Search

The adverse impacts of extreme heat on human health when a concurrent daytime and nighttime heatwave (CDNHW) occurs are greater than when daytime or nighttime heatwaves occur individually, because of the reduced recovery time from heat exposure. This study projects increases in CDNHW over the whole of East Asia under two Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) and two Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios (SSP1‐2.6 and SSP5‐8.5). The daily maximum and minimum temperatures, which are used to define a CDNHW, are calculated of 3‐hourly temperatures of 25 km horizontal resolution produced by 12 general circulation model and regional climate model chains participating in the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment East Asia phase 2 project. In Historical simulation (1981–2005), occurrence period and occurrence rate of CDNHW from April to September area‐averaged in East Asia are 10.9 days and 0.9%, respectively. In projections for the future (2071–2100), occurrence period and occurrence rate of CDNHW will be 3 weeks and 3.7% (RCP2.6), 2 months and 20.5% (RCP8.5), 2 months and 15.6% (SSP1‐2.6), and 3 months and 45.7% (SSP5‐8.5). In addition, it is expected that the CDNHW intensity will increase, and the spatial extent of CDNHW will be extended. Although a CDNHW lasting less than 3 days is the most common, the proportion of CDNHWs lasting more than 10 days, compared to the total CDNHW frequency, will increase to 1.2% (RCP2.6), 7.2% (RCP8.5), 6.1% (SSP1‐2.6), and 17.3% (SSP5‐8.5) from 0.2% (Historical). Both occurrence rate and intensity of CDNHW will increase to a relatively large extent in Indochina, East and West China, and India. If the current greenhouse gas emissions continue, East Asia will experience unprecedented heat stress because the frequency and intensity of CDNHWs, which rarely occur during present‐day, will increase significantly over all regions by the end of the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five regional climate models (RCMs)—CCLM, RegCM, HadGEM3‐RA, SNURCM and WRF—participating in the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment‐East Asia (CORDEX‐EA) Phase 2 project are evaluated for their ability to simulate spatiotemporal variability in Asian summer precipitation. For this purpose, two dynamical downscaling sets, experiments forced by ERA‐Interim reanalysis data (reproduction experiment) and historical data from three Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) general circulation models (GCMs) (historical experiment) are analysed. The horizontal resolution of the downscaled results is 25 km, and the analysis period is from 1981 to 2005 (25 years). The RCMs show reasonable performance in simulating the spatial and temporal characteristics of summer precipitation in CORDEX‐EA Phase 2 domain. To assess spatiotemporal patterns in Asian precipitation, cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function (CSEOF) analysis is used. In the first mode representing seasonal variations, the model ensemble results of both the reproduction experiment (Rep_ENS) and the historical experiment (His_ENS) simulate the peak times, location of precipitation and progression of the monsoons in Asia reasonably. Their features are greatly influenced by the moisture flux, indicating that the relation between precipitation and 850 hPa moisture flux is depicted well by RCM ensembles. In the second mode, which represents intraseasonal variations, the Rep_ENS depicts the western North Pacific summer monsoon break (WNPSM break) phenomenon similar to the observation. Although the His_ENS simulates the WNPSM break later than the observation, it does present the intraseasonal variation in the East Asian summer monsoon region. Based on these results, the five RCM ensemble results show the ability to capture spatiotemporal characteristics of summer precipitation in CORDEX‐EA Phase 2 domain, as well as added value from dynamical downscaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the comprehensive estimation of regional climate change over East Asia (EA) at the 2 and 3 °C global warming levels (GWLs), the Köppen‐Trewartha climate‐type change is assessed with ensemble regional climate change projections in line with Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX)‐EA phase 2. Under the 2 °C (3 °C) GWL, 17.6% (25.2%) of the EA region is expected to undergo major climate‐type changes. Tropical and subtropical climate types will expand northward, accompanied by increasing hydroclimatic intensity. Limiting GWL to 2 °C shows benefits by preventing subtropical‐type expansion around far EA. Desertification over inland regions of EA exhibits scenario dependency. Boreal and tundra climate types over high‐latitude regions will tend to decrease rapidly, especially over the Tibetan Plateau. The results are expected to be a baseline assessment of climate change over EA under the 2 and 3 °C GWLs above the preindustrial level. Plain Language Summary: This paper investigates the Köppen‐Trewartha climate‐type changes over East Asia (EA) at the 2 and 3 °C global warming levels (GWLs) with the ensemble regional climate simulations. Under the 2 °C (3 °C) GWL, 17.6% (25.2%) of the EA region is expected to undergo major climate‐type changes. The result shows increased tropical, subtropical, and desert climate types accompanied by intensification of hydroclimatic stress. In addition, boreal and tundra climate types over high‐latitude regions will tend to decrease rapidly, especially over the Tibetan Plateau under the 2 and 3 °C GWLs. Key Points: Baseline assessment of climate change over East Asia under the 2 and 3 °C global warming is here presentedOf the East Asia region, 17.6% (25.2%) is expected to experience major climate‐type changes under the 2 and 3 °C global warmingThe changes are accompanied by intensified hydroclimatic stress and have statistically significant trends until the end of the 21st century [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International Business (IB) research on foreign-location choice has experienced a revival in recent years, yet a comprehensive review has been sorely lacking. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the findings of recently published articles on the topic of foreign-location choice and offer fruitful directions for future research. This review consists of three sections: first, the authors provide a historical overview of this research stream by tracing its origins and analyzing the general trend that has shaped research on foreign-location choice. Next, the authors conduct a review of 137 recent articles published in leading IB and business/management journals. These articles are categorized according to common topics, and the main findings of each category are synthesized in order to bring some cohesion to this fragmented field. Lastly, the authors identify issues that remain under-researched or require re-thinking some taken-for-granted assumptions. Through this effort, they are able to connect the past, present and future of research on foreign-location choice and to shed some new light on the IB literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]