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Winter camelina [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz] is a potential third crop to diversify maize (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotations in the upper Midwest. Although generally considered a low‐input crop, empirical evidence suggests that it responds to added nitrogen (N) fertilization. However, optimum agronomic N rates have not been extensively studied in the region. A study was conducted from fall 2018 to fall 2020 at three locations to assess the effects of N fertilizer application time (all N‐rate applied in spring and N‐rate split applied in fall and spring) and rates on biomass and seed yield, and quality of winter camelina. Nitrogen application time did not affect yields. Both biomass and seed yields were greatly affected by N rates at all locations. Nitrogen had minimal effects on the oil and protein content of seeds, although greater N rates were associated with a slight decrease in oil content and a slight increase in protein content. The number of branches and silicles per plant varied significantly with N rates in all locations. The seed‐to‐silicle ratio showed significant differences in two out of three locations. Residual soil N increased with increasing N rates. A fertilization rate of 67 kg ha−1 provided the highest camelina seed yield. While this study has determined the agronomic maximum rate for applied N, further economic analysis could provide comprehensive decision‐making for farmers. Core Ideas: Fertilization timing did not affect winter camelina yield, but N rates did at all study locations.Greater N rates slightly reduced oil but increased protein in seed.Nitrogen rates affected the number of branches and silicles per plant at all study locations.A N rate of 67 kg ha−1 provided the maximum observed seed yield for winter camelina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, social media platforms have become key elements in many teachers' professional lives. In particular, teacher professional activities on X (formerly Twitter) have received attention from scholars. However, research has rarely explored X/Twitter use with attention to the diverse national contexts in which teachers work. To address this literature gap, this qualitative study collected data via individual and focus group interviews with teachers (N = 29) in three countries: England, Norway and the United States of America. Inductive analysis yielded findings related to purposes for, changes in and benefits and challenges of K‐12 teachers' X/Twitter use. Participants from all three contexts described professional learning activities that included sharing and/or acquiring knowledge and resources, and building professional networks and/or communities via X/Twitter. Multiple participants across contexts also referred to similar challenges such as avoiding negativity from other users. However, differences in X/Twitter use were also noted across teachers from the three national settings, such as only Norwegian participants speaking about using X/Twitter to find collaboration partners for teaching and learning projects. We discuss our findings in relation to literature, theory and practice around teacher professional learning in an era of widespread social media. Practitioner notes What is already known about this topic Many K‐12 teachers use X/Twitter and other social media platforms for professional learning purposes. Teachers can use X/Twitter for various purposes and in multiple ways. Contextual factors influence teachers' use of X/Twitter. Social media platform use varies to some extent across cultures and nations. What this paper adds Identification of similarities and differences in X/Twitter use among teachers. International comparative analysis based on individual and focus group interviews of participants from England, Norway and the United States of America. Evidence related to the evolving and dynamic nature of teachers' use of X/Twitter. Implications for practice and/or policy Teachers who use social media may benefit from understanding diverse potential uses of platforms. Policies and guidance regarding K‐12 teacher social media use should accommodate various contextual factors, including national context. Diversity and changes in teacher professional social media use warrant more international comparative research in relation to wider policy contexts in education. What is already known about this topic Many K‐12 teachers use X/Twitter and other social media platforms for professional learning purposes. Teachers can use X/Twitter for various purposes and in multiple ways. Contextual factors influence teachers' use of X/Twitter. Social media platform use varies to some extent across cultures and nations. What this paper adds Identification of similarities and differences in X/Twitter use among teachers. International comparative analysis based on individual and focus group interviews of participants from England, Norway and the United States of America. Evidence related to the evolving and dynamic nature of teachers' use of X/Twitter. Implications for practice and/or policy Teachers who use social media may benefit from understanding diverse potential uses of platforms. Policies and guidance regarding K‐12 teacher social media use should accommodate various contextual factors, including national context. Diversity and changes in teacher professional social media use warrant more international comparative research in relation to wider policy contexts in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Blood tests have the potential to improve the accuracy of Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical diagnosis, which will enable greater access to AD‐specific treatments. This study compared leading commercial blood tests for amyloid pathology and other AD‐related outcomes. METHODS: Plasma samples from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative were assayed with AD blood tests from C2N Diagnostics, Fujirebio Diagnostics, ALZPath, Janssen, Roche Diagnostics, and Quanterix. Outcomes measures were amyloid positron emission tomography (PET), tau PET, cortical thickness, and dementia severity. Logistic regression models assessed the classification accuracies of individual or combined plasma biomarkers for binarized outcomes, and Spearman correlations evaluated continuous relationships between individual plasma biomarkers and continuous outcomes. RESULTS: Measures of plasma p‐tau217, either individually or in combination with other plasma biomarkers, had the strongest relationships with all AD outcomes. DISCUSSION: This study identified the plasma biomarker analytes and assays that most accurately classified amyloid pathology and other AD‐related outcomes. Highlights: Plasma p‐tau217 measures most accurately classified amyloid and tau status.Plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 had relatively low accuracy in classification of amyloid status.Plasma p‐tau217 measures had higher correlations with cortical thickness than NfL.Correlations of plasma biomarkers with dementia symptoms were relatively low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tauopathies are defined by pathological tau protein aggregates within a spectrum of clinically heterogeneous neurodegenerative diseases. The primary tauopathies meet the definition of rare diseases in the United States. There is no approved treatment for primary tauopathies. In this context, designing the most efficient development programs to translate promising targets and treatments from preclinical studies to early‐phase clinical trials is vital. In September 2022, the Rainwater Charitable Foundation convened an international expert workshop focused on the translation of tauopathy therapeutics through early‐phase trials. Our report on the workshop recommends a framework for principled drug development and a companion lexicon to facilitate communication focusing on reproducibility and achieving common elements. Topics include the selection of targets, drugs, biomarkers, participants, and study designs. The maturation of pharmacodynamic biomarkers to demonstrate target engagement and surrogate disease biomarkers is a crucial unmet need. Highlights: Experts provided a framework to translate therapeutics (discovery to clinical trials).Experts focused on the "5 Rights" (target, drug, biomarker, participants, trial).Current research on frontotemporal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal syndrome therapeutics includes 32 trials (37% on biologics)Tau therapeutics are being tested in Alzheimer's disease; primary tauopathies have a large unmet need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The Alzheimer's Prevention Initiative (API) Generation Studies evaluated the BACE inhibitor umibecestat for Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevention. The studies were terminated early, and the reversibility of umibecestat's side effects was assessed. METHODS: Cognitively unimpaired 60‐ to 75‐year‐old apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 homozygotes and heterozygotes (the latter with elevated brain amyloid deposition) (n = 1556) received umibecestat (50 or 15 mg daily) or placebo for 7 months on average and were followed for a median (interquartile range) of 4 (3 to 6) months after washout. RESULTS: Compared to placebo, umibecestat‐treated participants had small, non‐progressive, but statistically significant decline in performance on certain cognitive batteries including Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and API Preclinical Composite Cognitive test, but not Clinical Dementia Rating‐Sum of Boxes. RBANS differences were no longer significant at the end of follow‐up. DISCUSSION: In people at genetic risk for AD, high‐dose beta‐site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE) inhibition was associated with early mild cognitive worsening, which reversed shortly after washout, suggesting a symptomatic side effect not associated with neurodegeneration. Fully anonymized data, images, and samples are available upon request for further research on BACE inhibition. Highlights: This is the first trial with blinded assessment of reversibility of BACE inhibitor side effects.Umibecestat was tested in cognitively unimpaired persons at genetic risk for AD.Umibecestat led to early mild cognitive decline that reversed shortly after washout.This suggests a potentially manageable effect not associated with neurodegeneration.Further research may determine the future of BACE inhibition in AD prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the impact of persistent symptoms after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in an Australian population. Design, setting, participants: We conducted a statewide health survey of a stratified random sample of adults who had had a confirmed acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection (COVID‐19‐positive group) and their close contacts (control group). The sample was drawn from Victoria's COVID‐19 database between January 2020 and October 2022. Data were collected from 12 688 survey respondents between September 2022 and April 2023 (11 174 in the COVID‐19‐positive group and 1514 in the control group). Main outcome measures: Persistent new symptoms, recovery, and daily function using validated questionnaires for fatigue, neurocognitive symptoms, anxiety, depression and quality of life. Results: At a mean of 12.6 months after infection, 4560 respondents in the COVID‐19‐positive group (39.1%; 95% CI, 37.9–40.3%) reported at least one persistent new symptom, compared with 216 respondents in the control group (20.8%; 95% CI, 18.5–23.1%). A total of 1656 respondents (14.2%; 95% CI, 13.4–15.0%) were classified as having clinical long COVID using the criteria of at least one persistent new symptom and less than 80% recovery three months after the infection. Of the respondents with clinical long COVID, 535 (3.2%; 95% CI, 2.6–3.8%) reported at least moderate problems with usual activities at 12 months after their infection. The proportion of respondents with clinical long COVID was lower for those with more recent infections. The risk factors for clinical long COVID were female sex, age 40–49 years, infection severity, chronic illness, and past anxiety or depression. Factors associated with a decreased risk of having clinical long COVID included infection when the Omicron strain was dominant and infection when the Delta strain was dominant, as compared with when the ancestral strain of the virus was dominant. Conclusion: Persistent symptoms after COVID‐19 are common, though with a lower incidence following infection from less virulent strains. Although long COVID can be largely managed in primary care, a minority of people who have persistent symptoms and impaired function may require specialist care pathways, the effectiveness of which should be a focus of future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postoperative carotid endarterectomy (CEA) patch infection is a rare but well‐recognized complication of CEA. It is important for otolaryngologists to be aware of the presentation and challenges in its diagnosis. Methods: Patients who presented with a neck mass or hemorrhage and a known prior history of carotid endarterectomy with synthetic patch reconstruction were worked up with ultrasound, CT, or MRI imaging. In one case, fine needle aspiration biopsy was performed. Ultimately, all patients were taken to the operating room for neck exploration. Results: Of the three patients presented in this case series, two presented with a chronic neck mass, two‐to‐three years after carotid endarterectomy. One patient presented acutely with hemorrhage from the carotid endarterectomy site. Carotid patch infection was diagnosed after neck exploration in all cases. Vascular surgery was consulted intra‐operatively to perform definitive vascular repair. Conclusions: Infected carotid patch should be suspected in patients with a history of prior CEA, as many of the presenting complaints may resemble or mimic pathology managed by otolaryngology. The onset of symptoms can be perioperative or very delayed. A multidisciplinary approach with vascular surgery and infectious disease is required for appropriate management of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malondialdehyde–acetaldehyde (MAA) adducts lead to generation of anti‐MAA autoantibodies and have been independently identified in inflamed periodontal and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) tissues. This study evaluates serum samples from RA cases and osteoarthritis (OA) controls to quantify associations between periodontal clinical measures, alveolar bone loss (ABL), and anti‐Porphyromonas gingivalis, anti‐Prevotella intermedia, and anti‐Fusobacterium nucleatum antibody concentrations with anti‐MAA antibody concentrations. Methods: Participants (n = 284 RA cases, n = 330 OA controls) underwent periodontal clinical assessments and ABL measurements. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgG, and IgM anti‐MAA and serum IgG antibacterial antibody concentrations were quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Analyses utilized simple linear regression and multivariable adjusted models. Results: No significant associations of periodontal clinical measures with serum anti‐MAA were found. Moderate (p = 0.038 and p = 0.036, respectively) and high ABL (p = 0.012 and p = 0.014, respectively) in RA cases (but not in OA) were positively associated with IgG and IgM anti‐MAA. Anti‐P. gingivalis and anti‐P. intermedia antibody concentrations were positively associated with IgA (p = 0.001 for both), IgG (p = 0.007 and p = 0.034, respectively), and IgM anti‐MAA antibody concentrations (p < 0.001 and p = 0.020, respectively), while anti‐F. nucleatum was positively associated with IgG anti‐MAA (p = 0.042), findings that were similar across groups. Conclusions: A positive association was demonstrated between ABL and serum IgG and IgM anti‐MAA antibody concentrations that was unique to RA and not observed in OA. Serum anti‐P. gingivalis, anti‐P. intermedia, and anti‐F. nucleatum antibody concentrations displayed significant associations with anti‐MAA antibody in both groups. These findings suggest MAA may play a role in the interrelationship between the periodontium and RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Core has been operating since Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative's (ADNI) inception, providing 20 years of data including reliable, multi‐platform standardized protocols, carefully curated image data, and quantitative measures provided by expert investigators. The overarching purposes of the MRI Core include: (1) optimizing and standardizing MRI acquisition methods, which have been adopted by many multicenter studies and trials worldwide and (2) providing curated images and numeric summary values from relevant MRI sequences/contrasts to the scientific community. Over time, ADNI MRI has become increasingly complex. To remain technically current, the ADNI MRI protocol has changed substantially over the past two decades. The ADNI 4 protocol contains nine different imaging types (e.g., three dimensional [3D] T1‐weighted and fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery [FLAIR]). Our view is that the ADNI MRI data are a greatly underutilized resource. The purpose of this paper is to educate the scientific community on ADNI MRI methods and content to promote greater awareness, accessibility, and use. Highlights: The MRI Core provides multi‐platform standardized protocols, carefully curated image data, and quantitative analysis by expert groups.The ADNI MRI protocol has undergone major changes over the past two decades to remain technically current.As of April 25, 2024, the following numbers of image series are available: 17,141 3D T1w; 6877 FLAIR; 3140 T2/PD; 6623 GRE; 3237 dMRI; 2846 ASL; 2968 TF‐fMRI; and 2861 HighResHippo (see Table 1 for abbreviations).As of April 25, 2024, the following numbers of quantitative analyses are available: FreeSurfer 10,997; BSI 6120; tensor based morphometry (TBM) and TBM‐SYN 12,019; WMH 9944; dMRI 1913; ASL 925; TF‐fMRI NFQ 2992; and medial temporal subregion volumes 2726 (see Table 4 for abbreviations).ADNI MRI is an underutilized resource that could be more useful to the research community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation priorities and legal protections are often based on confirmed species occurrences. However, imperfect detection is likely the norm in biological surveys, resulting in negative consequences for conservation. Focusing on threatened species in the US and Canada, we show that detectability information appears to be lacking for most species that are conservation priorities. Although more research on species detection is needed, detectability estimates are important for many immediate decisions. Thus, we recommend: (1) estimating and accounting for detectability and designing rigorous surveys when confirming presence or absence is crucial. Otherwise, absence in surveys should be considered suggestive only and critical habitat should be managed even if species presences are unconfirmed. (2) When directly estimating detectability is prohibitively difficult, indirect estimates should be explored, for example through expert elicitation or trait‐based predictors. (3) Detectability should be explicitly incorporated into decisions to ensure that surveys and management actions are directed where they have the greatest potential benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To design and validate a disease‐specific quality of life instrument for Meniere's disease. Methods: We used a sequential process of expert input, patient focus groups, and analyses of responses to draft questionnaires to create a 24‐item Meniere's disease quality of life (MenQOL) instrument. The MenQOL and the SF‐36v2 were administered to a cohort of 50 patients with Meniere's disease and 60 comparison patients with tinnitus, vertigo, or hearing loss from other causes identified at a tertiary academic center. We performed exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach's α, between group comparisons of total MenQOL scores, and regression analyses between the MenQOL and SF‐36v2 to evaluate the instrument's factor structure, internal consistency, face validity, and external validity. Segregation of the instrument into domains was assessed by exploratory factor analysis. Results: Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the MenQOL has a single domain. Cronbach's α = 0.914 indicated high internal consistency for the instrument as a whole. Mean MenQOL scores showing significantly worse quality of life among patients with Meniere's disease than comparison participants (52.5 ± 15.8 vs. 43.2 ± 12.6; p = 0.0051), indicating good construct validity. Significant inverse relationships in bivariate linear regressions between total MenQOL scores and SF‐36v2 physical (slope = −0.94, p < 0.0001) and mental (slope = −1.16, p < 0.0001) composite scores showed acceptable concurrent validity. Conclusions: We have described the initial development of the MenQOL, a simple, valid patient‐reported outcome measure that, subject to further study, may be used to assess the effects of treatment on disease‐specific quality of life in patients with Meniere's disease. Level of Evidence: 3 Laryngoscope, 134:4351–4357, 2024 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulse crop lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is often grown in crop rotations to provide nitrogen (N) and water benefits for subsequent crops. Lentil yields vary greatly with environmental factors and management. A reliable crop model for lentil could assist efforts to assess the effects of management practices to mitigate environmental stresses and maximize lentil yields. However, few crop models simulate the development and growth of lentil. In this study, we adapted the CSM-CROPGRO model in the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer to simulate lentil development and growth based on data collected from six experiments conducted from 2001 to 2021 globally. The initial parameter values taken from faba bean (Vicia faba L.) were modified based on reported information and analysis of observed data. Those values were fine-tuned to minimize the gaps between the simulated and observed crop attributes. The model simulated well development stages with root mean square error (RMSE) of 4 days and aboveground biomass with normalized root mean square error (nRMSE ≤ 23%). Seed yields were generally well simulated across experiments in calibration and validation (nRMSE = 19%) datasets, except for overestimation under the humid environment of Quebec in Canada, which may have resulted from excessive vegetative growth. The underlying mechanisms leading to excessive vegetative growth need to be explored further and included in the model for evaluating the adaptability of lentils to specific regions. Overall, the CSM-CROPGRO-Lentil model is ready for simulating lentil production under various scenarios, which may identify ways to improve the productivity and resiliency of cropping systems that include lentil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The herbicide dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) is commonly used to control broadleaf weeds in soybeans. Dicamba, however, is susceptible to volatilization and drift, thereby causing significant plant damage to nontarget crops downwind. Dicamba was reformulated to reduce volatility and off-target movement. The effectiveness of the dicamba reformulation was assessed by quantifying dicamba emissions following spray application and investigated how meteorological factors influenced the off-target movement. The experiments were conducted at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station (UMORE Park) during the growing season of 2018, 2019, 2021, and 2022. Multiple high-flow polyurethane foam air samplers were used to measure dicamba concentrations downwind from a 4-ha soybean field sprayed with dicamba. Dicamba emissions were estimated using backward Lagrangian modeling constrained by the air sample observations. The results indicate that dicamba emissions and downwind transport were significant for several days following application. Further, non-traited soybeans located within 15–45 m showed substantial dicamba-related damage. In warmer, drier seasons, increased dicamba emissions caused more severe damage to downwind soybeans, likely worsened by drought stress preventing recovery. Favorable atmospheric conditions that reduced potential drift can be difficult to achieve in terms of the typical weather experienced over agricultural sites in the Upper Midwest. These results indicate that the dicamba reformulation has not adequately prevented significant post-spray volatilization losses and downwind transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While extreme weather events are often localized, the potential effects on global forests can be far reaching due to the interconnected nature of forest product markets. To better understand these dynamics, this study leverages historical forest‐based wind damage data in the United States and applies this information as shocks within a global forest sector outlook model. A large, localized wind event modeled as a shock to the US South creates a one‐time increase of 18.7 million m3 from salvage harvest operations, equal to over 4% of national harvest. This crowds out traditional harvest activities, leading to downward pressure on prices in the short run, followed by a persistent effect that could take approximately 25 years to dissipate from markets. Average annual wind damage contributes downward pressure on roundwood prices between 1% and 4% in the United States, and this effect is distributed to other countries. The findings suggest that large, localized shocks reverberate across regions and wood product markets due to their interconnected supply chains and trade patterns, and these impacts have important temporal dynamics. Another key result is that the magnitude of these effects are offset by endogenous market reactions in other markets. In other words, unaffected regions change their harvesting patterns in order to compensate for changes in the availability of fiber, shedding light on the importance of capturing global channels as large shocks materialize in changes in market dynamics internationally. Monte Carlo simulations suggest a wide confidence band on salvage harvest rates and prices. Plain Language Summary: Extreme weather events can have significant impacts on global forests despite being localized, thanks to the interconnected nature of forest product markets. This study investigates this relationship by analyzing historical wind damage data from US forests. It finds that a major wind event in the US South led to a substantial increase in salvage harvest, equivalent to over 4% of the national harvest. This surge in harvest disrupted traditional activities, causing short‐term price drops and long‐lasting effects over about 25 years due to tree loss. Wind damage annually contributes to 1%–4% price decreases in US roundwood, affecting other countries too. The study emphasizes how such shocks ripple across regions and markets due to intertwined supply chains and trade patterns. It also highlights how unaffected regions adapt their harvesting to balance fiber availability, underscoring the importance of understanding global dynamics. Monte Carlo simulations reveal wide confidence bands on salvage harvest rates and prices, underlining the uncertainty surrounding these estimates. Key Points: Extreme weather events, while localized, but can have far reaching consequences on forests due to the interconnected wood product marketsThe effect of extreme weather events on wood product markets is mitigated through endogenous market reactions in other regions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boreal chorus frogs (Pseudacris maculata Agassiz 1850) are a widespread amphibian in North America, but several populations are in decline. Specifically, we are developing captive breeding and reintroduction methods for the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence–Canadian Shield population. Here we present the effects of tadpole density, food variety, and addition of supplemental minerals to rearing water on the growth, development, and survival during the larval and metamorph/juvenile stages. We conducted two experiments using a factorial design. We found that low tadpole density (1 vs. 2 tadpoles/L) and high food variety (five food items vs. three food items) significantly increased tadpole body length and Gosner stage after 2 weeks (p <.001), increased survival to metamorphosis (p <.001), decreased time to metamorphosis (p <.001), and increased weight after metamorphosis (p <.001). On average, tadpoles in the high density/low food treatment, compared to the low density/high food, were 25% smaller after 2 weeks, had 3.9× lower survival to metamorphosis, took 1.25× longer to reach metamorphosis, and weighed 1.5× less after metamorphosis. In contrast, neither density (0.5 vs. 1 tadpole/L) nor mineral supplemented water affected growth and development, but tadpole survival was higher at 1 tadpole/L. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of rearing boreal chorus frogs in captivity and provide guidelines for rearing this and similar species in a laboratory environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of LSD analogs have emerged in recent years with dual purposes of avoiding prosecution from possession while providing new options for those willing to experiment with hallucinogenic drugs. In this study, a previously published automated sample preparation method for LSD and its primary metabolite (OH‐LSD) was utilized to extract LSD, OH‐LSD, and nine LSD analogs from urine. The liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was modified from the previously published LC conditions to utilize a different analytical column and gradient elution program. Mobile phases of 10 mM ammonium formate with 0.1% formic acid in deionized water (mobile phase A) and 0.1% formic acid in methanol (mobile phase B) were employed. The method was validated to ANSI/ASB Standard 036 with a 0.1 ng/mL limit of detection for all analytes and was utilized for the analysis of 325 urine specimens. Although no LSD analogs were observed in the samples analyzed, this validated method was demonstrated to be suitable for the analysis of these compounds in laboratories seeking to expand their testing scope. Automated sample preparation allows for the efficient analysis of these analytically challenging compounds with minimal manual handling. Additionally, there was no increased analytical time burden when the LC column and gradient were modified to target nine additional analytes. Detection may improve as new reference standards are developed to allow laboratories to focus on the metabolic products of these analogs. For now, this validated procedure can assist with the routine analysis and surveillance of these emerging substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D printing (3DP) technologies have transformed the processing of advanced ceramics for small‐scale and custom designs during the past three decades. Simple and complex parts are designed and manufactured using 3DP technologies for structural, piezoelectric, and biomedical applications. Manufacturing simple or complex geometries or one‐of‐a‐kind components without part‐specific tooling saves significant time and creates new applications for advanced ceramic materials. Although development and innovations in 3DP of ceramics are far behind compared with metals or polymers, with the availability of different commercial machines in recent years for 3DP of ceramics, exponential growth is expected in this field in the coming decade. This article details various 3DP technologies for advanced ceramic materials, their advantages and challenges for manufacturing parts for various applications, and perspectives on future directions. We envision this work will be helpful to advanced ceramic researchers in industry and academia who are using different 3DP processes in the coming days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease driven by upregulation of cytokines in the Th17 pathway, including interleukin‐36 (IL‐36). Previous studies have highlighted the utility of IL‐36 immunostaining for psoriasis compared to spongiotic dermatitis and other psoriasiform dermatoses; however, no study has examined the role of IL‐36 staining in distinguishing psoriasis from pityriasis rosea (PR) and pityriasis lichenoides (PL), known histologic mimickers of psoriasis. Methods: We compared the immunostaining pattern of IL‐36 for 21 PR cases, 22 PL cases, and 10 psoriasis cases. We graded the immunostaining as 0, negative; 1, focal weak; 2, diffuse weak; 3, focal, strong; or 4, diffuse strong. We further categorized stains as negative (0–2 score) or positive (3–4 score) and utilized Fisher's exact test to compare the immunostaining pattern of these entities. Results: All psoriasis specimens were positive for IL‐36, whereas all PR specimens were negative (p = 0.00000002). Twenty PL specimens were negative (p = 0.000001). Nine of 10 pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta cases were negative (p = 0.00012), and 11 of 12 cases of pityriasis lichenoides chronica were negative (p = 0.00003). Conclusions: Our findings highlight the potential role of IL‐36 immunostaining in distinguishing psoriasis from other psoriasiform dermatoses, including PR and PL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The understanding of the pathological events in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has advanced dramatically, but the successful translation from rodent models into efficient human therapies is still problematic. METHODS: To examine how tau pathology can develop in the primate brain, we injected 12 macaques with a dual tau mutation (P301L/S320F) into the entorhinal cortex (ERC). An investigation was performed using high‐resolution microscopy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and fluid biomarkers to determine the temporal progression of the pathology 3 and 6 months after the injection. RESULTS: Using quantitative microscopy targeting markers for neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, as well as fluid and imaging biomarkers, we detailed the progression of misfolded tau spreading and the consequential inflammatory response induced by glial cells. DISCUSSION: By combining the analysis of several in vivo biomarkers with extensive brain microscopy analysis, we described the initial steps of misfolded tau spreading and neuroinflammation in a monkey model highly translatable to AD patients. Highlights: Dual tau mutation delivery in the entorhinal cortex induces progressive tau pathology in rhesus macaques.Exogenous human 4R‐tau coaptates monkey 3R‐tau during transneuronal spread, in a prion‐like manner.Neuroinflammatory response is coordinated by microglia and astrocytes in response to tau pathology, with microglia targeting early tau pathology, while astrocytes engaged later in the progression, coincident with neuronal death.Monthly collection of CSF and plasma revealed a profile of changes in several AD core biomarkers, reflective of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation as early as 1 month after injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Understanding individual patient preferences for chronic low back pain (cLBP) outcomes is essential for targeting available therapeutic options; yet tools to elicit patient outcome preferences are limited. Objective: To develop and test a choice‐based conjoint (CBC) measure, commonly used in behavioral economics research, to elicit what outcomes patients with cLBP want to achieve and avoid. Design: We developed a survey‐based CBC measure to allow patients to make risk/benefit trade‐off choices between possible treatment outcomes. After extensive literature, clinician, and patient input, our measure included seven attributes: fatigue, anxiety/depression, difficulty thinking/making decisions, pain intensity, physical abilities, change in pain, and ability to enjoy life despite pain. Random‐parameters logit models were used to estimate strength of preferences, and latent class analysis was used to identify patient characteristics associated with distinct preference. Setting: Online study using the Sawtooth web‐based platform. Participants: Two hundred eleven individuals with cLBP recruited from online advertising as well as at clinical sites across multiple academic and private institutions. Interventions: Not applicable. Results: The most valued outcome was the highest level of physical activity (β = 1.6–1.98; p <.001), followed by avoiding cognitive difficulties (β = −1.48; p <.001). Avoidance of severe pain was comparable to avoiding constant fatigue and near‐constant depression/anxiety (β = −0.99, −1.02); p <.001). There was an association between preferences and current pain/disability status; patients with higher pain had a stronger preference to avoid severe pain, whereas those with higher disability have stronger preferences for achieving physical activity. The latent class analysis identified two distinct groups: (1) more risk‐seeking and willing to accept worse outcomes (56%); and (2) more risk‐averse with a stronger preference for achieving maximum benefits (44%). Conclusions: Our study illuminated cLBP patient preferences for treatment outcomes and heterogeneity in these preferences. Patients stressed the importance of reaching high physical activity and avoiding cognitive declines, even over a desire to avoid pain. More work is needed to understand patient preferences to aid informed, shared decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The link between nocturia and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is frequently discussed in literature, yet the precise nature of this relationship remains poorly characterized. The existing literature was reviewed in order to address issues concerning the origin, diagnosis, management, and implications of the co‐occurrence of CVD and nocturia. Methods: This review summarizes literature and recommendations regarding the link between CVD and nocturia discussed during a think‐tank meeting held at the 2023 International Consultation on Incontinence‐Research Society. Results: Cardiovascular disorders are often underestimated contributors to nocturia, with various potential mechanisms influencing nighttime urination, such as impact on fluid retention, atrial natriuretic peptide, and glomerular filtration rate. The redistribution of fluid from leg edema in supine position can lead nocturnal polyuria (NP). Additionally, sleep disturbances due to nocturia in itself may lead to CVD through an increase in blood pressure, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Disrupted circadian rhythms (e.g., in sleep pattern and urine production) were identified as critical factors in most etiologies of nocturia, and their contribution is deemed imperative in future research and treatment approaches, particularly in the aging population. NP can be detected through a simple bladder diary and can even be used to distinguish cardiac from noncardiac causes of nocturia. For the treatment of NP, desmopressin can be effective in select patients, however, caution and close monitoring is warranted for those with CVD due to increased risk of side effects. Conclusions: Gaps were identified in the available evidence and clear cut recommendations were put forth for future research. It is essential to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms linking nocturia and CVD to develop optimal management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Including soil health and physical measurements with traditional soil fertility measurements has the potential to improve corn (Zea mays L.) P fertilizer recommendations. The objectives for this study were to (1) evaluate the accuracy of current South Dakota corn P recommendations in predicting yield increases and (2) determine if the predictability of yield response to P fertilization improves by including selected soil biological, physical, and chemical measurements. This project was conducted in central and eastern South Dakota from 2019 to 2022 at 117 experimental sites that varied in management, landform, and soil type. A treatment of 48.9 kg P2O5‐P ha−1 was compared to a control with no P fertilizer. Soil samples (0–15 cm) collected before fertilization were analyzed for selected soil physical, chemical, and biological parameters. Analysis suggested that the current critical P value of 16 mg Olsen‐P kg−1 was still accurate as it was still within the 68% confidence interval for the linear (12–19 mg kg−1) and quadratic plateau (16–26 mg kg−1) models. Using the critical value of 16 mg Olsen‐P kg−1, we correctly predicted P responsiveness 70% of the time. The accuracy of predicting P responsiveness was not further improved by considering selected enzymes, permanganate oxidizable C, soil respiration, total C, or total N, but was improved by considering pH, soil organic matter, and apparent cation exchange capacity. Therefore, the use of typical soil fertility measurements without soil physical and biological measurements is currently the best option for predicting the responsiveness of corn to P fertilization in South Dakota. Core Ideas: South Dakota's corn Olsen soil test phosphorus (STP) critical value should remain at 16 mg kg−1.Below 16 mg kg−1 STP, corn yields increased 10% at 78% of the sites with P application.P response predictions were not improved by considering biological and physical indicators.Using STP in making P response predictions in South Dakota remains the best method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications near the time of planting are important for upper US Midwest corn (Zea mays L.) production, but wet springs may result in significant N losses. Split applications may circumvent this problem and improve fertilizer uptake and use efficiency, but the relative contribution of N from the soil and fertilizer is poorly understood. A field study with six sites in Minnesota received 15N‐labeled urea fertilizer in the first year and unlabeled urea in the second year to determine the effect of N rate and application timing on corn uptake and accumulation patterns of fertilizer‐derived N (FDN) and soil‐derived N (SDN) over two consecutive growing seasons. Corn responded positively to fertilization. The percentage of total N uptake as FDN was greatest closest to the time of application but decreased over time as SDN became the dominant N source. A split application (45 kg N ha−1 at planting, 90 kg N ha−1 at V4) significantly improved FDN uptake over the 135 kg N ha−1 preplant treatment but did not improve total N uptake in the first year at any site. Fertilizer‐N use efficiency (F15NUE) using the isotopic method was 2.8%–43.3% across all sites at the end of the first year with the majority partitioned to the grain. At the end of the second year, approximately 2.2% of the first‐year applied FDN was recovered in aboveground biomass. Fertilization ensures adequate N availability to the developing crop, but ultimately SDN contributed ≥61% of the total N uptake. Core Ideas: Fertilizer‐derived N (FDN) uptake is greatest closest to the time of application.First‐year soil‐derived nitrogen accounted for 61%–96% of plant nitrogen uptake at harvest.Split application increased FDN uptake but not total plant nitrogen uptake.Over 2 years, ≤29% of first‐year applied nitrogen was recovered in the grain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northern peatlands are a globally significant source of methane (CH4), and emissions are projected to increase due to warming and permafrost loss. Understanding the microbial mechanisms behind patterns in CH4 production in peatlands will be key to predicting annual emissions changes, with stable carbon isotopes (δ13C‐CH4) being a powerful tool for characterizing these drivers. Given that δ13C‐CH4 is used in top‐down atmospheric inversion models to partition sources, our ability to model CH4 production pathways and associated δ13C‐CH4 values is critical. We sought to characterize the role of environmental conditions, including hydrologic and vegetation patterns associated with permafrost thaw, on δ13C‐CH4 values from high‐latitude peatlands. We measured porewater and emitted CH4 stable isotopes, pH, and vegetation composition from five boreal‐Arctic peatlands. Porewater δ13C‐CH4 was strongly associated with peatland type, with δ13C enriched values obtained from more minerotrophic fens (−61.2 ± 9.1‰) compared to permafrost‐free bogs (−74.1 ± 9.4‰) and raised permafrost bogs (−81.6 ± 11.5‰). Variation in porewater δ13C‐CH4 was best explained by sedge cover, CH4 concentration, and the interactive effect of peatland type and pH (r2 = 0.50, p < 0.001). Emitted δ13C‐CH4 varied greatly but was positively correlated with porewater δ13C‐CH4. We calculated a mixed atmospheric δ13C‐CH4 value for northern peatlands of −65.3 ± 7‰ and show that this value is more sensitive to landscape drying than wetting under permafrost thaw scenarios. Our results suggest northern peatland δ13C‐CH4 values are likely to shift in the future which has important implications for source partitioning in atmospheric inversion models. Plain Language Summary: Peatlands are abundant across the boreal‐Arctic landscape and are important sources of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas. The amount of methane emitted into the atmosphere depends on multiple factors including the organic material being decomposed and the microbial processes ("pathways") that produce methane. The different pathways of methane production leave distinct fingerprints ("stable carbon isotopes") on methane that provide information on how that methane was formed and help to trace methane in the atmosphere back to its ground source. We looked at how stable carbon isotopes change across five northern peatland locations and wanted to know what controls those changes. We found that stable carbon isotopes differ between bogs and fens and are further controlled by soil pH and the abundance of sedge vegetation present. We used this information to test how stable carbon isotopes from northern peatlands might change as the landscape becomes wetter or drier due to the impacts of climate change. We found that peatland stable carbon isotopes are most sensitive to potential landscape drying opposed to wetting which has important implications for improving methane emission models. Key Points: Porewater δ13C‐CH4 values of northern bogs and fens differ from each other and correlate with emitted δ13C‐CH4 valuesIn addition to peatland type, vascular plant cover, pH, and CH4 concentration help explain variation in porewater δ13C‐CH4 valuesThe δ13C‐CH4 value for northern peatlands is more sensitive to landscape drying than wetting under permafrost thaw scenarios [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evechinus chloroticus (commonly known as kina) is a sea urchin species endemic to New Zealand. Its roe is a culinary delicacy to the indigenous Māori and a globally exported food product. Echinochrome A (Ech A) is a bioactive compound isolated from the waste product of kina shells and spines; however, the molecular mechanisms of Ech A bioactivity are not well understood, partly due to Ech A never being studied using unbiased genome‐wide analysis. To explore the high‐value pharmaceutical potential of kina food waste, we obtained unbiased functional genomic and proteomic profiles of yeast cells treated with Echinochrome A. Abundance was measured for 4100 proteins every 30 min for four hours using fluorescent microscopy, resulting in the identification of 92 proteins with significant alterations in protein abundance caused by Ech A treatment that were over‐represented with specific changes in DNA replication, repair and RNA binding after 30 min, followed by specific changes in the metabolism of metal ions (specifically iron and copper) from 60–240 min. Further analysis indicated that Ech A chelated iron, and that iron supplementation negated the growth inhibition caused by Ech A. Via a growth‐based genome‐wide analysis of 4800 gene deletion strains, 20 gene deletion strains were sensitive to Ech A in an iron‐dependent manner. These genes were over‐represented in the cellular response to oxidative stress, suggesting that Ech A suppressed growth inhibition caused by oxidative stress. Unexpectedly, genes integral to cardiolipin and inositol phosphate biosynthesis were required for Ech A bioactivity. Overall, these results identify genes, proteins, and cellular processes mediating the bioactivity of Ech A. Moreover, we demonstrate unbiased genomic and proteomic methodology that will be useful for characterizing bioactive compounds in food and food waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Using feminist theory as a lens, we tested whether couple finance behaviors are associated with marital outcomes and whether shared relational power mediates these associations. Background: Building on a previous study, we sought to understand financial dynamics and relational power (a) in early marriage, (b) using a nationally representative sample, and (c) considering financial deception. Method: We tested these associations with a nationally representative sample of mixed‐gender U.S. newlyweds (N = 1,654 couples; data are from the CREATE [Couple Relationships and Transition Experiences] project) using an actor–partner interdependence mediation model. Results: In support of our hypotheses, we found significant actor and partner associations from financial conflict, financial deception, and unequal influence in financial decision‐making with relational power, marital satisfaction, and marital stability. Additionally, many associations between couple finance variables and marital outcomes were mediated by relational power. We did not find expected associations from employment status and joint/separate bank accounts to relational power, marital satisfaction, or marital stability. Conclusion: Our findings support feminist claims suggesting that unequal financial power is linked to unequal relational power, which is in turn associated with lower marital satisfaction and stability. Implications: Financial conflict, financial deception, and unequal financial influence can unbalance relational power and weaken new marriages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Necrotizing infundibular crystalline folliculitis (NICF) is a rare type of necrotizing folliculitis. The disease typically manifests as folliculocentric papules arising in a seborrheic distribution. Only 23 cases exist in the literature. Most reported cases have arisen spontaneously, but a small number of drug‐induced cases in the setting of epidermal‐derived growth factor, vascular endothelial‐derived growth factor, or PD‐1 inhibitor therapy have been reported. Colonization by bacteria and/or yeast occurs frequently. The etiology remains unknown, but some suggest a complex interplay with an aberrant microbiome, sebaceous gland dysfunction, and perturbed EGFR signaling in follicular infundibula. Histopathologic findings include rupture of follicular epithelium, neutrophilic inflammation, and nodular cup‐shaped crystal deposits. We present a case of spontaneous, recurrent NICF in an inverse pattern in the inguinal region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disasters can prompt hydrocarbon contaminants to reach building water systems, and ultimately customer fixtures. Here, seven water supply connectors (e.g., ice‐maker lines, faucet connectors, washing machine hoses) were exposed to contaminated water, and were subsequently decontaminated by water flushing. After a 24 h contamination period, water samples were collected after three consecutive 72 h exposure periods. Samples were characterized for volatile organic compound, semi‐volatile organic compound, and total organic carbon concentrations. New, uncontaminated, PVC tubing leached phenol at concentrations that exceeded the health advisory. All materials sorbed more than 90% of hydrocarbon contaminants during the initial exposure period. All materials then released the contaminants into the water during decontamination, at times above health‐based limits. The majority of sorbed mass remained in the plastics at the end of the decontamination effort, indicating the products posed continued leaching risks. Public health guidance considerations and research needs were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seismic anisotropy is a powerful tool to map deformation processes in the deep Earth. Below 660 km, however, observations are scarce and conflicting. In addition, the underlying crystal scale mechanisms, leading to microstructures and crystal orientations, remain poorly constrained. Here, we use multigrain X‐ray diffraction in the laser‐heated diamond anvil cell to investigate the orientations of hundreds of grains in pyrolite, a model composition of the Earth's mantle, at in situ pressure and temperature. Bridgmanite in pyrolite exhibits three regimes of microstructures, due to transformation and deformation at low and high pressure. These microstructures result in predictions of 1.5%–2% shear wave splitting between 660 and 2,000 km with reversals in fast S‐wave polarization direction at about 1,300 km depth. Anisotropy can develop in pyrolite at lower mantle conditions, but pressure has a significant impact on the plastic behavior of bridgmanite, and hence seismic observations, which may explain conflicting anisotropy observations. Plain Language Summary: Seismologists rely on observable data to construct models that describe the dynamic state of the Earth's lower mantle. These models, however, require constraints such as mantle composition and material behavior at high pressures and temperatures, which can be provided through experimental mineral physics. In this study, we use a high pressure devices and X‐rays to impose deformation and image the state of our sample with increasing pressure and temperature. We are able to extract information of individual mineral grains within our assemblage, such as the number of grains per phase and their orientations. Using this experimental data, we identify three regimes of grain orientations in bridgmanite in the lower mantle, corresponding to transformation from lower pressure phases, and deformation at low and high pressure. With this information, we are able to make predictions about how seismic waves travel and behave based on the deformation state of the lower mantle. Key Points: Three microstructure/anisotopy regimes in bridgmanite in the Earth's lower mantle: transformation, low‐P deformation, high‐P deformationEffect of pressure on the active slip systems of bridgmanite with a shift at approximately 50 GPa or 1,300 km depth in the Earth's mantleUp to 2% shear wave splitting predicted at all depth with changes in fast polarization direction for each microstructural regime [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) are an effective approach to identify new specialized metabolites and the genes involved in their biosynthesis and regulation. In this study, GWAS of Arabidopsis thaliana soluble leaf and stem metabolites identified alleles of an uncharacterized BAHD‐family acyltransferase (AT5G57840) associated with natural variation in three structurally related metabolites. These metabolites were esters of glucuronosylglycerol, with one metabolite containing phenylacetic acid as the acyl component of the ester. Knockout and overexpression of AT5G57840 in Arabidopsis and heterologous overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana and Escherichia coli demonstrated that it is capable of utilizing phenylacetyl‐CoA as an acyl donor and glucuronosylglycerol as an acyl acceptor. We, thus, named the protein Glucuronosylglycerol Ester Synthase (GGES). Additionally, phenylacetyl glucuronosylglycerol increased in Arabidopsis CYP79A2 mutants that overproduce phenylacetic acid and was lost in knockout mutants of UDP‐sulfoquinovosyl: diacylglycerol sulfoquinovosyl transferase, an enzyme required for glucuronosylglycerol biosynthesis and associated with glycerolipid metabolism under phosphate‐starvation stress. GGES is a member of a well‐supported clade of BAHD family acyltransferases that arose by duplication and neofunctionalized during the evolution of the Brassicales within a larger clade that includes HCT as well as enzymes that synthesize other plant‐specialized metabolites. Together, this work extends our understanding of the catalytic diversity of BAHD acyltransferases and uncovers a pathway that involves contributions from both phenylalanine and lipid metabolism. Significance Statement: Combining untargeted metabolomics with genome‐wide association can lead to the discovery of new aspects of plant metabolism. Here, this approach uncovered a new BAHD acyltransferase that assembles phenylacetyl acyl glucuronosylglycerol esters. Acyl glucuronosylglycerol esters are widespread in plants, but their biosynthesis has not previously been characterized. We show that the glucuronosylglycerol component is made through a transferase associated with lipid remodeling under P‐starvation. This work expands our knowledge of BAHD acyltransferase function and identifies a new link between glycerolipid and phenylpropanoid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world's rangelands and drylands are undergoing rapid change, and consequently are becoming more difficult to manage. Big data and digital technologies (digital tools) provide land managers with a means to understand and adaptively manage change. An assortment of tools—including standardized field ecosystem monitoring databases; web‐accessible maps of vegetation change, production forecasts, and climate risk; sensor networks and virtual fencing; mobile applications to collect and access a variety of data; and new models, interpretive tools, and tool libraries—together provide unprecedented opportunities to detect and direct rangeland change. Accessibility to and manager trust in and knowledge of these tools, however, have failed to keep pace with technological advances. Collaborative adaptive management that involves multiple stakeholders and scientists who learn from management actions is ideally suited to capitalize on an integrated suite of digital tools. Embedding science professionals and experienced technology users in social networks can enhance peer‐to‐peer learning about digital tools and fulfill their considerable promise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: We evaluated associations between plasma and neuroimaging‐derived biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias and the impact of health‐related comorbidities. METHODS: We examined plasma biomarkers (neurofilament light chain, glial fibrillary acidic protein, amyloid beta [Aβ] 42/40, phosphorylated tau 181) and neuroimaging measures of amyloid deposition (Aβ‐positron emission tomography [PET]), total brain volume, white matter hyperintensity volume, diffusion‐weighted fractional anisotropy, and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging free water. Participants were adjudicated as cognitively unimpaired (CU; N = 299), mild cognitive impairment (MCI; N = 192), or dementia (DEM; N = 65). Biomarkers were compared across groups stratified by diagnosis, sex, race, and APOE ε4 carrier status. General linear models examined plasma‐imaging associations before and after adjusting for demographics (age, sex, race, education), APOE ε4 status, medications, diagnosis, and other factors (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR], body mass index [BMI]). RESULTS: Plasma biomarkers differed across diagnostic groups (DEM > MCI > CU), were altered in Aβ‐PET‐positive individuals, and were associated with poorer brain health and kidney function. DISCUSSION: eGFR and BMI did not substantially impact associations between plasma and neuroimaging biomarkers. Highlights: Plasma biomarkers differ across diagnostic groups (DEM > MCI > CU) and are altered in Aβ‐PET‐positive individuals.Altered plasma biomarker levels are associated with poorer brain health and kidney function.Plasma and neuroimaging biomarker associations are largely independent of comorbidities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ongoing assessment of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in postapproval studies is important for mapping disease progression and evaluating real‐world treatment effectiveness and safety. However, interpreting outcomes in the real world is challenging owing to variation in data collected across centers and specialties and greater heterogeneity of patients compared with trial participants. Here, we share considerations for observational postapproval studies designed to collect harmonized longitudinal data from individuals with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia stage of disease who receive therapies targeting the underlying pathological processes of AD in routine practice. This paper considers key study design parameters, including proposed aims and objectives, study populations, approaches to data collection, and measures of cognition, functional abilities, neuropsychiatric status, quality of life, health economics, safety, and drug utilization. Postapproval studies that capture these considerations will be important to provide standardized data on AD treatment effectiveness and safety in real‐world settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: We investigate pathological correlates of plasma phosphorylated tau 181 (p‐tau181), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament light chain (NfL) across a clinically diverse spectrum of neurodegenerative disease, including normal cognition (NormCog) and impaired cognition (ImpCog). METHODS: Participants were NormCog (n = 132) and ImpCog (n = 461), with confirmed β‐amyloid (Aβ+/‐) status (cerebrospinal fluid, positron emission tomography, autopsy) and single molecule array plasma measurements. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) tested how combining plasma analytes discriminated Aβ+ from Aβ‐. Survival analyses tested time to clinical dementia rating (global CDR) progression. RESULTS: Multivariable models (p‐tau+GFAP+NfL) had the best performance to detect Aβ+ in NormCog (ROCAUC = 0.87) and ImpCog (ROCAUC = 0.87). Survival analyses demonstrated that higher NfL best predicted faster CDR progression for both Aβ+ (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.94; p = 8.1e‐06) and Aβ‐ individuals (HR = 3.11; p = 2.6e‐09). DISCUSSION: Combining plasma biomarkers can optimize detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology across cognitively normal and clinically diverse neurodegenerative disease. Highlights: Participants were clinically heterogeneous, with autopsy‐ or biomarker‐confirmed Aβ.Combining plasma p‐tau181, GFAP, and NfL improved diagnostic accuracy for Aβ status.Diagnosis by plasma biomarkers is more accurate in amnestic AD than nonamnestic AD.Plasma analytes show independent associations with tau PET and post mortem Aβ/tau.Plasma NfL predicted longitudinal cognitive decline in both Aβ+ and Aβ‐ individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decision-support tools (DSTs) are increasingly used to collect, manage, and/or analyze growing amounts of data generated on farms. The whole-farm nutrient mass balance (NMB) is an assessment with an associated DST (the Cornell NMB calculator) that measures farm nutrient management efficiency. Our main objectives were to (1) develop and implement a secondary school curriculum on NMB assessments; (2) evaluate its impact on student knowledge and perceptions of agricultural sustainability, nutrient management, careers in agriculture, awareness about data collection and use of DSTs, and analytical and quantitative skills; and (3) assess teacher experiences delivering the materials. The curriculum was implemented across 21 New York classrooms. Students completed one pre- and one post-curriculum implementation questionnaire (n = 134). Teachers completed a post-curriculum implementation questionnaire (n = 19). Results showed that the curriculum enhanced student knowledge of nutrient management and effectively conveyed the fundamentals of the NMB metrics. It also impacted student perceptions of the utilization of DSTs and need for mathematical skills and data management knowledge in agriculture. The curriculum did not influence student interest in pursuing agricultural careers but exposed them to aspects of farming that they were not previously familiar with. The math-focused lessons were identified as challenging by many students and teachers. Teachers found the curriculum applicable to the real world, exposing students to new aspects of farming. We conclude that real-world case-study examples, carefully planned math-focused lessons, appropriate support materials including widely installable and user-friendly software, and training opportunities for teachers can help effective teaching of DST use and agriculture sustainability concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nocturia is a complex and multifactorial condition, associated with several genitourinary abnormalities as well as a host of conditions beyond the urinary tract, and thus often poses a significant diagnostic challenge in real‐world practice. Sleep Disorders, Comorbidities, Actions, Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction, and Medications, the so‐called "Sleep C.A.L.M." factors, are five common causes of nocturia requiring judicious evaluation according to current consensus guidelines. This study aims to assess the prevalence of the Sleep C.A.L.M. factors in a nocturia clinical population. Methods: Retrospective analysis of frequency‐volume charts from men with ≥2 nocturnal voids as well as concurrent demographic, clinical, and medical history data to identify patients with each of the Sleep C.A.L.M. factors. Comorbidities and medications were classified as a single group. Results: A total of 213 subjects met the criteria for inclusion (median age 68.0 [63.5‐75.5] years). The prevalence of 1) sleep disorders, 2) comorbidities and/or medication use, 3) actions (i.e., modifiable behaviors/lifestyle factors), and 4) lower urinary tract dysfunction was 31%, 31%, 19%, and 41%, respectively. Among included participants, 73% were found to have at least 1 Sleep C.A.L.M. factor, and 33% had multiple Sleep C.A.L.M. factors. Results were similar upon stratification by age and nocturnal polyuria status. Conclusions: The Sleep C.A.L.M. factors are highly common among nocturia patients in the clinical urology setting. Although many of these factors are strongly associated with advanced age in community‐based nocturia study samples, they appear common even among younger men in a nocturia patient population; the differential effect of age and individual Sleep C.A.L.M. factors on nocturia pathophysiology requires further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Identification of molecular biomarkers in the saliva and serum of oral cavity cancer patients represents a first step in the development of essential and efficient clinical tools for early detection and post‐treatment monitoring. We hypothesized that molecular analyses of paired saliva and serum samples from an individual would likely yield better results than analyses of either serum or saliva alone. Materials and Methods: We performed whole‐transcriptome and small non‐coding RNA sequencing analyses on 32 samples of saliva and serum collected from the same patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and healthy controls (HC). Results: We identified 12 novel saliva and serum miRNAs and a panel of unique miRNA and mRNA signatures, significantly differentially expressed in OSCC patients relative to HC (log2 fold change: 2.6–26.8; DE: 0.02–0.000001). We utilized a combined panel of the 10 top‐deregulated miRNAs and mRNAs and evaluated their putative diagnostic potential (>87% sensitivity; 100% specificity), recommending seven of them for further validation. We also identified unique saliva and serum miRNAs associated with OSCC and smoking history (OSCC smokers vs. never‐smokers or HC: log2 fold change: 22–23; DE: 0.00003–0.000000001). Functional and pathway analyses indicated interactions between the discovered OSCC‐related non‐invasive miRNAs and mRNAs and their targets, through PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. Conclusion: Our data support our hypothesis that using paired saliva and serum from the same individuals and deep sequencing analyses can provide unique combined mRNA and miRNA signatures associated with canonical pathways that may have a diagnostic advantage relative to saliva or serum alone and may be useful for clinical testing. We believe this data will contribute to effective preventive care by post‐treatment monitoring of patients, as well as suggesting potential targets for therapeutic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Otolaryngology residency training, along with the world of online medical education, has been continuously evolving and refining methods to educate and produce competent otolaryngologists. Numerous resources have been developed to assist otolaryngology residents in enhancing their clinical training. Although these resources greatly enhance clinical training, the growing volume of material presents a challenge within the constrained schedule of otolaryngology residents. This challenge is compounded by the variability in quality among resources which lack standardization or validation. Recently, the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation has proposed a unified otolaryngology curriculum designed to address these issues. This curriculum aims to incorporate high‐quality educational materials, evidence‐based adult learning principles, accessible learning sources, and diverse instructional methods within a structured program. Such a curriculum promises a significant positive impact, mirroring successes observed in various other surgical specialties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stannous fluoride dentifrice is well established for its beneficial clinical effects. In this study, we evaluated the effects of stannous fluoride on inflammation and oral microbiome. Methods: In this randomized, parallel‐arm, double‐blind, controlled clinical trial, we compared clinical resolution of experimental gingivitis by evaluating bleeding on probing, gingival index, and plaque index between stannous fluoride stabilized with zinc phosphate (test) and sodium fluoride (control) dentifrices. Further, these groups were compared for oral neutrophil counts, systemic priming of neutrophils, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) expression of inflammatory markers, and the oral microbiome. Results: We found significant reduction in bleeding on probing in the test group compared to the control group in experimental gingivitis when participants used the test dentifrice prior to induction of experimental gingivitis. The test group also showed significant reductions in GCF levels of inflammatory markers (matrix metalloproteinase 8 [MMP8], receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa‐Β ligand [RANKL]), oral polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) counts, and systemic neutrophil priming (CD11b expression) during experimental gingivitis. Further, significant reductions in the gram‐negative genera Porphyromonas, Tannerella, and Treponema were noted in the test group. Conclusion: The stannous fluoride stabilized with zinc phosphate dentifrice formulation demonstrated clinical reduction in gingival inflammation and a beneficial effect on microbiome and immune markers. This intervention should be explored as a preventive aid in the progression of plaque‐induced gingivitis to periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Takeaways: Because it can accumulate lead in its scale, galvanized iron pipe (GIP) poses compliance challenges in the Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (LCRR) and proposed Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (LCRI). To prepare for the LCRR/LCRI, utilities can use the GIP corrosion control toolbox outlined here, including targeted sampling, scale analysis, and corrosion control treatment testing. GIP investigation and management can improve water quality, protect public health, and minimize aesthetic discoloration issues. The proposed LCRR/LCRI tap sampling changes mean that GIP could contribute to Action Level exceedances for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) may have Alzheimers disease (AD) pathology that can be detected by plasma biomarkers. Our objective was to evaluate plasma biomarkers of AD and their association with positron emission tomography (PET) biomarkers of amyloid and tau deposition in the continuum of DLB, starting from prodromal stages of the disease. METHODS: The cohort included patients with isolated rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD), mild cognitive impairment with Lewy bodies (MCI‐LB), or DLB, with a concurrent blood draw and PET scans. RESULTS: Abnormal levels of plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were found at the prodromal stage of MCI‐LB in association with increased amyloid PET. Abnormal levels of plasma phosphorylated tau (p‐tau)‐181 and neurofilament light (NfL) were found at the DLB stage. Plasma p‐tau‐181 showed the highest accuracy in detecting abnormal amyloid and tau PET in patients with DLB. DISCUSSION: The range of AD co‐pathology can be detected with plasma biomarkers in the DLB continuum, particularly with plasma p‐tau‐181 and GFAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Advances in acoustic telemetry have assisted biologists in understanding migration patterns, space use, survival, and the effects of human influences on aquatic species. Using fine-scale positioning, fisheries managers can quantify home range size fluctuations throughout the year and even identify spawning areas. Burbot Lota lota population dynamics have been studied across their range, while movement dynamics have been briefly investigated. Our objective was to assess seasonal variations of Burbot space use using estimations of home range size with an attempt to infer spawn timing. Methods: Thirty-two acoustic-tagged Burbot were used to study home range size in Bad Medicine Lake, Minnesota, from April 2019 to June 2020. Result: Female estimated home range size was significantly larger than that of males. Estimated home range size increased following ice formation in December and continued through March. Average home range estimates were largest in the middle of March and smallest in April, assumed to be caused by spawning and postspawn behaviors, respectively. Conclusion: The results suggest that Burbot movement increased during the winter months, which may cause potential increases in vulnerability during spawning. High exploitation rates are possible in situations where spawning and feeding Burbot encounter elevated angling pressure. Future research should continue to assess the movement dynamics and potential site fidelity of Burbot populations by monitoring spawning grounds and if the same areas are used year after year. The results of this study improve the knowledge of areas used by Burbot in lakes, which can assist with management of Burbot in Bad Medicine Lake. Furthermore, we highlighted how Burbot movement increased during spawn timing, which could contribute to increased encounters with anglers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Managers can modify river flow regimes using fish monitoring data to minimize impacts from water management infrastructure. For example, operation of the gate-controlled Delta Cross Channel (DCC) in California can negatively affect the endangered Sacramento River winter-run Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Although guidelines have been developed for DCC operations by using real-time juvenile fish sampling count data, there is uncertainty about how environmental conditions influence fish occupancy and the extent to which those relationships are affected by sampling and identification error. Methods: We evaluated the effect of environmental conditions, imperfect detection, and misidentification error on salmon occupancy by analyzing data using hierarchical multistate occupancy models. A total of 14,147 trawl tows and beach seine hauls were conducted on 1058 sampling days between October and December from 1996 to 2019. During these surveys, 2803 juvenile winter-run Chinook Salmon were identified, and approximately 29% of the sampling days had at least one winter-run juvenile detected. Result: The probability of misidentifying an individual juvenile winter-run Chinook Salmon in the field was estimated to be 0.056 based on fish identification examinations and genetic sampling. Occupancy varied considerably and was related to flow characteristics, water clarity, weather, time of year, and whether occupancy was detected during the previous sampling day. However, these relationships and their significance changed considerably when accounting for imperfect detection and the probability of misidentifying individual juvenile salmon. Detection was <0.3 under average sampling conditions during a single sample and was influenced by flow, water clarity, site, and volume sampled. Conclusion: Our modeling results indicate that DCC gate closure decisions could occur on fewer days when imperfect detection and misidentification error are not accounted for. These findings demonstrate the need to account for identification and detection error while using monitoring data to assess factors influencing fish occupancy and inform future management decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Geographic information systems (GIS) provide a unique set of tools to spatially analyze health care and identify patterns of health outcomes to help optimize delivery. Our goal is to create maps of pediatric tracheostomy patients using GIS to assess socioeconomic and other factors that impact postoperative care after discharge to home. Methods: A retrospective study was performed on patients (≤21 years old) who underwent tracheostomy at a tertiary care pediatric hospital from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2020. Using GIS, we geocoded patient addresses and conducted spatial analyses of the relationship between patients and access to health care providers as well as vulnerable population factors including poverty, educational attainment, and single‐parent households. Results: A total of 156 patients were included. Patients initially discharged to transitional care (108/156, 69.2%) had significantly higher likelihood of presenting to the ED regardless of socioeconomic status (OR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.03–5.05; p = 0.042). There was no relationship between ED visit rate and median household income, poverty level, and percentage of uneducated adults (p = 0.490; p = 0.424; p = 0.752). Median distance to the tertiary care pediatric hospital was significantly longer for patients with no ED visit (median = 61.28 miles; SD = 50.90) compared with those with an ED visit (median = 37.75 miles; SD = 35.92) (p = 0.002). Conclusion: The application of GIS could provide geo‐localized data to better understand the healthcare barriers to access for children with tracheostomies. This study uniquely integrates medical record data with socioeconomic factors and social determinants of health. Level of Evidence: 4 Laryngoscope, 134:1919–1925, 2024 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Takeaways: Environmental justice is a significant community and social movement that continues to evolve. As "anchor infrastructure," water utilities are in a good position to meet this movement, using their relationships within their communities and experience with navigating complex issues. New funding sources and "environmental big data" are opportunities for water utilities to improve their infrastructure and better protect public health in underserved communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers can help differentiate cognitively unimpaired (CU) individuals from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. The role of AD biomarkers in predicting cognitive impairment and AD needs examination. METHODS: In 628 CU individuals from a multi‐ethnic cohort, amyloid beta (Aβ)42, Aβ40, phosphorylated tau‐181 (p‐tau181), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament light chain (NfL) were measured in plasma. RESULTS: Higher baseline levels of p‐tau181/Aβ42 ratio were associated with an increased risk of incident dementia. A biomarker pattern (with elevated Aβ42/Aβ40 but low p‐tau181/Aβ42) was associated with decreased dementia risk. Compared to CU, participants who developed MCI or dementia had a rapid decrease in this protective biomarker pattern reflecting AD‐specific pathological change. DISCUSSION: Elevated levels of AD biomarker p‐tau181/Aβ42, by itself or combined with a low Aβ42/Aβ40 level, predicts clinically diagnosed AD. Individuals with a rapid change in these biomarkers may need close monitoring for the potential downward trajectory of cognition. Highlights: We discuss a multi‐ethnic, urban community study of elderly individuals.The study consisted of a longitudinal assessment over 6 years with repeated clinical assessments.The study used blood‐based biomarkers as predictors of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: iWHELD is a digital person‐centered care program for people with dementia in nursing homes adapted for remote delivery during the COVID‐19 pandemic. METHODS: A 16‐week two‐arm cluster‐randomized controlled trial in 149 UK nursing homes compared iWHELD with treatment as usual (TAU). Primary outcome was the overall quality of life with secondary outcomes of agitation and psychotropic use. RESULTS: iWHELD conferred benefit to quality of life on the primary (F = 4.3, p = 0.04) and secondary measures of quality of life (F = 6.45, p = 0.01) and reduced psychotropic medication use (χ2 = 4.08, p = 0.04) with no worsening of agitation. Benefit was seen in participants who contracted COVID‐19, those with agitation at baseline, and those taking psychotropic medications. DISCUSSION: iWHELD confers benefits to quality of life and key measures of well‐being, can be delivered during the challenging conditions of a pandemic, and should be considered for use alongside any emerging pharmacological treatment for neuropsychiatric symptoms. Highlights: iWHELD is the only remote, digital delivery nursing home training programme for dementia careiWHELD improved quality of life in people with dementia and reduced antipsychotic use without worsening of agitationResidents who contracted Covid‐19 during the study also experienced benefits from iWHELDiWHELD offers a valuable, pandemic‐safe tool for improving dementia care [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]