaction, and finally bifunctionality for overall water splitting. This study suggests a rational strategy to enhance water dissociation kinetics by inducing spin‐crossover via electron transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In extensional and transtensional basins, the dual action of basin‐forming tectonism and explosive volcanic activity results in deposition of complex volcano‐sedimentary successions. Since both aspects contemporaneously affect sediment‐dispersal systems, it is difficult to distinguish one from the other by analyzing volcano‐sedimentary successions. To discriminate tectonic influence, basin fills of the Miocene, pull‐apart Janggi Basin were investigated. Here, the contemporaneous influence of tectonic subsidence and explosive volcanism formed <966 m thick, conformable volcano‐sedimentary successions composed of laterally extensive, pumice‐bearing, unwelded pyroclastic deposits and nonmarine sedimentary rocks formed under humid climatic conditions. Based on Laser Ablation – Multiple Collector – Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry zircon U–Pb age data, these successions were deposited from 21.1 ± 0.2 to 20.1 ± 0.1 Ma. After deposition of basinwide, tens of metres thick, and unwelded pyroclastic deposits, the directly overlying facies successions (FS‐1 and FS‐2) show contrasting depositional features to the classical model of volcaniclastic sedimentation. Facies succession‐1 is represented by fluvial conglomerates composed mostly of (sub)rounded pebble and cobble sourced from basement. The supply of basement‐derived clasts through fluvial systems resulted from development of physiographic relief during or soon after the eruption by syndepositional tectonic subsidence. Facies succession‐2 occurs directly on pyroclastic deposits that cover FS‐1 and show coarsening‐upward trends, and is composed of basal lacustrine mudstones and overlying resedimented volcaniclastic sandstones showing a progradational geometry, interpreted as a result of progressive filling of the lake by remobilized volcaniclastic sediments. Occurrence of basal lacustrine laminated mudstones indicates that syndepositional creation of the accommodation by tectonic subsidence exceeded forceful input of pyroclastic and remobilized volcaniclastic sediments, resulting in a delayed sedimentary response to explosive volcanic eruptions. This study shows that, despite voluminous production of volcaniclastic sediments, tectonic activity controlled sediment type and stacking patterns. Therefore, these depositional features allow to discriminate tectonic effects from complex volcano‐sedimentary successions, enabling to reconstruct basin evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Spinel‐type LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) is one of the most promising 5 V‐class cathode materials for Li‐ion batteries that can achieve high energy density and low production costs. However, in liquid electrolyte cells, the high voltage causes continuous cell degradation through the oxidative decomposition of carbonate‐based liquid electrolytes. In contrast, some solid‐state electrolytes have a wide electrochemical stability range and can withstand the required oxidative potential. In this work, a thin‐film battery consisting of an LNMO cathode with a solid lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) electrolyte is tested and their interface before and after cycling is characterized. With Li metal as the anode, this system can deliver stable performance for 600 cycles with an average Coulombic efficiency >99%. Neutron depth profiling indicates a slight overlithiated layer at the interface prior to cycling, a result that is consistent with the excess charge capacity measured during the first cycle. Cryogenic electron microscopy further reveals intimate contact between LNMO and LiPON without noticeable structure and chemical composition evolution after extended cycling, demonstrating the superior stability of LiPON against a high voltage cathode. Consequently, design guidelines are proposed for interface engineering that can accelerate the commercialization of a high voltage cell with solid or liquid electrolytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

We provide a simple and systematic computational model to study ion channel permeability using density functional theory. While existing permeability models with a hard‐wall steric hindrance factor work reasonably well for large ions, they severely inhibit the permeation of small ions through channel pores. Here, by introducing a steric hindrance factor that allows pore expansion due to intrinsically soft ion transfer channel walls, the new permeability model accurately describes the effect of steric hindrance stemming from the soft and flexible ion channel wall. Most importantly, the soft‐wall ion transfer channel model works for a wide range of ionic radii from fluoride to gluconate. In addition, we show that strong local electrostatic interaction between densely charged ions such as fluoride and bicarbonate and ion channels with ion binding sites significantly promotes the permeation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Developing electrolytes with new chemical structures that simultaneously satisfy excellent ionic conductivity, chemical stability, and thermal stability is an indispensable prerequisite for studying next‐generation electrochemical. Herein, we propose a new class of ionic compounds consisting of graphene quantum dots (GQD) polyanions with alkali metal cations. The synthesized solid salts readily dissolve in various solvents ranging from water to carbonates allowing highly conductive liquid electrolytes for electrochemical systems. Molecular dynamics simulation with the electrochemical characterization reveals that the ionic compounds provide highly abundant free metal cations with highly stable GQD polyanions, and negligible ion pairs in solution. The lithium salt (Li‐GQD) shows higher lithium transference number than the conventional LiPF6 electrolyte, which improves the interfacial stability of Li metals and leads to a decrease in overvoltage at a high C‐rate in battery performance. The Li‐GQD electrolyte solution offers a wide electrochemical window of −0.2−5 V, which can reliably apply to various electrode materials (graphite, Li4Ti5O12, and LiCoO2). Prussian blue thin film utilizing K‐GQD as electrolyte shows significantly improved electrochromic behaviour and higher K+ cation mobility than other controls using conventional electrolytes. We expect our study on the GQD ionic complex to be another signpost for exploring an innovative electrolyte for electrochemical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The article titled "Hierarchically Interconnected 3D Catalyst Structure of Porous Multi-Metal Oxide Nanofibers for High-Performance Li-O2 Batteries" discusses the development of a new catalyst structure for Li-O2 batteries. The researchers, Kim, Sohn, and their colleagues, have created a hierarchical architecture of thin and porous multi-metal oxide nanofibers with a 3D open network of interconnected catalysts. This structure increases the active surface area and provides rapid access channels, improving the electrochemical reaction kinetics and allowing for the reversible and effective formation and decomposition of Li2O2 in Li-O2 batteries. [Extracted from the article] more...

In the last 10 years, organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells have achieved unprecedented advances, to the point where they now exhibit extremely high efficiency. However, long‐term stability and areal scalability limitations impede the commercial application of perovskite materials, and appropriate diagnosistic tools have become necessary to evaluate perovskite materials. Characterization of perovskite materials is regularly misinterpretated, due to unique intrinsic and extrinsic factors: degradation from the measurement source, ion migration, phase transition, and separation. Herein, studies on perovskites are reviewed that have used advanced characterization tools to overcome characterization challenges. Cryogenic temperature assisted measurements mitigate degradation or phase transitions induced by the measurement source. In situ measurements can track the variation of perovskite materials depending on external stimuli. Spatial material properties are able to be evaluated by the use of multidimensional mapping techniques. An overview of these advanced characterization tools that can overcome the challenges associated with established tools provides the opportunity for further understanding perovskite materials and solving the remaining challenges on the road to commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This study investigates the effect of post‐heat treatments (solution treatment + aging [SA] and hot isostatic pressing + aging [HIPed]) on the tensile property as well as the room temperature and cryogenic impact toughness of Inconel 718 alloy manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM). The porosities of the three specimens measure SLM SA: 1.10% and SLM HIPed: 0.06%, and wrought SA: 0.01%. Initial microstructural observation shows γ″ + γ′ phase in all three alloys (SLM SA, SLM HIPed, and wrought SA). SLM SA and wrought SA show δ phase of greater fraction compared with SLM HIPed. SLM HIPed and wrought SA show a generally uniform microstructure, and equiaxed grains are found. In tensile tests, SLM HIPed shows greater strength compared with that of wrought SA, but SLM SA shows lowest yield strength among them. The elongations of SLM alloys are ≈1/3 of that of wrought SA. An impact test result shows that impact toughness value at cryogenic temperature of SLM HIPed alloy shows 80% of that of wrought SA. However, SLM SA shows relatively lower impact toughness. In addition, this study attempts to identify the deformation behavior and fracture mechanism of SLM Inconel 718 alloy based on the microstructural characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Background and Purpose: Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is the most common hereditary peripheral neuropathy. CMT type 1A (CMT1A) accounts for approximately 50% of CMT patients and is linked to PMP22 gene duplication. Histone deacetylase-6 (HDAC6) has pleiotropic effects, such as regulating lipid homeostasis and cellular stress. Although HDAC6 has been regarded as a promising drug target for neurodegenerative diseases, its inhibition has not yet been tested in CMT1A. Here we have tested the therapeutic potential of CKD-504, a clinical stage HDAC6 inhibitor, in a mouse model of CMT1A EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: The potency and selectivity of CKD-504 was evaluated, using a HDAC enzyme panel assay and western blots. The therapeutic potential of CKD-504 was evaluated using behavioural testing and electrophysiological assessments in the C22 mouse model of CMT1A. PMP22 protein expression and aggregation were analysed in mesenchymal stem cell-derived Schwann cells from CMT1A patients and sciatic nerves from C22 mice.Key Results: The HDAC6 inhibitor, CKD-504, modulated molecular chaperon proteins such as HSP90 and HSP70, which are involved in the folding/refolding of proteins such as PMP22. CKD-504 treatment restored myelination in both mesenchymal stem cell-derived Schwann cells from CMT1A patients and sciatic nerves of C22 mice and improved the axonal integrity of the sciatic nerve, leading to behavioural, electrophysiological, and histological improvements in C22 mice.Conclusion and Implications: A novel HDAC6 inhibitor, CKD-504, has potent therapeutic efficacy for CMT1A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Here, we report a case of acute intestinal obstruction as the initial presentation of primary lung cancer in a male patient. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed multiple polypoid masses and regional lymphadenopathy with small bowel obstruction. The patient underwent emergency surgery for multiple luminal malignancy with mesenteric masses. According to the various clinicopathological features, the tumor was confirmed to be metastatic large cell carcinoma originating from the lung. Large masses in the left lower lobe of the lung were identified on the chest CT after emergency surgery, and non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), not otherwise specified (NOS), was finally diagnosed on biopsy through bronchoscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Background and Aim: Although low skeletal muscle mass (LSMM) is known to increase the risk of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), limited reports have described the relationship between LSMM and advanced fibrosis. Here, we investigated the association between LSMM and advanced liver fibrosis in NAFLD patients. Methods: Fatty liver was diagnosed using ultrasound, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. LSMM was defined in two ways: ASM/body weight percentage (LSMM‐BW) and ASM/body mass index. Liver fibrosis stage was assessed by two models, the NAFLD fibrosis score and the Fibrosis‐4 index, which determined low and high cutoff values (COVs). Results: Of 10 711 NAFLD patients, 615 were diagnosed with LSMM‐BW. LSMM patients were older (47.6 vs 52.5 years, P = 0.001) and had higher body mass index values (23.6 vs 29.1 kg/m2, P < 0.001) and waist circumferences (80.1 vs 93.3 cm, P < 0.001) than non‐LSMM patients. LSMM was an independent risk factor for advanced fibrosis assessed by a low COV for the Fibrosis‐4 index regardless of its classification (adjusted for metabolic and lipid profiles and sex, odds ratio [OR], 1.27–2.01; all P < 0.05). LSMM was an independent risk factor for advanced fibrosis assessed by both COVs of NAFLD fibrosis score (adjusted for obesity, hypertension, lipid profile, and sex; OR, 1.64–2.01, P < 0.01 in the low COV group; OR, 2.68–3.12, P = 0.002 in the high COV group). Conclusions: Low skeletal muscle mass is associated with advanced fibrosis in NAFLD patients independent of metabolic risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Abstract: Organic/inorganic hybrid solar cells, typically mesoscopic and perovskite solar cells, are regarded as promising candidates to replace conventional silicon or thin film photovoltaics. There have been intensive investigations on the development of advanced materials for improved power conversion efficiencies, however, economical feasibilities and reliabilities of the organic/inorganic photovoltaics are yet to reach at a sufficient level for practical utilizations. In this study, cobalt nitride (CoN) nanofilms prepared by room‐temperature vapor deposition in an inert N2 atmosphere, which is a facile and highly reproducible procedure, are proposed as a low‐cost counter electrode in mesoscopic dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) and a hole transport material in inverted planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs) for the first time. The CoN film successfully replaces conventional Pt in DSCs, resulting in a power conversion efficiency comparable to the ones based on Pt. In addition, PSCs employing the CoN manifest high efficiency even up to 15.0%, which is comparable to state‐of‐the‐art performance in the cases of PSCs employing inorganic hole transporters. Furthermore, flexible solar cell applications of the CoN are performed in both mesoscopic and perovskite solar cells, verifying the advantages of the room‐temperature deposition process and feasibilities of the CoN nanofilms in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

To develop doped carbon nanostructures as non-precious metal cathode catalysts, nanocomposites were synthesized by using SBA-15 and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin-iron(III) chloride with different ratios of amorphous MoS2 precursor. From various analyses, it was found that, during pyrolysis at 900 °C under an N2 atmosphere, the amorphous MoS2 precursor decomposed into Mo and S, facilitating the formation of graphene sheet-like carbon with MoC and doping of sulfur in the carbon. In the nanocomposite formed from 10 wt % MoS2 precursor (denoted as Mo/S/PC-10), most of the MoS2 was decomposed, thus forming S-doped carbon, which was grown on the MoC phase without crystalline MoS2. Furthermore, Mo/S/PC-10 exhibited better performance in the oxygen reduction reaction (specific activity of 1.23 mA cm−2 at 0.9 V and half-wave potential of 0.864 V) than a commercial Pt catalyst, owing to a heteroatom-doped carbon nanostructure with a fairly high specific surface area. In the polarization curve of the unit-cell performance measured at 80 °C under ambient pressure, Mo/S/PC-10 as a cathode catalyst exhibited an optimal power density of 314 mW cm−2 and a current density of 280 mA cm−2 at 0.6 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

See-through capability is an important performance indicator of transparent display. The visibility of the background is affected by the transmittance factor, haze, distance between the transparent display and an object in the background, and the illuminance. In this paper, the perceived see-through level (PSL) is proposed to represent the degree of visibility of the background. The PSL is determined by considering both transmittance factor and haze. Experimental results indicate that the proposed PSL effectively describes the visibility of the background behind the transparent displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In this study, we proposed high-performance chemically regenerative redox fuel cells (CRRFCs) using NO3−/NO with a nitrogen-doped carbon-felt electrode and a chemical regeneration reaction of NO to NO3− via O2. The electrochemical cell using the nitrate reduction to NO at the cathode on the carbon felt and oxidation of H2 as a fuel at the anode showed a maximal power density of 730 mW cm−2 at 80 °C and twofold higher power density of 512 mW cm−2 at 0.8 V, than the target power density of 250 mW cm−2 at 0.8 V in the H2/O2 proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). During the operation of the CRRFCs with the chemical regeneration reactor for 30 days, the CRRFCs maintained 60 % of the initial performance with a regeneration efficiency of about 92.9 % and immediately returned to the initial value when supplied with fresh HNO3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This study describes the synthesis of novel gene delivery vector with low toxicity and high transfection efficiency for magnetofection. The rational design of magnetofection vector called PPMag (PEI-associated polycaprolactone (PCL)-SPIONs) composed of oleic acid (OA) stabilized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPPIONs) prepared by thermolysis of iron oleate with a combination of hydrophobic PCL and proton absorbing polymer polyethyleneimine (PEI) (PEI-PCL-SPIONs) is described. Encapsulation of amphiphilic PEI with SPIONs not only improves water dispersity of SPIONs, but also allows nucleic acid (NA) condensation and endosomal/lysosomal escape via proton sponge effect after internalization in cells. MTT cytotoxicity assay showed that cell viability was improved compared to conventional PEI-SPIONs. The luciferase activity of magneto-polyplexes treated cells significantly improved compared to both controls revealed that transfection efficiency of PPMag- pCIKlux polyplexes group was improved compared to naked pCIKlux group. The application underneath of a rare earth magnet significantly improve the transfection efficiency (i.e., the luciferase activity doubles) compared to cells without magnet, indicating that sedimentation induced by magnetic field plays important role in accumulation of magneto-polyplexes on cell surfaces. The results demonstrate that PPMag can be used as a novel gene transfection vector to improve transfection efficiency. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 145-154, 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Electrochromic device, electrolyte salt, graphene quantum dot, ionic compound, lithium-ion battery Keywords: electrochromic device; electrolyte salt; graphene quantum dot; ionic compound; lithium-ion battery EN electrochromic device electrolyte salt graphene quantum dot ionic compound lithium-ion battery 1 1 1 03/11/22 20220301 NES 220301 B The Cover Feature b shows a new class of ionic compounds, composed of the nano-sized graphene quantum dot (GQD) polyanions and alkali-metal cations. [Extracted from the article] more...

Preauricular sinus is a relatively common congenital anomaly that mainly exists on the anterior aspect of the anterior limb of the ascending helix. Although many surgical techniques have been developed, extirpation of the sinus is not easy because of the ramifications of the sinus, remnants of the sinus wall, and infection with or without formation of abscesses, which can all lead to disease recurrence. In our institution, we have surgically treated a total of 141 cases of congenital preauricular sinuses. Instead of using the conventional lacrimal probe and methylene blue method, we used a gentian violet–soaked Cottonoid, which has antibacterial effects against the main pathogen responsible for causing infection of the preauricular sinus. Results have been very favorable, with a zero recurrence rate. We present here a simple and reproducible surgical technique using a gentian violet–soaked Cottonoid that even beginning surgeons can easily follow. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER] more...

Byeong Jo Kim, Min‐cheol Kim, Hyun Suk Jung, and co‐workers suggest in article number 1800993 the design principle of electron extraction layer for flexible perovskite solar cell. [6,6]‐Phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester interfacial treatment, which can increase charge collection and reduce interface charge accumulation on amorphous TiO2 layer, is an approach that simultaneously improves the efficiency, stability, and reliability of flexible perovskite devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Enhancing electron extraction with efficient charge carrier separation, hybrid interface layer composed of amorphous TiO2 and [6,6]‐Phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) is adopted to conventional n‐i‐p perovskite solar cells. In hybrid double layer, a‐TiO2 plays a role about efficient electron selective contact with perovskite material, while PC60 BM help electrons to rapidly extract from perovskite layers. From this new concept of configuration, it is possible to achieve not only high power conversion efficiencies but also low hysteretic behaviors in terms of current–voltage sweep direction. These enhanced characteristics are verified with photoluminescence and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic measurements. With such high efficiency and nonhysteretic perovskite solar cells, it is able to fabricate extremely high‐efficiency flexible perovskite solar cells which can be compared with the world's highest‐efficiency flexible perovskite devices. Interface design for efficient electron extraction is significant impact on the efficiency and reliability of the perovskite photovoltaics. A hybrid electron extraction layer which has excellent electron extraction efficiency and hole‐blocking ability is developed by organic interface treatment on amorphous TiO2 at low temperature. The findings show the design principle of the electron extraction layer for flexible perovskite devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The Daeri Member, a Cretaceous volcanic-sedimentary succession, can be divided into lower, middle, and upper parts based on vertical changes in its lithologic characters. The lower Daeri Member is composed of siliciclastic deposits formed in a semi-arid floodplain environment, which is overlain by the middle Daeri Member consisting mainly of andesite lava flow. After the emplacement of the andesite, activities of intrabasinal normal faults created accommodation on hanging wall blocks together with the development of intrabasinal topographic relief. The upper Daeri Member occurs only in hanging wall blocks and is composed of rhyolitic volcaniclastic sediments formed during an explosive volcanic eruption. Following the eruption, owing to semi-arid climatic conditions and the destruction of vegetation, the eruptive materials were easily remobilized and deposited by episodic sediment gravity flows, resulting in deposition of the resedimented volcaniclastic deposits with sheet-like geometry. Away from the intrabasinal normal faults, the resedimented volcaniclastic deposits show a decrease in grain size together with changes in inferred depositional processes from debris flows to hyperconcentrated flows and supercritical sheetfloods. This suggests that the resedimented volcaniclastic deposits were stacked on alluvial fan environments induced by intrabasinal topographic relief associated with normal fault activities. In addition, episodic movement of the faults gave rise to periodic fluctuation of the accommodation and an increase in gradient of the alluvial fan surface, resulting in the development of coarsening-upward trends in the resedimented volcaniclastic deposits. The development of the alluvial fan and the coarsening-upward trends indicate that dynamic tectonic subsidence and concomitant changes in the intrabasinal physiographic relief influenced the depositional processes and sizes of the transported volcaniclastic sediments of the upper Daeri Member. Thus, it is necessary to carefully observe tectonic signatures in volcaniclastic successions, particularly the syneruptive lithofacies, in order to reconstruct the tectonic and volcanic histories of receiving basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Compounds (I) and (II) are evaluated for their inhibition activity towards LPS-induced NO-production by BV-2 microglia cells, with (I) inhibiting NO production without cellular toxicity and (II) being inactive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Nocapyrone H (Ia) reduces the pro-inflammatory factor and shows stronger inhibitory effect on NO production than chrysin in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...