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In this study, the correlation between the composition, hydrogen/carbon (H/C) ratio, and hydrogen/oxygen (H/O) ratio of a used cooking oil (UCO) and the specific emissions embodied in the derived hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids synthetic paraffinic kerosene (HEFA‐SPK) is investigated. It is shown that HEFA‐SPK produced from UCOs with low concentrations of C18:1, high concentrations of C18:2, and low H/C ratios utilize less energy and more hydrogen during Fuel Production. Hence, HEFA‐SPK produced from such UCOs will embody higher gCO2e for fossil hydrogen utilization scenarios, and lower gCO2e for green hydrogen utilization scenarios compared with other UCOs. Conversely, it is shown that HEFA‐SPK produced from UCOs with high concentrations of C18:1, low concentrations of C18:2 and high H/C ratios utilize more energy and less hydrogen during Fuel Production. Hence, HEFA‐SPK derived from such UCOs will embody lower gCO2e for fossil hydrogen utilization scenarios, and higher gCO2e for green hydrogen utilization scenarios compared with other UCOs. Monte Carlo simulation gives the emissions embodied in Fuel Production a 95% confidence interval for all UCO‐derived HEFA‐SPK, showing a similar uncertainty for all compositions. A maximum of +1.1 gCO2e/MJSAF and −1.0 gCO2e/MJSAF is obtained for the upper and lower bounds respectively for the emissions embodied during HEFA‐SPK production from UCO. The application of the correlations founded in this study allows for the prediction of the specific emissions embodied in the feedstock‐to‐fuel conversion of any UCO, providing the C18:1 concentration, C18:2 concentration, H/C ratio and H/O ratio of the UCO is known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Global Atlas for Siting Parameters project compiles a suite of models into a complex modeling system, uses up-to-date global datasets, and creates global atlases of siting parameters at a spatial resolution of 275 m. These parameters include the 50-year wind, turbulence, and turbine class recommendations based on relevant generic turbines. The suite of models includes the microscale Linear Computational Model (LINCOM), a statistical, spectral correction method here revised for strong convective areas and tropical cyclone affected areas, two turbulence models with four setups, and load models. To this complexity, an uncertainty model was developed to classify the various sources of uncertainties for both the extreme wind and the turbulence calculations, and accordingly, atlases of uncertainty classification were created. Preliminary validation of the global calculations of the 50-year wind and turbulence is done through comparisons with measurements, and the results are promising. This is the first time the siting parameters are obtained with such a high spatial resolution and shared on open data portal. It is expected to benefit the global wind energy planning and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This single-centre retrospective study describes 40 patients admitted to an ICU with heterogenous diagnoses (possible, probable, or definite AE) and autoantibody profiles: 21 of 40 (53%) with NSAbs (13 with NMDAR antibodies), 7 of 40 (18%) with "onconeuronal" antibodies, and 12 of 40 (30%) "seronegative" cases. Rather, serial serum autoantibody IgM measurements and cervical lymph node sampling suggest that continual germinal centre (GC) activity may account for ongoing autoantibody production in NMDAR antibody encephalitis [[10]] and in the closely related astrocytopathic antibody-mediated illness, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder [[12]]. Even with prompt recognition and treatment, outcomes can vary in the recently described and ever-expanding syndromes of autoimmune encephalitis (AE). [Extracted from the article]

This paper examines the absorption of foreign aid in the presence of formal and informal production. Calibrating a two‐sector open economy model to 67 aid‐recipient countries for 1990–2019, we show that an increase in foreign aid drives resources into the informal sector, and away from the formal sector. With untied aid, the expansion of the informal sector can lead to an economic contraction through the Dutch Disease effect. An economic expansion with an increase in the share of formal production can be attained by re‐allocating existing aid to public investment rather than an increase in the aggregate level of aid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to identify clinical predictors of motor complications (dyskinesia and motor fluctuations) of levodopa in a prospectively recruited PD cohort using longitudinal analysis.Methods: An inception cohort (Oxford Discovery) of 734 patients was followed to a maximum of 10 years from diagnosis using a discrete-time survival analysis. A subset analysis was used to validate an online dyskinesia-risk calculator developed from the results of the Stalevo Reduction in Dyskinesia Evaluation PD trial.Results: A total of 186 cases of dyskinesia and 254 cases of motor fluctuations were observed. Dyskinesia incidence increased with time (risk per 100 participants [95% confidence interval] 13 [11-16] <3.5 years, 16 [13-21] 3.5-5.0 years, 19 [14-26] 5-6.5 years, and 23 [16-33] >6.5 years from diagnosis). Motor complication predictors were grouped as medication predictors, disease predictors and patient predictors. Baseline nonmotor feature severity, low mood, anxiety, and age at symptom onset were associated with motor complications among a number of previously identified predictors. Replication of the Stalevo Reduction in Dyskinesia Evaluation PD calculator was reasonable with the area under the curve for dyskinesia risk score as a predictor of dyskinesia being 0.68 (95% confidence interval, 0.55-0.81).Conclusions: This study quantifies risk of motor complications, finds consistent predictors, and demonstrates the novel finding that nonmotor features of PD, particularly low mood and anxiety, are significant risk factors for motor complications. Further validation of dyskinesia risk scores are required as well as evidence to determine if the routine use of such scores can be clinically valuable in enhancing patient care and quality of life. © 2019 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A coupledwind‐wave modeling system is used to simulate 23 years of storms and estimate offshore extreme wind statistics. In this system, the atmospheric Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and Spectral Wave model for Near shore (SWAN) are coupled, through a wave boundary layer model (WBLM) that is implemented in SWAN. The WBLM calculates momentum and turbulence kinetic energy budgets, using them to transfer wave‐induced stress to the atmospheric modeling. While such coupling has a trivial impact on the wind modeling for 10‐m wind speeds less than 20 ms−1, the effect becomes appreciable for stronger winds—both compared with uncoupled WRF modeling and with standard parameterization schemes for roughness length. The coupled modeling output is shown to be satisfactory compared with measurements, in terms of the distribution of surface‐drag coefficient with wind speed. The coupling is also shown to be important for estimation of extreme winds offshore, where the WBLM‐coupled results match observations better than results from noncoupled modeling, as supported by measurements from a number of stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind profiles above the atmospheric surface layer are not accurately described by classic similarity theories. Far from the surface, the underlying assumptions of such surface‐layer theories break down due to the stronger influence of buoyancy forces induced by the temperature inversion that caps the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), as well as the Coriolis force. This paper examines the influence of these forces on the mean flow and presents a new similarity theory to predict mean wind profiles in and above the surface layer for an ABL with zero surface heat flux and capped by an inversion of potential temperature, that is, the conditionally neutral ABL. The analysis here is based on the results of 17 large‐eddy simulations (LES) over a flat homogeneous rough surface, which leads to and supports the new similarity theory. The development is based on two applications of the Buckingham Π theorem. A first application allows determination of the entrainment‐induced heat flux profile through the ABL and into the surface layer, which is then used within a second dimensional argument for the vertical shear of mean wind speed. We subsequently find a new dimensionless group (Π2) depending on the capping inversion strength, the Coriolis parameter, the surface stress and the ABL depth, which is correlated to the dimensionless shear (Π1) through a universal function β. Integrating the functional relation between Π1 and Π2 produces an equation for the mean wind speed profile; it effectively includes an additive "correction" to the log‐law in terms of Π2, analogous to the Monin–Obukhov profile correction function. Unlike surface‐layer similarity, the new form accounts for the influences of both the surface and the ABL top. Relative to the LES, the new profile form exhibits errors in mean wind speed below 5% for heights below 90% of the ABL depth; this is relevant for applications above the surface layer (e.g., wind energy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antimicrobial therapy for intra‐abdominal infections is often inappropriately prolonged. An intervention addressing factors influencing the duration of intravenous antibiotic use was undertaken. This study reports the antibiotic prescribing patterns before and after the intervention and a qualitative analysis of the experience of the intervention. Methods: Quantitative: A retrospective audit of patients with complicated intra‐abdominal infection before and after a multifaceted persuasive intervention was performed. Qualitative: Semi‐structured interviews were performed to evaluate which elements of the intervention were perceived to be effective. Results: An intervention including collaborative inter‐specialty and inter‐professional educational meetings, and education of all professional streams was undertaken. Quantitative: Twenty‐three patients before and 22 patients after the intervention were included. The total duration of antibiotics decreased significantly following the intervention (9.2 versus 6.6 days P = 0.02). The duration of intravenous antibiotics did not change significantly (5.4 versus 4.5 days, P = 0.06). Qualitative: Eighteen health‐care professionals participated. Thematic analysis indicated that a collaborative approach between senior surgical and infectious disease specialists in the pre‐intervention stage led to perceived ownership and leadership of the intervention by the surgical team, which was thought critical to the success of the intervention. Conversely, the ability of nurses and pharmacists to influence antibiotic practice was considered limited and a poster promoting the intervention was perceived as ineffective. Conclusion: Consultant leadership and specialty ownership of the process were perceived to be critical in the success of the intervention. Antibiotic stewardship programs which address social factors may have greater efficacy to optimize antimicrobial prescribing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new k- ϵ model is introduced that is consistent with Monin-Obukhov similarity theory (MOST). The proposed k- ϵ model is compared with another k- ϵ model that was developed in an attempt to maintain inlet profiles compatible with MOST. It is shown that the previous k- ϵ model is not consistent with MOST for unstable conditions, while the proposed k- ϵ model can maintain MOST inlet profiles over distances of 50km. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the impact of atmospheric stability on a wind turbine wake is studied experimentally and numerically. The experimental approach is based on full-scale (nacelle based) pulsed lidar measurements of the wake flow field of a stall-regulated 500 kW turbine at the DTU Wind Energy, Risø campus test site. Wake measurements are averaged within a mean wind speed bin of 1 m s−1 and classified according to atmospheric stability using three different metrics: the Obukhov length, the Bulk-Richardson number and the Froude number. Three test cases are subsequently defined covering various atmospheric conditions. Simulations are carried out using large eddy simulation and actuator disk rotor modeling. The turbulence properties of the incoming wind are adapted to the thermal stratification using a newly developed spectral tensor model that includes buoyancy effects. Discrepancies are discussed, as basis for future model development and improvement. Finally, the impact of atmospheric stability on large-scale and small-scale wake flow characteristics is presently investigated. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model has been derived for calculating the aggregate effects of stability and the finite height of the planetary boundary layer upon the long-term mean wind profile. A practical implementation of this probabilistic extended similarity-theory model is made, including its incorporation within the European Wind Atlas (EWA) methodology for site-to-site application. Theoretical and practical implications of the EWA methodology are also derived and described, including unprecedented documentation of the theoretical framework encompassing vertical extrapolation, as well as some improvement to the methodology. Results of the modeling are shown for a number of sites, with discussion of the models' efficacy and the relative improvement shown by the new model, for situations where a user lacks local heat flux information, as well as performance of the new model using measured flux statistics. Further, the uncertainty in vertical extrapolation is characterized for the EWA model contained in standard (i.e., WAs P) wind resource assessment, as well as for the new model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The newly developed k- ε- f P eddy viscosity model is applied to double wind turbine wake configurations in a neutral atmospheric boundary layer, using a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes solver. The wind turbines are represented by actuator disks. A proposed variable actuator disk force method is employed to estimate the power production of the interacting wind turbines, and the results are compared with two existing methods: a method based on tabulated airfoil data and a method based on the axial induction from 1D momentum theory. The proposed method calculates the correct power, while the other two methods overpredict it. The results of the k- ε- f P eddy viscosity model are also compared with the original k- ε eddy viscosity model and large-eddy simulations. Compared to the large-eddy simulations-predicted velocity and power deficits, the k- ε- f P is superior to the original k- ε model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recently developed k- ϵ- f P eddy-viscosity model is applied to one on-shore and two off-shore wind farms. The results are compared with power measurements and results of the standard k- ϵ eddy-viscosity model. In addition, the wind direction uncertainty of the measurements is used to correct the model results with a Gaussian filter. The standard k- ϵ eddy-viscosity model underpredicts the power deficit of the first downstream wind turbines, whereas the k- ϵ- f P eddy-viscosity model shows a good agreement with the measurements. However, the difference in the power deficit predicted by the turbulence models becomes smaller for wind turbines that are located further downstream. Moreover, the difference between the capability of the turbulence models to estimate the wind farm efficiency reduces with increasing wind farm size and wind turbine spacing. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyse high-frequency wind velocity measurements from two test stations over a period of several years and at heights ranging from 60 to 200 m, with the objective to validate wind shear predictions as used in load simulations for wind turbine design. A validated wind shear model is thereby proposed for flat terrain and that can significantly decrease the uncertainty associated with fatigue load predictions for wind turbines with large rotors. An essential contribution is the conditioning of wind shear on the 90% quantile of wind turbulence, such that the appropriate magnitude of the design fatigue load is achieved. The proposed wind shear model based on the wind measurements is thereby probabilistic in definition, with shear jointly distributed with wind turbulence. A simplified model for the wind shear exponent is further derived from the full stochastic model. The fatigue loads over different turbine components are evaluated under the full wind measurements, using the developed wind shear model and with standard wind conditions prescribed in the IEC 61400-1 ed. 3. The results display the effect of the Wöhler exponent and reveal that under moderate turbulence, the effect of wind shear is most pronounced on the blade flap loads. It is further shown that under moderate wind turbulence, the wind shear exponents may be over-specified in the design standards, and a reduction of wind shear exponent based on the present measurements can contribute to reduced fatigue damage equivalent loads on turbine blades. Although the influence of wind shear on extreme loads was found to be negligible, the IEC 61400-1 wind shear definition was found to result in non-conservative estimates of the 50 year extreme blade deflection toward the tower, especially under extreme turbulence conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An improved k- ϵ turbulence model is developed and applied to a single wind turbine wake in a neutral atmospheric boundary layer using a Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes solver. The proposed model includes a flow-dependent C μ that is sensitive to high velocity gradients, e.g., at the edge of a wind turbine wake. The modified k- ϵ model is compared with the original k- ϵ eddy viscosity model, Large-Eddy Simulations and field measurements using eight test cases. The comparison shows that the velocity wake deficits, predicted by the proposed model are much closer to the ones calculated by the Large-Eddy Simulation and those observed in the measurements, than predicted by the original k- ϵ model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to document the vitamin D status of HIV-infected individuals across a wide latitude range in one country and to examine associated risk factors for low vitamin D. Using data from patients attending four HIV specialist clinics across a wide latitude range in Australia, we constructed logistic regression models to investigate risk factors associated with 25(OH)D < 75 nmol L−1. 1788 patients were included; 87% were male, 76% Caucasian and 72% on antiretroviral therapy. The proportion with 25(OH)D < 50 nmol L−1 was 27%, and <75 nmol L−1 was 54%. Living in Melbourne compared with Cairns (adjusted odds ratio ( aOR) 3.30; 95% CI 2.18, 4.99, P < 0.001) and non-Caucasian origin ( aOR 2.82, 95% CI 2.12, 3.75, P < 0.001) was associated with an increased risk, while extreme UV index compared with low UV index was associated with a reduced risk ( aOR 0.33; 95% CI 0.20, 0.55, P < 0.001) of 25(OH)D < 75 nmol L−1. In those with biochemistry available ( n = 1117), antiretroviral therapy was associated with 25(OH)D < 75 nmol L−1; however, this association was modified by serum cholesterol status. Location and UV index were the strongest factors associated with 25(OH)D < 75 nmol L−1. Cholesterol, the product of an alternative steroid pathway with a common precursor steroid, modified the effect of antiretroviral therapy on serum 25(OH)D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: HIV prevention strategies are moving towards reducing plasma HIV RNA viral load in all HIV-positive persons, including those undiagnosed, treatment naïve, on or off antiretroviral therapy. A proxy population for those undiagnosed are patients that present late to care with advanced HIV. The objectives of this analysis are to examine factors associated with patients presenting with advanced HIV, and establish rates of treatment interruption and modification after initiating ART. Methods: We deterministically linked records from the Australian HIV Observational Database to the Australian National HIV Registry to obtain information related to HIV diagnosis. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with advanced HIV diagnosis. We used survival methods to evaluate rates of ART initiation by diagnosis CD4 count strata and by calendar year of HIV diagnosis. Cox models were used to determine hazard of first ART treatment interruption (duration >30 days) and time tofirst major ART modification. Results: Factors associated (p<0.05) with increased odds of advanced HIV diagnosis were sex, older age, heterosexual mode of HIV exposure, born overseas and rural-regional care setting. Earlier initiation of ART occurred at higher rates in later periods (2007-2012) in all diagnosis CD4 count groups. We found an 83% (69, 91%) reduction in the hazard of first treatment interruption comparing 2007-2012 versus 1996-2001 (p<0.001), and no difference in ART modification for patients diagnosed with advanced HIV. Conclusions: Recent HIV diagnoses are initiating therapy earlier in all diagnosis CD4 cell count groups, potentially lowering community viral load compared to earlier time periods. We found a marked reduction in the hazard of first treatment interruption, and found no difference in rates of major modification to ART by HIV presentation status in recent periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human small molecule metabolites (the human metabolome) are a set of compounds that interact with at least one macromolecule in the biosphere. This study investigates the acid/base profile of the human metabolome, natural products and drugs, together with an analysis of their physicochemical properties. Ionisation constants (p Ka values) are estimated for each compound and the identity of the ionisable functional groups in each set is determined. The acid/base and physicochemical property profile of the lipid component of the metabolome differed considerably to the other datasets. In contrast, the acid/base properties of non-lipid metabolites were found to be similar to both drugs and natural products. While the non-lipid metabolites have lower average Clog P values and more hydrogen bond donors than the other datasets, the distribution of physicochemical property values overlapped considerably with the drug dataset. Considering also that the non-lipid metabolites are of biochemical interest, their characteristics have great potential to influence the selection of screening compounds for drug discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smith DJ, Griffiths E, Poole R, di Florio A, Barnes E, Kelly MJ, Craddock N, Hood K, Simpson S. Beating Bipolar: exploratory trial of a novel internet-based psychoeducational treatment for bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2011: 13: 571-577. © 2011 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objectives: Psychoeducational approaches are promising interventions for the long-term management of bipolar disorder. In consultation with professionals, patients, and their families we have developed a novel web-based psychoeducational intervention for bipolar disorder called Beating Bipolar. We undertook a preliminary exploratory randomized trial to examine efficacy, feasibility and acceptability. Methods: This was an exploratory randomized controlled trial of Beating Bipolar (current controlled trials registration number: ISRCTN81375447). The control arm was treatment-as-usual and the a priori primary outcome measure was quality of life [measured by the brief World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) scale]. Secondary outcomes included psychosocial functioning, insight, depressive and manic symptoms and relapse, and use of healthcare resources. Fifty participants were randomized to either the Beating Bipolar intervention plus treatment-as-usual or just treatment-as-usual. The intervention was delivered over a four-month period and outcomes were assessed six months later. Results: There was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups on the primary outcome measure (total WHOQOL-BREF score) but there was a modest improvement within the psychological subsection of the WHOQOL-BREF for the intervention group relative to the control group. There were no significant differences between the groups on any of the secondary outcome measures. Conclusions: Beating Bipolar is potentially a safe and engaging intervention which can be delivered remotely to large numbers of patients with bipolar disorder at relatively low cost. It may have a modest effect on psychological quality of life. Further work is required to establish the impact of this intervention on insight, knowledge, treatment adherence, self-efficacy and self-management skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histidine protein kinases (HPKs) are a class of receptor proteins found in bacterial two-component signal transduction systems, which allow bacteria to respond to changes in their external environment. To date, there are few potent inhibitors of histidine kinases, despite their potential ability to weaken bacteria against antibiotic treatment. EnvZ is a histidine protein kinase with osmoregulatory function in bacteria with sequence and topological similarity to DNA Gyrase B. DNA Gyrase B has several well-characterized potent inhibitors, including novobiocin and clorobiocin which have detailed structures in complex. With fluorescence competition experiments, we have determined that novobiocin binds to EnvZ with a novo KD 120 ± 20 μm. NMR transferred NOE (trNOE) experiments, and saturation transfer difference (STD) experiments suggest that novobiocin binds to EnvZ in a conformation and orientation similar to its binding with DNA Gyrase B. These experiments suggest some similarity in the pocket despite weaker affinity for EnvZ by novobiocin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) fails to heal after suture repair. One hypothesis for this failure is the premature loss of the fibrin clot, or provisional scaffolding, between the two ligament ends in the joint environment. To test this hypothesis, a substitute provisional scaffold of collagen-platelet rich plasma (PRP) hydrogel was used to fill the ACL wound site at the time of suture repair and the structural properties of the healing ACLs evaluated 4 weeks after surgery. Bilateral ACL transections were performed in five 30-kg Yorkshire pigs and treated with suture repair. In each animal, one of the repairs was augmented with placement of a collagen-PRP hydrogel at the ACL transection site, while the contralateral knee had suture repair alone. In addition, six control knees with intact ACLs from three additional animals were used as a control group. No postoperative immobilization was used. After 4 weeks the animals underwent in vivo magnetic resonance imaging to assess the size of the healing ACL, followed by biomechanical testing to determine tensile properties. The supplementation of suture repair with a collagen-PRP hydrogel resulted in significant improvements in load at yield, maximum load, and linear stiffness at 4 weeks. We conclude that use of a stabilized provisional scaffold, such as a collagen-PRP hydrogel, to supplement primary repair of the ACL can result in improved biomechanical properties at an early time point. Further studies to determine the long-term effect of primary repair enhancement are needed. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:81-91, 2007 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the 46-kDA dimeric protein, 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase using [sup 2]H, [sup 13]C and [sup 15]N-labelling. Use of nuclear magnetic resonance; Expression of cognate ribB gene of Escherichia (E.) coli in a recombinant E. coli strain; Characteristic of the protein; Relationship between homodimeric protein and C[sub 2] symmetry.

This study was undertaken to determine the ability of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) to differentiate a group of dosed head injury patients from a group of controls and determine how injury severity and attentional deficits are associated with WMS-R performance. The relationship of WMS-R performance to everyday memory also was assessed. The head injured group performed more poorly than controls on all five WMS-R indices and exhibited greater impairments on tasks that measure retention. In the original sample only the Visual Memory Index correlated with injury severity; in a larger sample, all four memory indices correlated modestly with injury severity. Patients who performed more poorly on the WMS-R also received poorer ratings on an independent assessment of everyday memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study, which compared the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and WAIS-Revised intelligence quotient scores in two comparable groups of neurologically impaired patients. All three IQ scores were higher for the WAIS group with Full Scale and Verbal scores significantly higher. Changes in item content and standardization sample cohort effects are offered as partial possible explanation for the results. The IQ scores from the two tests cannot be considered as interchangeable for neurological patients.

Presents information on a study which assisted physicians in the recognition and treatment of chronic carbon monoxide exposure syndrome. Approach that was used to diagnose this condition; Subjects used in the study; Evaluation and treatment protocols that were presented in the study; Why this syndrome is often overlooked.

The article discusses the effects of lesion laterality on the Satz-Mogel WAIS-R Short Form. Effects of lateralized brain damage on the Satz-Mogel (1962) WAIS-R short form were examined. Patients (N = 65) were assigned to groups based on diffuse, predominantly left, or predominantly right brain damage. Overall, results supported the validity of the Satz-Mogel short-form IQs with neurological patients, although there were significant ANOVA results for various subtests when original scores were compared to short-form scores.

This article focuses on the relationships among Wechsler intelligence and memory scale quotients in adult closed head injured (CHI) patients. Since their introduction into the armamentarium of psychological tests, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Memory Scale have become two of the most frequently utilized neuropsychological instruments for the clinical assessment of intellectual and mnemonic functions. Correlations between intelligence quotient (IQ) and memory quotient (MQ) scores have been the topic of considerable research. The present study was concerned with MQ-IQ correlations and discrepancy scores among a group of adult CHI patients. CHI, according to the National Head Injury Foundation has become a national epidemic.

Vorinostat is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in solid tumors, and is in clinical trials for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). The goal of this study was to assess whether hyperpolarized 13C MRS and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) can detect HDAC inhibition in GBM models. First, we confirmed HDAC inhibition in U87 GBM cells and evaluated real‐time dynamic metabolic changes using a bioreactor system with live vorinostat‐treated or control cells. We found a significant 40% decrease in the 13C MRS‐detectable ratio of hyperpolarized [1‐13C]lactate to hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate, [1‐13C]Lac/Pyr, and a 37% decrease in the pseudo‐rate constant, kPL, for hyperpolarized [1‐13C]lactate production, in vorinostat‐treated cells compared with controls. To understand the underlying mechanism for this finding, we assessed the expression and activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (which catalyzes the pyruvate to lactate conversion), its associated cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, the expression of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) MCT1 and MCT4 (which shuttle pyruvate and lactate in and out of the cell) and intracellular lactate levels. We found that the most likely explanation for our finding that hyperpolarized lactate is reduced in treated cells is a 30% reduction in intracellular lactate levels that occurs as a result of increased expression of both MCT1 and MCT4 in vorinostat‐treated cells. In vivo13C MRSI studies of orthotopic tumors in mice also showed a significant 52% decrease in hyperpolarized [1‐13C]Lac/Pyr when comparing vorinostat‐treated U87 GBM tumors with controls, and, as in the cell studies, this metabolic finding was associated with increased MCT1 and MCT4 expression in HDAC‐inhibited tumors. Thus, the 13C MRSI‐detectable decrease in hyperpolarized [1‐13C]lactate production could serve as a biomarker of response to HDAC inhibitors. In this study we used 13C MRSI and hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate to monitor GBM response to HDAC inhibition by Vorinostat. We first monitored the effect of Vorinostat in live cells and then in orthotopic GBM xenografts in mice. We found that in both cell and animal studies inhibition of HDAC with Vorinostat led to a decrease in hyperpolarized [1‐13C]lactate to hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate ratio [1‐13C]Lac/Pyr. Our study highlights the potential of using hyperpolarized 13C MRSI for monitoring HDAC inhibition in GBM patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented regarding the assessment tool for HIV which leads to improvements in outpatient care.

A letter to the editor is presented about the use of key performance indicators to benchmark individual clinic performance in managing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Australia.

A letter to the editor and a reply are presented in response to the article "Immigration screening for latent tuberculosis infection" by J. T. Denholm in a 2013 issue.