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The employment interview is among the most versatile of staffing tools. Yet, the interview is rarely studied as a multipurpose tool. If the interview is used to serve multiple goals, then the interview can be effective (i.e., valid), and effectively designed, in multiple ways. The current study uses qualitative methodology to develop an inductive theory of interview goals and design based on conversational interviews with 29 experienced professional interviewers. Transcript data were analyzed with template analysis grounded in a postpositive epistemology and objectivist ontology. Results suggested that the interview is primarily used to serve three broad goals: performing a targeted assessment, making a positive impression, and informing the applicant. Interviewers reported a variety of strategies for adapting the interview to achieve and balance these goals. In short, findings suggest that the interview is used in multiple ways that have received very little research attention. These findings imply that the concept of interview validity should be expanded to include multiple interviewing goals, and that interview design should be understood as a complex function of these goals. Further implications for the research, theory, and practice of employment interviews are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asynchronous video interviews (AVIs) are a form of one‐way, technology‐mediated selection interview that can help streamline and increase flexibility in the hiring process and are used to hire millions of applicants per year. Although applicant reactions to AVIs in general tend to be more negative than with traditional interview modalities, AVIs can differ widely in how they are designed. For instance, applicants can be provided with more or less preparation time, response length, rerecording options, or rely on different question formats. This study examines how AVI design features impact applicant reactions, as well as the moderating role played by applicant age and gender. Data from 27,809 real job applicant's AVI experiences were collected in 11 countries (69.3% English‐speaking) from 33 companies and relating to 72 types of positions. Data were fitted with linear mixed‐effects models to account for nesting. Results showed that allowing more preparation time and offering the opportunity to rerecord responses were related to more favorable reactions, while including more questions was related to more negative reactions. Applicants above the age of 31 reacted especially negatively to AVIs with more questions while those below the age of 30 preferred being allocated longer maximum response lengths. Women reacted more positively to increased preparation time. These findings might help both AVI vendors and hiring organizations design AVIs that facilitate a positive applicant experience. Our research also expands knowledge on applicant reactions to interviews, highlights crucial differences from traditional formats, and calls for integrating applicant characteristics into current theoretical frameworks on applicant reactions to AVIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anisotropic wet etching of silicon (Si) has been known for decades, but the extraordinary capabilities of this technology to provide highly ordered microphotonic arrays have received limited attention in previous studies. It is shown that these capabilities include: i) a unique self‐terminating etching nature − crucial for achieving uniform arrays over centimeter‐scale wafers, ii) an extraordinary smoothness of the slow‐etching (111) planes, and iii) a precise geometry control including the extent micropyramids or micropyramidal voids are truncated. The combination of these properties transforms this technology into a versatile platform for novel detector and emitter applications in Si photonics. The optical properties of such arrays are studied by finite‐difference time‐domain modeling in two realms represented by different boundary conditions (BCs). Periodic BCs result in Talbot self‐images experimentally observed in this work. Perfectly matched layer BCs describe mesoscale interference effects resulting in the subwavelength focusing properties of micropyramids. Enhancements in the performance of mid‐wave infrared (MWIR) focal plane arrays are demonstrated by monolithic integration of Si micropyramids with silicon‐platinum silicide Schottky barrier photodetectors. Finally, it is shown that Si micropyramidal arrays can be used to enhance light extraction and directionality of quantum sources and infrared scene projectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We analyzed online rating scores and comments of head and neck surgeons to understand factors that contribute to higher ratings. Methods: Numerical ratings and comments for American Head and Neck Society physicians were extracted from Healthgrades, Vitals, RateMDs, and Yelp, with narrative comments categorized based on content. Physician practice location, education, and residency training were also compiled. Results: Patient ratings were significantly higher with supportive staff and affable physician demeanor but showed significant drops with longer wait times and difficulties scheduling appointments or follow‐ups. Physician education and postgraduate training did not significantly affect ratings. Conclusion: Online ratings and comments correlated to modifiable factors in clinical practice and may be informative in understanding patient needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Peri-operative allogeneic red blood cell transfusion is hypothesised to increase the risk of cancer recurrence following cancer surgery. However, previous data supporting this association are limited by residual confounding. We conducted an umbrella review (i.e. a systematic review of systematic reviews) to synthesise and evaluate the evidence between red blood cell transfusion and cancer recurrence. Methods We searched online databases for systematic reviews of red blood cell transfusion and cancer-related outcomes. The AMSTAR 2 tool was used for quality assessment. The adequacy of confounding adjustment was judged according to a consensus-derived framework. Results We included five relevant systematic views which included patient populations ranging from 2110 to 184,190. Two reviews reported cancer recurrence, and all reported an association with red blood cell transfusion. Three reviews reported positive associations between red blood cell transfusion and adverse outcomes including all-cause mortality, recurrence-free survival and cancer-related mortality. According to AMSTAR 2, four reviews were rated as 'critically low quality' and one as 'low quality'. There was variation in how systematic reviews assessed the risk of bias from confounding. Compared with our pre-derived framework, we found a high likelihood of unmeasured confounding. Discussion Currently available evidence describes an association between peri-operative red blood cell transfusion and cancer recurrence, but this is mostly of low to critically low quality, with minimal control for residual confounding. Further research, at low risk of bias, is required to provide definitive evidence and inform practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evolution of Buchnera–aphid host symbioses is often studied among species at macroevolutionary scales. Investigations within species offer a different perspective about how eco‐evolutionary processes shape patterns of genetic variation at microevolutionary scales. Our study leverages new and publicly available whole‐genome sequencing data to study Buchnera–aphid host evolution in Myzus persicae, the peach potato aphid, a globally invasive and polyphagous pest. Across 43 different asexual, clonally reproducing isofemale strains, we examined patterns of genomic covariation between Buchnera and their aphid host and considered the distribution of mutations in protein‐coding regions of the Buchnera genome. We found Buchnera polymorphisms within aphid strains, suggesting the presence of genetically different Buchnera strains within the same clonal lineage. Genetic distance between pairs of Buchnera samples was positively correlated to genetic distance between their aphid hosts, indicating shared evolutionary histories. However, there was no segregation of genetic variation for both M. persicae and Buchnera with plant host (Brassicaceae and non‐tobacco Solanaceae) and no associations between genetic and geographic distance at global or regional spatial scales. Abundance patterns of non‐synonymous mutations were similar to synonymous mutations in the Buchnera genome, and both mutation classes had similar site frequency spectra. We hypothesize that a predominance of neutral processes results in the Buchnera of M. persicae to simply 'drift' with the evolutionary trajectory of their aphid hosts. Our study presents a unique microevolutionary characterization of Buchnera–aphid host genomic covariation across multiple aphid clones. This provides a new perspective on the eco‐evolutionary processes generating and maintaining polymorphisms in a major pest aphid species and its obligate primary endosymbiont. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anopheles stephensi Liston, 1901 (Diptera: culicidae) is a competent vector of Plasmodium falciparum (Haemosporida: plasmodiidae) malaria, and its expansion in the African continent is of concern due to its viability in urban settings and resistance to insecticides. To enhance its genetic tractability, we determined the utility of a ~2 kb An. stephensi lipophorin (lp) promoter fragment in driving transgene expression. Lipophorin genes are involved in lipid transport in insects, and an orthologous promoter in An. gambiae (AGAP001826) was previously demonstrated to successfully express a transgene. In the present study, we qualitatively characterised the expression of a ZsYellow fluorescent marker protein, expressed by An. stephensi lp promoter fragment. Our study indicated that the lp promoter fragment was effective, generating a distinct expression pattern in comparison to the commonly utilised 3xP3 promoter. The lp:ZsYellow fluorescence was largely visible in early instar larvae and appeared more intense in later instar larvae, pupae and adults, becoming especially conspicuous in adult females after a blood meal. Different isolines showed some variation in expression pattern and intensity. Aside from general transgene expression, as the lp promoter produces a suitable fluorescent protein marker expression pattern, it may facilitate genotypic screening and aid the development of more complex genetic biocontrol systems, such as multi‐component gene drives. This study represents an expansion of the An. stephensi genetic toolbox, an important endeavour to increase the speed of An. stephensi research and reach public health milestones in combating malaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High entropy oxides (HEOs) have garnered much interest due to their available high degree of tunability. Here, we study the local structure of (MgNiCuCoZn)0.167(MnCr)0.083O, a composition based on the parent HEO (MgNiCuCoZn)0.2O. We synthesized a series of thin films via pulsed laser deposition at incremental oxygen partial pressures. X‐ray diffraction shows lattice parameters to decrease with increased pO2 pressures until the onset of phase separation. X‐ray absorption fine structure shows that specific atomic species in the composition dictate the global structure of the material as Cr, Co, and Mn shift to energetically favorable coordination with increasing pressure. Transmission electron microscopy analysis on a lower‐pressure sample exhibits a rock salt structure, but the higher‐pressure sample reveals reflections reminiscent of the spinel structure. In all, these findings give a more complete picture of how (MgNiCuCoZn)0.167(MnCr)0.083O forms with varying initial conditions and advances fundamental knowledge of cation behavior in high entropy oxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquitoes such as Aedes aegypti must consume a blood meal for the nutrients necessary for egg production. Several transcriptome and proteome changes occur post‐blood meal that likely corresponds with codon usage alterations. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the adapter molecule that reads messenger RNA codons to add the appropriate amino acid during protein synthesis. Chemical modifications to tRNA enhance codon decoding, improving the accuracy and efficiency of protein synthesis. Here, we examined tRNA modifications and transcripts associated with the blood meal and subsequent periods of vitellogenesis in A. aegypti. More specifically, we assessed tRNA transcript abundance and modification levels in the fat body at critical times post blood‐feeding. Based on a combination of alternative codon usage and identification of particular modifications, we discovered that increased transcription of tyrosine tRNAs is likely critical during the synthesis of egg yolk proteins in the fat body following a blood meal. Altogether, changes in both the abundance and modification of tRNA are essential factors in the process of vitellogenin production after blood‐feeding in mosquitoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic metabolic disorder that causes the accumulation of phenylalanine (Phe) in tissues, leading to intellectual disability, seizures, and socioemotional challenges. The role of social determinants of health (SDOH) in PKU management has not been formally studied, and this investigation evaluates the association between in‐home and in‐office factors on blood Phe levels in PKU patients. We conducted a retrospective chart review on over 200 patients attending the well‐resourced PKU Clinic at Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago. Data included patients' average Phe level, various demographic information, and CDC/ATSDR social vulnerability index (SVI) score. The analysis revealed no significant association between social vulnerability status and average Phe level. However, a significant correlation was found between sapropterin dihydrochloride use and average Phe level. Age interacted separately with sex assigned at birth, pegvaliase use, total Phe samples submitted, and the presence of genetic testing to significantly influence the average Phe level. This study highlights the multifactorial influences on PKU management and underscores the importance of social resources, such as clinic social workers and state‐provided formula, in modulating the effects of SDOH on PKU control. Further research in different healthcare settings is needed to understand the social determinants affecting PKU patients comprehensively, which will strengthen advocacy efforts for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate mapping of chemical concentrations in reactor networks remains an obstacle to establish complete systems‐level insight and control. This issue extends beyond traditional reactor design to biological and other inaccessible systems of interest. Recent developments in novel materials with non‐volatile memory allow autonomous sensor nodes to record information with minimal external supervision. Integrating these materials in solution suspended particles demonstrates the unique potential for diffuse measurements of chemical data at the microscale. In this study, we establish a generalized workflow for the simulated deployment of time aware particle sensors (TAPS) in ideal reactor systems to measure analyte profiles, using Gillespie kinetic Monte Carlo algorithms (KMC). Our results show that computationally‐limited, chemically sensitive tracer particles capable of timestamping an analyte detection event can provide accurate analyte profiles throughout multistage reactors in an ensemble fashion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Photoperiod is an environmental signal that varies predictably across the year. Therefore, the duration of sunlight available for photosynthesis and in turn the ability of plants to accumulate carbon resources also fluctuates across the year. To adapt to these variations in photoperiod, the metabolic daylength measurement (MDLM) system measures the photosynthetic period rather than the absolute photoperiod, translating it into seasonal gene expression changes linked to photoperiodic growth. In this Tansley Insight, we briefly summarize the current understanding of the MDLM system and highlight gaps in our knowledge. Given the system's critical role in seasonal growth, understanding the MDLM system is essential for enhancing plant adaptation to different photoperiods and optimizing agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions To investigate the incidence, demographic characteristics, etiologies, surgical interventions, hospital stays, and neurologic outcomes associated with watersport‐related traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCI) in New Zealand.Retrospective study collected data from New Zealand's two spinal rehabilitation units, the Auckland Spinal Rehabilitation Unit (ASRU) and the Burwood Spinal Unit (BSU). It included adults aged over 16 years, between January 2007 and December 2021 with new TSCI secondary to traumatic watersport activities. Variables assessed include type of water‐related activity, length of hospital stay, surgical intervention and neurologic outcomes, categorized by the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale.Data from 80 patients were analysed. The mean annual incidence of water‐related TSCI was 1.141 per 1,000,000 per year, predominantly affecting males (68 males vs. 12 females) with a mean age of 31.1 years. Maori had the highest incidence rate (2.02 per 1,000,000). Diving was the leading cause of TSCI (57 cases), particularly from pool and wharf accidents. Most injuries occurred between December and March. Surgical intervention was performed in 89% of cases. The average hospital stay was 93.65 days, with the cervical region being the most commonly affected (85.1%).Watersport‐related TSCI in New Zealand predominantly affects the young, Maori and males, with cervical spine injuries, particularly from diving accidents being most common. Seasonal trends suggest a need for targeted prevention during warmer months. These findings provide insights for public health initiatives, clinical management and the development of prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the theological and philosophical work of Sergii Bulgakov, particularly his "sophiology," which attempts to unify all things under a coherent worldview while grappling with the reality of evil and suffering in the created world. It discusses how recent translations of his works, such as The Sophiology of Death and The Eucharistic Sacrifice, shed light on Bulgakov's dual emphasis on the integration of divine unity and the tragic nature of existence.

Background and Objective: There is no strong evidence on the optimal duration of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) programmes. The aim of the study was to determine whether an 8‐week PR programme was equivalent to a 12‐week PR programme in improving endurance exercise capacity in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: Participants with COPD were randomized to either an 8‐week (8‐wk Group) or 12‐week (12‐wk Group), twice weekly, supervised PR programme consisting of endurance and strength training and individualized self‐management education. Between group comparisons were made at completion of each programme (i.e., week 8 or week 12), for both programmes at week 12, and at 6–12‐month follow‐up. The primary outcome was endurance exercise capacity measured by the endurance shuttle walk test (ESWT) with the minimally important difference of 186 s set as the equivalence limit. Results: Sixty‐six participants [mean (SD); age 69 (7) years, FEV1 48 (17) %predicted] were randomized (33 per group). Between‐group comparisons demonstrated that the ESWT time was equivalent for the 12‐wk Group compared to the 8‐wk Group at programme completion [mean (95% CI)] [71 s (−61 to 203)], week 12 [70 s (−68 to 208)], and 6–12‐month follow‐up [93 s (−52 to 239)], though superiority of the 12‐wk Group could not be ruled out at each time point. Conclusion: Equivalence was shown between 8‐and 12‐week PR programmes for endurance exercise capacity, but superiority could not be ruled out for the 12‐wk Group. Decisions about programme duration may depend on local waitlist times, healthcare budgets and patient preference. In people with COPD, an 8‐week and 12‐week PR programme were equivalent at improving endurance exercise capacity at programme completion, week 12 and 6–12‐month follow‐up, though superiority of the 12‐week PR programme could not be ruled out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Monte Carlo (MC) modeling of MR‐guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) treatment machines enables the characterization of photon/electron interactions in the presence of a magnetic field. The EGSnrc MC code system is a well‐established system for radiation dose calculations. The multi‐leaf collimator (MLC) component modules presently available within the EGSnrc MC code system do not include a model of the double‐focused MLC available on a low‐field (0.35T) MRI linear accelerator (MR linac). Purpose: Here we developed and validated a new component module (CM) for the low‐field MRgRT MLC using the EGSnrc/BEAMnrc/DOSXYZnrc code system. We performed detailed modeling of the treatment head and validated the model using measurements and calculations from the vendor‐specific treatment planning system (TPS). Methods: The detailed geometry of the low‐field MR linac MLC and other treatment head structures were modeled using BEAMnrc. Comparisons of DOSXYZnrc simulated dose against measurements and the low‐field MR linac TPS for a variety of AAPM TG‐53 task group report suggested square and shaped fields, as well as a step‐and‐shoot intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plan, are presented. Results: Our model agrees with both measured and TPS calculated data on average within 2%/2 mm (dose/DTA) criterion for square field profiles. Output factors agreed within 1% for field sizes down to 2.49 × 2.49 cm2 and within 2% of TPS data for the smallest field size of 0.83 × 0.83 cm2. Shaped field and IMRT MC calculations agreed with measured and TPS data such that the gamma pass rates (3%/2 mm) were 99.5% and (3%/3 mm) 96.2%, respectively. Conclusions: We developed and validated an MLC CM (SYNCVRMLC) for the low‐field MR linac using the EGSnrc MC code systems. This new CM will facilitate MC computation of fluence and dose distributions using BEAMnrc/DOSXYZnrc for patients treated on the low‐field MR linac. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions The Adelaide Score is an artificial intelligence system that integrates objective vital signs and laboratory tests to predict likelihood of hospital discharge.A prospective implementation trial was conducted at the Lyell McEwin Hospital in South Australia. The Adelaide Score was added to existing human, artificial intelligence, and other technological infrastructure for the first 28 days of April 2024 (intervention), and outcomes were compared using parametric, non‐parametric and health economic analyses, to those in the first 28 days of April 2023 (control). Artificial intelligence evaluated inpatients admitted under 18 surgical and medical teams, and patients of high likelihood of discharge were provided, on working shifts between Thursday to Sunday, to the Supportive Weekend Interprofessional Flow Team (SWIFT) comprising a senior nurse and pharmacist.Two thousand nine hundred and sixty‐eight admissions were included across intervention and control periods. Relative to the control group, use of the Adelaide Score in the intervention group resulted in significantly shorter median length of stay (3.1 versus 2.9 days, P = 0.028) and significantly lower seven‐day readmission rate (7.1 versus 5.0%, p = 0.02). The 0.2 bed‐day reduction in median length of stay produced a cost saving of $735 708.60 across the 28‐day period, or $9 564 211.80 across a 52‐week year. There was no significant difference between intervention and control groups in median length of stay for patients discharged on weekends, in‐hospital mortality, or discharge to non‐home destinations.The prospective implementation of the Adelaide Score was associated with improved hospital and cost efficiency, alongside lower readmissions, for patients across surgical and medical services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliable processing capacity and flexible storage space make Cloud computing the most recent favourable technology. Many organizations have converted their conventional processing data centre to a Cloud data centre. Cloud computing provides promising execution and storage, which leads to massive growth in processing demand by Cloud users. It makes the Cloud data centre increase the number of virtual machines (VM) to execute the users tasks. Hence, it causes high frequency disbursed and has increased energy consumption. Many techniques were proposed, which focuses on Cloud energy saving. However, there is still a lack of trade‐off between energy‐efficient task allocation and frequency scaling for a given workload. In this work, we propose a task scheduling algorithm that aims to minimize energy consumption through the frequency scaling technique while improving task execution time. Specifically, our scheduler comprises two modules, which are the scaling frequency module and frequency‐aware task scheduling module. In our first module, we utilize Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling‐Optimal Frequency (DVFS) to determine the optimal frequency and selecting the best server for the incoming tasks. The number of VM is created upon the best server. As for the second module, the VM processing capacity is scaled to the required frequency of the task. We identify it as a required processing capacity for executing the tasks. The experiment result shows that our algorithm has outperformed and efficiently minimized the energy consumption in the Cloud data centre as compared with existing energy‐saving techniques. Meanwhile, the task allocation also has met the system's Quality of Service (QoS). Significantly, leveraging the resource processing frequency is able to gain better trade‐off between performance and energy consumption in the Cloud data centre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Clinical registries are an important research tool to enhance our understanding of vision loss in the Australian paediatric population. We aim to provide an update on the epidemiology of visual impairment among Western Australian children using registry data analysis, and to highlight the challenges of registry data collection. Methods: This is a retrospective study of visual impairment and blindness registrations of children aged 0–16 years in Western Australia from 1996 to 2015. Blindness was defined as visual acuity ≤6/60 in the better‐seeing eye or binocular visual field ≤20° diameter, with all other certifications labelled as visual impairment. Certificates were assessed for primary causes of vision loss by age strata and sex. Registration rate trends were analysed across three discrete registration periods. Results: Of 11 800 certificates issued between 1996 and 2015, 728 certificates (6.2%) were issued to 710 children. Five hundred and twenty‐nine (74.5%) certificates were issued for visual impairment and 181 (25.5%) for blindness. The leading cause of certification was inherited retinal disease (73, 10.3%), followed by cortical visual impairment (57, 8.0%) and albinism (56, 7.9%). The annual registration rate of visual impairment increased from 0.5 to 9.8 per 100 000 person‐years across the study period, whereas blindness rates fell from 2.7 to 1.3. Conclusions: Overall registration rates of paediatric visual impairment in Western Australia are increasing, but these trends should be interpreted with caution given the known limitations of registry data. Enhancements of the registration process could be achieved through digitisation, inclusion of patient outcome data, and incentives for greater practitioner engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of suboptimal self‐rated health (SRH) and its association with subsequent all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality after blood or marrow transplantation (BMT) were examined. Methods: Study participants were drawn from the multicenter Blood or Marrow Transplant Survivor Study, and included patients who were transplanted between 1974 and 2014 and had survived ≥2 years after BMT. Participants (aged ≥18 years) completed a survey at a median of 9 years from BMT, and were followed for a median of 5.6 years after survey completion. Survivors provided information on sociodemographic factors, chronic health conditions, health behaviors, and SRH (a single‐item measure rated as excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor; excellent, very good, and good SRH were classified as good SRH, and fair and poor were classified as suboptimal SRH). The National Death Index Plus and Accurint databases and medical records provided vital status through December 2021. Results: Of 3739 participants, 784 died after survey completion (21%). Overall, 879 BMT survivors (23.5%) reported suboptimal SRH. Pain, low socioeconomic status, psychological distress, lack of exercise, severe/life‐threatening chronic health conditions, post‐BMT relapse, obesity, smoking, and male sex were associated with suboptimal SRH. BMT survivors who reported suboptimal SRH had a 1.9‐fold increased risk of all‐cause mortality (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6–2.3), 1.8‐fold increased risk of recurrence‐related mortality (95% CI, 1.4–2.5), and 1.9‐fold increased risk of non–recurrence‐related mortality (95% CI, 1.4–2.4) compared to those who reported good SRH. Conclusions: This single‐item measure could help identify vulnerable subpopulations who could benefit from interventions to mitigate the risk for subsequent mortality. A single‐item question on self‐rated health can serve as a predictor of subsequent mortality independent of all other demographic and clinical prognosticators of late mortality. This finding suggests that self‐rated health can possibly be incorporated into the workflow of clinical follow‐up of blood or marrow transplantation survivors to provide risk‐stratified care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Primary productivity is an important mechanism influencing the species richness of animal taxa such as mammals. However, the factors that mediate the relationship between carnivore species richness, for example, and productivity are not well understood. We examined whether the relationship between carnivore species richness and primary productivity followed a hump‐shaped relationship and explored potential pathways by which productivity influences carnivore communities. Location: Western Great Basin, USA. Methods: We deployed a camera‐trap grid across a strong precipitation—and the corresponding productivity—gradient and estimated carnivore species richness using a novel application of a multisession community occupancy model. To quantify the relationship between carnivore species richness and productivity, we included the linear and quadratic effects of average annual precipitation as covariates on carnivore species richness. We fit additional community models linking carnivore species richness to vegetation and land cover variables to identify factors that mediate the relationship between carnivore richness and productivity. Results: The linear effect of precipitation on carnivore richness was positive and the quadratic effect was negative, supporting the hump‐shaped relationship where richness declines at the highest levels of productivity. Similarly, carnivore species richness followed a quadratic relationship with vegetation height along the productivity gradient. The relationship between carnivore species richness and proportion tree cover was positive, with limited evidence that open vegetation types in the surrounding landscape increased site‐level richness. Main Conclusions: In addition to supporting the notion that primary productivity has a strong and nonlinear influence on local‐scale carnivore species richness, our results suggest that vegetation structure may be an important mediator of this relationship. Although future changes in precipitation and productivity due to climate change are uncertain, our results indicate that targeting areas of intermediate productivity and vegetation height, such as woodlands, may be key for conserving species‐rich carnivore communities along productivity gradients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In plants, the biosynthetic pathways of some specialized metabolites are partitioned into specialized or rare cell types, as exemplified by the monoterpenoid indole alkaloid (MIA) pathway of Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar Periwinkle), the source of the anticancer compounds vinblastine and vincristine. In the leaf, the C. roseus MIA biosynthetic pathway is partitioned into three cell types with the final known steps of the pathway expressed in the rare cell type termed idioblast. How cell‐type specificity of MIA biosynthesis is achieved is poorly understood.We generated single‐cell multi‐omics data from C. roseus leaves. Integrating gene expression and chromatin accessibility profiles across single cells, as well as transcription factor (TF)‐binding site profiles, we constructed a cell‐type‐aware gene regulatory network for MIA biosynthesis.We showcased cell‐type‐specific TFs as well as cell‐type‐specific cis‐regulatory elements. Using motif enrichment analysis, co‐expression across cell types, and functional validation approaches, we discovered a novel idioblast‐specific TF (Idioblast MYB1, CrIDM1) that activates expression of late‐stage MIA biosynthetic genes in the idioblast.These analyses not only led to the discovery of the first documented cell‐type‐specific TF that regulates the expression of two idioblast‐specific biosynthetic genes within an idioblast metabolic regulon but also provides insights into cell‐type‐specific metabolic regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of nortriptyline regimen and migraine dietary/lifestyle modifications on dizziness and stress levels in patients diagnosed with vestibular migraine (VM). Methods: A total of 35 patients diagnosed with definite VM based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders were included in this intervention study. Patients self‐selected to receive either nortriptyline regimen alone (10–40 mg daily with biweekly escalation) (group A, n = 17) or migraine dietary/lifestyle modifications alone (group B, n = 18). Main outcome measures were dizziness severity and stress level measured by the visual analog scale (VAS). Results: At 4‐week post‐treatment, dizziness decreased from 6.0 ± 2.5 to 4.2 ± 3.4 (p = 0.069) in group A and from 8.7 ± 1.5 to 3.6 ± 3.0 (p < 0.001) in group B. VAS for stress changed from 5.5 ± 1.3 to 5.4 ± 2.9 (p = 0.93) and from 6.9 ± 3.2 to 5.0 ± 2.7 (p = 0.025) in groups A and B, respectively. The δ values of the VAS score for dizziness were 1.8 ± 3.7 and 5.1 ± 3.1 and the δ values of the VAS score for stress were 0.06 ± 2.9 and 1.9 ± 3.3 in groups A and B, respectively. Quality of life (QOL) improved in 88% patients in group A and 94% patients in group B. Conclusions: Nortriptyline, at a maximum dose of 40 mg, effectively alleviates patient symptoms, while a migraine diet and lifestyle modifications notably reduce vertiginous symptoms and stress levels in VM patients in 4 weeks. Both interventions are equally effective in ameliorating the QOL of patients. The ideal treatment for patients would likely need to include both medication and diet/lifestyle changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased market for specialty coffee and climate volatility in traditional coffee‐growing regions of the world has prompted interest in cultivating coffee outside of the tropics, including in California. While several small coffee farms have established in California over the past couple decade, no studies have identified and quantified climatically suitable regions for growing coffee. We developed a model of Coffea arabica suitability based on agronomic studies of thermal constraints to coffee cultivation, combining heat and cold intolerance with energy requirements for maturation. This model was applied to agricultural lands across California using high‐resolution climate datasets for both modern (1991–2020) and projected near‐term (2021–2050) conditions. We explored the potential for farm thermal management approaches—such as using agroforestry shade trees—to buffer temperature extremes and augment thermal suitability. Results indicate that, in the absence of thermal management approaches, nearly all agricultural lands in the state experience temperature extremes detrimental to coffee cultivation in modern climate. By contrast, we found that over 230 km2 of agricultural land in coastal southern and central California is thermally suitable for coffee with management efforts. These suitable areas include most of the state's avocado cultivation—which may serve as a thermal buffer for coffee and favour the environmental and economic agricultural sustainability of this coupled crop system. We additionally show that projected near‐term climate coupled with management efforts leads to moderate increases in thermally suitable agricultural lands for coffee cultivation. Despite numerous economic and logistical challenges, that impede the growth of a burgeoning coffee region in coastal, southern and central California, we demonstrate that climate conditions in both today and in the future, combined with agronomic management efforts such as shading, provide an opportunity for a viable coffee production in California. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of highly wavelength resolved reactivity information for complex photochemical reaction processes allows the establishment of multi‐color reaction modes. One particularly powerful mode is the synergistic two‐color reaction, where two colors of light have to be present in the same volume element to either enable or enhance photochemical reactivity that leads to a specific photoproduct. Herein, we introduce a two‐color synergistic photochemical reaction system based on a diaryl indenone epoxide (DIO) photoswitch and the cis‐to‐trans isomerization of a bridged ring‐strained azobenzene (SA), which respond to ultraviolet (365 nm) and visible light (430 nm), respectively, with different rates, forming a well‐defined heterocyclic photoadduct, DIOSA, that we structurally confirm via single crystal x‐ray diffraction (SXRD). To quantitatively capture the effectiveness of the dual‐color irradiation as a function of the reaction conditions such as light intensity and starting material ratio as a function of product yield, we introduce a parameter, the photochemical synergistic ratio φsyn ${{\phi{} }_{syn}}$. A reduced φsyn ${{\phi{} }_{syn}}$ termed φsyn0 ${{\phi{} }_{syn}^{0}}$ —that extrapolates to conditions of infinitesimal conversions—allows to compare the efficiency of the synergistic photochemistry at varying reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adolescents vary considerably in their circadian phase preference; those with greater "eveningness" (also known as "night owls") have later bedtimes, wake times, and peak arousal compared to those with greater "morningness." Prior research suggests that (a) greater eveningness is associated with worse academic, executive, and attentional functioning; and (b) adolescents with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) tend to be high in eveningness and to have deficits in these school‐related constructs. However, few studies have examined circadian preference alongside two potential confounds—sleep duration and sleep quality—as predictors of daytime functioning, or whether the strength of associations differs across adolescents with and without ADHD. Methods: Participants were 302 adolescents (Mage = 13.17 years; 44.7% female; 81.8% White); approximately half (52%) had ADHD. A multi‐method, multi‐informant design was used. Specifically, adolescents reported on their circadian preference, school night sleep duration, and sleep quality. Adolescents provided ratings of their academic motivation (intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation) and were administered standardized achievement tests in reading and math. Adolescents and parents completed ratings of daily life executive functioning (behavioral, emotion, and cognitive regulation), and they and teachers also provided ratings of ADHD inattentive symptoms. Results: Above and beyond sleep duration, sleep quality, and covariates (sex, family income, pubertal development, medication use), greater eveningness was uniquely associated with poorer academic, executive, and attentional functioning across most measures. Sleep quality was uniquely associated with a handful of outcomes, and sleep duration was not significantly uniquely associated with any outcome in the regression analyses. ADHD status did not moderate effects. Conclusions: This study provides compelling evidence that poorer academic, executive, and attentional functioning are more closely associated with greater eveningness than with sleep duration or quality in adolescents. Findings suggest that targeting circadian preference may be important to reduce these problems in adolescents, especially in clinical samples such as ADHD for whom academic, executive, and attentional difficulties are exceptionally common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

British Army basic training (BT) and initial trade training (ITT) enable personnel to develop role‐related physical capability to perform in‐service job‐roles. The study aimed to compare physical performance of trainees (completing ITT) and trained soldiers, on a series of gym‐based fitness tests and representative military tasks. A total of 316 British Army personnel [68 trainees (63 men: 22 ± 3 years, 71.6 ± 8.4 kg and 1.74 ± 0.07 m) and 248 trained soldiers (225 men: 27 ± 6 years, 78.7 ± 12.7 kg and 1.76 ± 0.08 m)] completed two sessions. Session 1; body mass, stature, age and gym‐based tests (2 km run, broad jump, seated medicine ball throw, hex bar deadlift, 100 m shuttle sprints, pull‐ups and mid‐thigh pull). Session 2; representative military tasks (loaded carriage [stage 1, 4 km, 35–40 kg and 4.8 km h−1 fixed pace and stage 2, 2 km, 20–25 kg and individual best‐effort speed], tactical movement, casualty drag, stretcher carry, vertical lift, repeated carry and incremental lift). Independent sample t‐tests were employed to examine group differences. Compared to trainees, trained soldiers were older (p < 0.001), heavier (p < 0.001) and scored higher on broad jump (p = 0.024), medicine ball throw (p = 0.007) and mid‐thigh pull (p = 0.048), but were slower on 2 km run (p = 0.047), loaded carriage (p < 0.019), tactical movement (p < 0.001) and casualty drag (p < 0.001). Overall, trainees achieve higher scores on aerobic/anaerobic tests, whereas trained soldiers outperform trainees in strength/power‐based tests. Although a cross‐sectional comparison does not provide strong evidence, the results may indicate that cardiovascular fitness is developed during BT, whereas muscle strength/power develops post BT/ITT. These findings would need confirming by a longitudinal study and could inform the development/management of role‐related fitness during BT, ITT and through career. Highlights: The Role Fitness Test (Soldier) and Soldier Conditioning Review performance of British Army trainees and trained soldiers have not previously been examined. Establishing whether differences in performance between the populations exist will help inform the understanding of the physical development of soldiers after ITT/through career.This cross‐sectional study indicates that cardiovascular fitness is developed during BT, whereas muscle strength/power develops post BT/ITT; however, these findings would need confirming by a longitudinal study.Trainees should be provided with sufficient opportunities to practice strength and power‐based tests throughout ITT to enable them to meet physical employment standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Internationally adopted Chicago Classification (CC) criteria based on adult normative data have been used to diagnose children with esophageal motility disorders undergoing high‐resolution esophageal manometry (HREM). The aim of this study was to compare HREM parameters of children without dysphagia and children with dysphagia and normal findings according to CC. Methods: HREM metrics of 41 children (13.2 (9–18) years; 20 female) without dysphagia and 41 children (13.7 (8–18) years; 30 female) with dysphagia and normal diagnosis according to CC were compared. Analyzed data included resting and integrated relaxation pressures (IRP) of upper (UES) and lower (LES) esophageal sphincters, esophageal peristaltic contractile integrals, transition zone (TZ) gaps, distal latency (DL), and manometric esophageal length to height ratio (MELH). 95%ile normative cutoffs were calculated from the cohort without dysphagia. Key Results: Proximal contractile integral (PCI), UES and LES mean resting and IRP were not significantly different between the cohorts (p > 0.3). On the contrary, distal contractile integral (DCI), TZ gap and MELH were notably different with p = 0.0002, p = 0.027, and p = 0.033 respectively. According to 95%ile normative cutoffs of DCI, TZ gap and MELH, in cohort with dysphagia 27%, 15%, and 22% of patients respectively were not normal. Conclusion & Inferences: First study ever to compare HREM parameters of children without dysphagia to children with dysphagia. Considerable proportion of children with dysphagia may be underdiagnosed according to the adult criteria. This emphasizes the need for universally accepted child‐specific diagnostic protocols and norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Traditional head and neck cancer treatment involves open surgery, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and conventional radiotherapy planning. Emerging techniques aim to improve precision and reduce associated toxicity and functional impairment in current practice. This review article describes four such adaptations in image guidance, tailored to next generation therapies. Methods: This is a review of current literature, including feasibility studies from our cancer center, relating to: saline‐aided intra‐oral ultrasound‐guided retropharyngeal biopsy; intra‐oral ultrasound guided trans‐oral robotic surgery (TORS); ultrasound‐guided injection of "directly injected therapies"; and magnetic resonance imaging‐guided radiotherapy. Results: Presented within the context of the wider literature, initial local experience and data indicate good technical outcomes and patient tolerance, and low technical complications in all four image guidance techniques. Conclusion: Initial findings suggest a potentially important future role for these four image guidance techniques, on which next generation therapies are reliant. The broader implications on cross‐disciplinary collaboration are also explored herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Racial and ethnic disparities in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) outcomes are well recognized. However, whether disparities in RA treatment selection and outcomes differ by urban versus rural residence, independent of race, have not been studied. Our objective was to evaluate whether biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD) initiation after methotrexate administration differs by rural versus urban residence among veterans with RA. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study using national US Veterans Affairs (VA) databases, we identified adult patients with RA based on the presence of diagnostic codes and DMARD administration. We included patients receiving an initial prescription of methotrexate (index date) between 2005 and 2014, with data through 2016 used for follow‐up. Urban–rural status was categorized using the Veteran Health Administration's Urban/Rural classification. Our primary outcome of interest was time to biologic initiation within two years of starting methotrexate. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were conducted adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, and rheumatoid factor or anti‐cyclic citrullinated peptide positivity. Results: Among 17,395 veterans with RA (88% male, 42% with rural residence) fulfilling eligibility criteria, 3,259 (19%) initiated a biologic within the first two years of follow‐up. In multivariable models, residence in an urban area was associated with a statistically significant higher biologic administration compared to rural areas (adjusted hazard ratio 1.10 [95% confidence interval 1.02–1.18]). Conclusion: Our study found only modest differences in the initiation of biologic therapies among rural‐ versus urban‐residing veterans with RA in the VA health care system. These findings suggest that disparities are not easily explained by rurality within the VA health care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural households in East Africa rely on local markets, but the influence of market food diversity and household food purchase diversity on diets has not been well‐characterized. We quantify the associations among market food diversity, household food purchase diversity and dietary diversity of mothers, fathers and children in rural Tanzania. This study uses baseline data from a randomized controlled trial, Engaging Fathers for Effective Child Nutrition and Development in Tanzania. We used the 10 food groups for women's dietary diversity to assess the seasonal availability of nutritious foods in 79 markets. Using data from 957 rural households in two districts in Mara, Tanzania, we measured household food purchase diversity over the previous month and dietary diversity among children (6–23 months), mothers and fathers. Overall, 63% of markets sold all 10 food groups throughout the year, indicating high‐market food diversity and minimal seasonality. However, only 33% of women and 35% of children met dietary diversity recommendations. Households that reported higher purchasing power (0.14, p < 0.001), lived within 30 min of a market (0.36, p = 0.001) and had access to a highly diverse market (0.37, p = 0.01) purchased a higher diversity of foods. In turn, food purchase diversity was positively associated with the dietary diversity of mothers (p < 0.001) and children 9–23 months (p < 0.001) but not fathers (p = 0.56). Interventions must account for food availability and access in local markets, and promoting diverse food purchases may be an effective strategy to improve women's and children's diets in rural areas. Key messages: Local markets in rural Mara, Tanzania, had unexpectedly high food diversity with minimal seasonality.Physical and economic access to diverse food markets was associated with households' food purchase, which was in turn associated with women's and children's consumption of diverse diets.Fathers' diets were more diverse and not associated with the diversity of food purchases for consumption at home.The metric developed here—household food purchase diversity—captures food diversity that could contribute to nutrient intake of children and adults.Intervention design must account for the broader food environment in rural settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study applied alterations in partial pressure of end‐tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2${{P}_{{\mathrm{ETC}}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$) to challenge dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) responses across the cardiac cycle in both biological sexes. A total of 20 participants (10 females and 10 males; aged 19–34 years) performed 4‐min bouts of repeated squat–stand manoeuvres (SSMs) at 0.05 and 0.10 Hz (randomized orders) with PETCO2${{P}_{{\mathrm{ETC}}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ clamped at ∼40 mmHg. The protocol was repeated for hypercapnic (∼55 mmHg) and hypocapnic (∼20 mmHg) conditions. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) and posterior cerebral artery (PCA) were insonated via transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Dynamic end‐tidal forcing clamped PETCO2${{P}_{{\mathrm{ETC}}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$, and finger photoplethysmography quantified beat‐to‐beat changes in blood pressure. Linear regressions were performed for transfer function analysis metrics including power spectrum densities, coherence, phase, gain and normalized gain (nGain) with adjustment for sex. During hypercapnic conditions, phase metrics were reduced from eucapnic levels (all P < 0.009), while phase increased during the hypocapnic stage during both 0.05 and 0.10 Hz SSMs (all P < 0.037). Sex differences were present with females displaying greater gain and nGain systole metrics during 0.10 Hz SSMs (all P < 0.041). Across PETCO2${{P}_{{\mathrm{ETC}}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ stages, females displayed reduced buffering against systolic aspects of the cardiac cycle and augmented gain. Sex‐related variances in dCA could explain sex differences in the occurrence of clinical conditions such as orthostatic intolerance and stroke, though the effect of fluctuating sex hormones and contraceptive use on dCA metrics is not yet understood. What is the central question of this study?What is the influence partial pressure of end tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2${{P}_{{\mathrm{ETC}}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$) on dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) across all aspects of the cardiac cycle during hypocapnia, eucapnia and hypercapnia, and are biological sex differences observed in the responses?What is the main finding and its importance?There was delayed dCA response in hypercapnia and enhanced dCA during hypocapnia. Biological sex differences were most evident during 0.10 Hz squat–stand manoeuvres. Middle cerebral artery systolic gain and nGain were lower in males compared to females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germline de novo mutations (DNMs) refer to spontaneous mutations arising during gametogenesis, resulting in genetic changes within germ cells that are subsequently transmitted to the next generation. While the impact of maternal exposures on germline DNMs has been extensively studied, more recent studies have begun to highlight the increasing importance of the effects of paternal factors. In this review, we have summarized the existing literature on how various exposures experienced by fathers affect the germline DNM burden in their spermatozoa, as well as their consequences for semen analysis parameters, pregnancy outcomes, and offspring health. A growing body of literature supports the conclusion that advanced paternal age (APA) correlates with a higher germline DNM rate in offspring. Furthermore, lifestyle choices, environmental toxins, assisted reproductive techniques (ART), and chemotherapy are associated with the accumulation of paternal DNMs in spermatozoa, with deleterious consequences for pregnancy outcomes and offspring health. Ultimately, our review highlights the clear importance of the germline DNM mode of inheritance, and the current understanding of how this is affected by various paternal factors. In addition, we explore conflicting reports or gaps of knowledge that should be addressed in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis D (HDV) is a severe infection with well‐recognised clinical ramifications that remains relatively neglected and underdiagnosed; consequently, the epidemiology of HDV is poorly characterised, both in the United States and globally. In 2022, a pilot project involving eight healthcare institutions was undertaken to ascertain the prevalence of HDV in healthcare institutions with an HBV seropositivity of at least 1%, describe the characteristics of patients testing positive for HDV, and evaluate diagnostic and laboratory processes of HDV screening. From August 2022 to April 2024, a total of 106,693 patients were tested for HBsAg, of whom 65,341 (61.2%) were female and 40,863 (38.3%) were male, with a mean age of 47 years. The overall HBsAg positivity rate was 1.04% (n = 1112). Among the HBsAg+ samples, 645 (58.0%) underwent HDV Ab testing. The HDV Ab positivity rate was 0.81% (n = 9), with 2 cases of HDV RNA positivity (0.18%). The incomplete testing reflects several challenges associated with screening for both HBV and HDV. Further research is necessary to better understand the epidemiology and burden of HDV in the United States and considerations for implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wood duck (Aix sponsa) consistently ranks within the top 5 harvested duck species for both Illinois and the Mississippi Flyway. While substantial research has been done on wood ducks, especially their breeding ecology, few studies have investigated the postbreeding ecology of the species. We captured and marked wood ducks with either a very high frequency (VHF) radio transmitter or a solar‐charged global system of mobile communication (GSM) transmitter during the postbreeding period from August through September 2018–2020. Capture locations were within the La Grange Pool of the Illinois River extending from near Pekin, Illinois to the La Grange Lock and Dam near Meredosia, Illinois, USA. We used conventional radio‐telemetry techniques to track wood ducks to determine cover type use, home range size, daily movement patterns, survival, and migration chronology. Home range size (95% minimum convex polygon) for wood ducks averaged 6,820 ± 572 ha (SE) and we did not find evidence for a difference by age, sex, or transmitter type. Daily movement distance in August (2,031 ± 51 m) was similar to daily movement distance in September (1,922 ± 44 m), but daily movement distances for August and September were less than daily movement distance for October (3,509 ± 53 m) and November (3,347 ± 106 m). Wood ducks primarily used wetlands with woody (45.0%) and emergent vegetation (40.4%), and the most commonly used wetland types by wood ducks were impounded wetlands (53.8%), lakes (17.6%), and ponds (10.7%). Model‐derived survival during the postbreeding period was 0.79 (95% CI = 0.74–0.84). Daily survival was positively related to increased river level and had a mean increase of 4.06 ± 0.67% for every 0.3‐m increase in the Illinois River level at low river levels (1.5–3.0 m) and a mean increase of 1.38 ± 0.32% for every 0.3‐m increase in the Illinois River level at high river levels (4.0–5.5 m). Average departure date of wood ducks leaving the Illinois River Valley was 27 October (range =13 August–15 December), and adult male wood ducks left the study area 11–16 days earlier than the other age and sex cohorts (H2 = 11.6, P = 0.01). Providing additional waterfowl sanctuaries that contain wooded wetlands, especially in years of low river levels, may increase survival for wood ducks during the postbreeding period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present day submarine canyons are active conduits for the transfer of large volumes of sediment, carbon and pollutants from continents to oceans. However, the evolution of submarine canyons over geological timescales remains poorly understood due to their erosional nature and low preservation potential. The Late Cretaceous Punta Baja Formation represents a well‐preserved submarine canyon‐fill that evolved on a tectonically‐active ocean‐facing margin. Exposures provide kilometre‐scale continuous strike and dip sections of the 120 m thick and 1.2 km wide feature. An inherited tectonic fabric influenced the location and orientation of canyon incision into fluvial bedrock. The stratigraphic evolution of the Punta Baja submarine canyon is reconstructed from incision to fill, which shows that it remained an active sediment conduit throughout the time represented by the preserved fill. The depositional architecture of the north–south oriented erosionally confined canyon‐fill is asymmetrical, with sub‐vertically stacked channel‐fills to the west, and an overbank confined by the canyon margin to the east. Sedimentary process interactions led to depositional patterns that are considered distinct to submarine canyon fills. Dynamic topography generated by mass‐wasting processes captured sediment and drove knickpoint development, an autogenic mechanism that modifies sediment delivery to the ocean floor. Widespread upstream dipping surfaces in channel‐fills are interpreted as the stratigraphic expression of upstream migrating supercritical‐flow bedforms, which played an important role in sediment storage and transport in the canyon. The steep relief and internal topography of canyons leads to complicated and characteristic confined overbank flow behaviour and depositional patterns. This study provides insight into how processes that are observed in modern canyons are selectively preserved through the lifetime of the canyon and construct or destroy stratigraphy on geological timescales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We describe a novel technique for endoscope‐assisted (EA) transcervical (TC) approach for resection of parapharyngeal space (PPS) tumors and compare perioperative outcomes of this approach to standard TC approaches. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: Single tertiary care center. Methods: This was a single‐institution, retrospective analysis of all patients undergoing TC approach for resection of PPS tumors over a 10‐year period. We describe unique advantages of our surgical approach utilizing a 0° endoscope for improved surgical access, visualization, and efficiency. χ2 and Student's t test were used to compare perioperative outcomes between cases in which an endoscope was utilized EA for resection versus standard TC approach. Results: Our cohort included 77 patients (n = 40 EA, n = 37 TC). There was no difference in patient age, sex, tumor laterality, tumor size, or tumor location between groups. The EA approach was associated with significantly shorter operative times (median [range] for EA 73 [33‐270] minutes vs TC 112 [56‐362] minutes, P <.01) and reduced rates of immediate postoperative marginal mandibular nerve paresis (EA: n = 5 [12.5%] vs TC: n = 16 [43.2%], P < 0.01). Conclusion: EA TC approach for resection of PPS tumors offers improved surgical access and is associated with reduced surgical time and rates of marginal mandibular nerve paresis compared to standard transcervical approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine if the recurrence rates of BPPV in older adults were lower in the vitamin D‐treated group as compared to placebo groups. Study Design: Double‐blinded randomized control placebo trial. Setting: A single‐centre study. Methods: Double‐blinded randomized controlled trial design with 12 months follow‐up. Vitamin D3 deplete participants were randomized into treatment (Group A) or placebo groups (Group B). Treatment group received 13 weeks of 2000 IU vitamin D3 followed by 1000 IU for the next 13 weeks. Patients who were replete were allocated to a control group (Group C) for observation and follow up. All groups had dietary interventions for vitamin D3 and calcium. Results: Results showed an 87% reduction in recurrence rates of BPPV in the treatment group (Group A), with 0.75 fewer clinical episodes per 1 person‐year as compared to placebo (Group B). Time to first recurrence was also significantly longer in Group A. There was no statistically significant difference between Group A and C in both recurrence rates and dizziness handicap scores. Conclusions: This clinical trial has laid the foundation to expand the investigation of vitamin D as standard of care treatment in BPPV patients in future phase IIb and III studies. Summary: A reduction in BPPV episodes in older adults has implications on fall risk, as dizziness from BPPV may cause falls. With fewer BPPV episodes and longer time to recurrence, seniors may have better postural stability and hence reduced risk of falls. Level of Evidence: 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence is absent in the legal, policy and programmatic landscape of online child sexual exploitation in countries in the Global South. Our work begins to contribute to filling this literature gap, drawing evidence from Tunisia, one of the least studied countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). We reviewed legal and policy documents directly or indirectly connected to online child sexual exploitation, complemented with interviews from diverse actors in the child protection space at the national and sub‐national levels. We note that Tunisia is a signatory to several international and regional treaties and conventions that can be leveraged to tackle online sexual exploitation of children. Still, these have yet to be fully exploited for the benefit of children. Furthermore, we observed several disparate laws at the country level. These laws are scattered in many legal documents, and some aspects could be more specific, but currently not, which poses significant legal challenges to protecting children. Finally, many institutions implementing programmes in this space create less coordination and sometimes confusion. At best, interventions seem ad hoc without any clear mandate of specificity in institutional leadership. The implications of the findings for policies and programmes are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metastatic breast cancers are frequently encountered in cytology and require immunocytochemistry (ICC). In this study, traditional and multiplex ICC (mICC) for GATA‐binding protein 3 (GATA3), gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP15), and mammaglobin (MMG) were performed with the aim of validating mICC in cell blocks, with further single‐cell expression pattern analysis to identify the single markers and combinations of markers most sensitive in subtypes of breast cancer. Methods: GATA3, GCDFP15, and MMG were paired with OptiView 3,3′‐diaminobenzidine and Ventana DISCOVERY Purple and Blue, respectively, with cyclical and serial staining. Bright‐field imaging was performed with the Mantra 2 system and analyzed with the inForm Tissue Finder (Akoya Biosciences). Cell detection and phenotyping were further confirmed by two pathologists. Results: In the 36 cases studied, traditional ICC and mICC demonstrated good concordance (kappa coefficient, >0.5; p <.01) at three cutoffs (1%, 5%, and 50%), except for GATA3 at the 1% cutoff. Single‐marker positivity outnumbered double‐marker positivity and the exceedingly rare triple‐marker positivity (<3%). GATA3 was the leading single marker–positive phenotype in all breast cancer subtypes, except for MMG in estrogen receptor–positive, progesterone receptor–positive, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–positive (ER+/PR+/HER2+) breast cancers. Limited to two markers, GATA3/MMG included the greatest number of tumor cells for luminal breast cancers (ER+/PR+/HER2+, 60.6%; ER+/PR+/HER2+, 31.4%), whereas HER2‐overexpressed breast cancers (27.4%) and triple‐negative breast cancers (26.4%) favored the combination of GATA3/GCDFP15. Conclusions: For a single marker, GATA3 displayed the highest sensitivity. The addition of MMG for hormone receptor‐positive breast cancers and GCDFP15 for hormone receptor‐negative breast cancers further increased sensitivity. The low proportion of multimarker‐positive cells suggested that the coexpression observed with traditional ICC is attributable to intratumoral heterogeneity, not genuine coexpression. Traditional and multiplex immunocytochemistry (mICC) for GATA‐binding protein 3 (GATA3), gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP15), and mammaglobin (MMG) were performed with the aim of validating mICC in cell block preparations of metastatic breast cancer, with further single‐cell expression pattern analysis to identify the single markers and combinations of markers most sensitive in subtypes of breast cancer. For a single marker, GATA3 displayed the highest sensitivity. The addition of MMG for hormone receptor‐positive breast cancers and GCDFP15 for hormone receptor‐negative breast cancers further increased sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gut microbiota interact with host biology in numerous important ways. The forces shaping the composition, diversity, and function of the microbiota vary within and between species. Avian microbiota often correlate more strongly with sampling location specific environmental variables than with host‐associated factors such as age, but robust, range‐wide sampling is rare. To better understand the connection between geographic distance and the microbiota, fecal samples were collected from non‐migratory Canada goose populations across the United States. We expected that geographically closer populations would be exposed to more similar environmental microbes and would therefore have more similar gut microbiota. We hypothesized that intrinsic host‐associated factors would have a weak correlation to gut microbial composition and geographic distance would have a stronger correlation. We found that some components of Canada goose microbiota are present in a majority of the geese, including four bacterial phyla, five families, and three genera. However, there were significant differences in microbial alpha diversity based on state of origin as well as significant positive correlations between geography and beta diversity. Supervised machine learning models were able to predict the state and flyway of origin of a fecal sample based on bacterial composition alone. Distance−decay analysis showed a significant positive relationship between geographic distance and beta diversity. Our work provides novel insights into the microbiota of the Canada goose and supports the hypothesis that avian microbiota are influenced by the host's environment. This work also suggests that there is a minimum geographic distance, likely associated with sufficient variation in habitat, climate, and local food sources, that must be reached before significant differences in the microbiota between two populations can be detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]