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Lamiaceae, a family of flowering plants, have been historically used as culinary herbs, shrubs and medicinal plants. With this study, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the five species of the Lamiaceae family (Thymus cilicicus, Clinopodium nepeta L., Nepeta italica L., Thymbra spicata L. and Ziziphora clinopodioides) that grow in Turkey were identified by the SPME/GC‐FID/MS method. The five species were screened in order to reveal their antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Phenolic compound analyses of five species were performed by using RP‐HPLC with diode array detection. Among the total number of 73 compounds that were identified, α‐pinene (2.2%‐13.8%), β‐pinene (0.3%‐25.9%), p‐cymene (0.7%‐17.9%), γ‐terpinene (0.4%‐22.0%), carvacrol (0.1%‐40.2%), sabinene (1.2%‐34.2%), terpinen‐4‐ol (0.2%‐27.5%), (E)‐β‐caryophyllene (0.1%‐13.8%) and (E)‐β‐farnesene (0.4%‐19.7%) were found to be the most plentiful ones. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the methanol extracts of the five species of the Lamiaceae family were investigated, and the results were in the range of 23‐959 µg/mL; the most pronounced antibacterial activities were determined to be against Mycobacterium smegmatis (23‐291 µg/mL). All of the methanol extracts possessed effective antioxidant capacity (IC50: 1.82‐28.18 μmol/L Trolox/g sample) as estimated from the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging assays. Additionally, the effect of phenolics, especially benzoic acid (86.27, 27.85, ‐, 13.11, 9.59 mg/g extract, respectively), on the biological properties of the methanol extracts of the five species of the Lamiaceae family, was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risperidone (RIS), a commonly used drug during a lifetime for the treatment of schizophrenia, causes some adverse effects in the male reproductive system; however, there is no comprehensive reproductive toxicity study of RIS. For this purpose, male rats were administered orally for 1.25, 2.5 and 3 mg/kg RIS for 28 days and the sperm count, motility, morphology, DNA damage and the histological changes in testicular tissue were evaluated. Follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH) and serum levels of testosterone, which are the main hormonal regulators of reproduction, and testicular glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as the indicators of oxidative stress were determined. Normal sperm morphology was decreased in RIS groups and histopathological degeneration occurred in testis tissue dose‐dependently. Serum LH levels were not altered; however, FSH and testosterone levels decreased in the high‐dose group. Histopathologic examination showed RIS toxicity targeted Leydig cells, which might be associated with impairment of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. GSH levels were decreased and MDA levels were increased in the high‐dose group which was evaluated as indicators of oxidative stress. In conclusion, RIS caused reproductive toxicity in male rats by inducing oxidative stress and disrupting hormonal regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]