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Objectives: To explore clinicopathological features of peripheral odontogenic fibromas in dogs and risk factors for their diagnosis. Materials and Methods: Data of cases with a histopathological diagnosis of peripheral odontogenic fibromas were obtained from a UK‐based diagnostic laboratory and retrospectively reviewed. Prevalence amongst all biopsy submissions was assessed using binomial tests and Clopper–Pearson intervals. Age at diagnosis was assessed using t‐test for independent samples. Lesion location, sex, and neuter status were assessed using χ2 and post hoc binomial tests. Breed odds ratios were calculated using univariable logistic regression modelling. Results: The prevalence of peripheral odontogenic fibromas amongst all biopsy submissions was 2.8% (1001 of 35,328, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.7 to 3.0). The mean (sd) age was 8.1 (±2.7) years. The most affected quadrant was the rostral maxilla (40.1%). The ratio of maxillary to mandibular lesions was 1.3:1 (95% CI: 1.1 to 1.5), and for cases of multiple peripheral odontogenic fibromas the ratio of maxillary to mandibular lesions was 2.4:1 (95% CI: 1.1 to 5.6). Males had 1.2 times the odds of suffering of peripheral odontogenic fibromas compared to females (odds ratio [OR]: 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1 to 1.4). Neutering was associated with an increased risk of diagnosis (OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.3 to 1.9). Breeds with increased odds of peripheral odontogenic fibromas compared to crossbreed dogs included boxers (OR: 3.78, 95% CI: 2.80 to 5.09), border terriers (OR: 3.21, 95% CI: 2.10 to 4.91) and Basset Hounds (OR: 3.18, 95% CI: 1.58 to 6.44). Breeds with increased odds of multiple simultaneous peripheral odontogenic fibromas compared to crossbreed dogs included: Boxers (OR: 12.02, 95% CI: 7.13 to 20.24), border terriers (OR: 5.05, 95% CI: 2.32 to 11.43) and Staffordshire Bull terriers (OR: 2.42, 95% CI: 1.33 to 4.41). Clinical Significance: Knowledge of clinicopathological features and at‐risk breeds for peripheral odontogenic fibroma development can assist clinicians with making a diagnosis. The identification of risk factors provides targets for future research investigating peripheral odontogenic fibroma pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A 4‐year‐old Connemara filly was presented with a rapidly growing oral mass on the right rostrolateral mandible and a right mandibular lymphadenopathy. Radiographs of the rostral mandible revealed a lytic, infiltrative mass consistent with soft tissue and mineralised material, and displacement of tooth 403. A biopsy showed characteristic histopathological features of an ameloblastic carcinoma. Subsequent FNA of the right abnormally firm and enlarged mandibular lymph node confirmed the metastatic spread. Computed tomography of the head was performed for surgical planning, including sentinel lymph node mapping to rule out other lymph node involvement. An aggressive lesion, consistent with soft tissue of the rostral right mandible was identified with intralesional contrast injection showing drainage of contrast within the right mandibular lymph nodes (Sentinel node). Based on the infiltrative and destructive nature reported in ameloblastic carcinoma in humans, a rostral mandibulectomy was performed, along with complete mandibular lymphadenectomy. The horse recovered uneventfully from surgery. In the early post‐operative period marked lymphoedema of the ventral mandibular region was observed, which resolved 4–5 days post‐operatively. Optimal cosmesis was maintained post‐operatively, and no recurrence has been observed to date – 12 months post‐surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is evidence from epidemiology studies of a negative association between infection with helminth parasites and the development of allergy and asthma. Here, we demonstrate that the excretory/secretory products of the helminth Fasciola hepatica ( FHES) protected mice against ovalbumin ( OVA)-induced allergic asthma when administered at time of allergen sensitization. FHES reduced the accumulation of mucus, eosinophils and lymphocytes into the airways of allergen-challenged mice. Furthermore, FHES treatment suppressed Th2 responses in the airways. Interestingly, systemic administration of FHES at allergen challenge had no effect on airway inflammation, demonstrating that alum-induced Th2 response is set following initial allergen sensitization. Our findings highlight the immunomodulatory potential of molecules secreted by F. hepatica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Bacterial cholangitis and cholecystitis are rarely reported, poorly characterized diseases in the dog. Objectives To characterize the clinical features of these conditions. Animals Twenty-seven client-owned dogs with bacterial cholangitis, cholecystitis, or both. Methods Multicenter, retrospective cases series of dogs with bacterial cholangitis, cholecystitis, or both, presenting January 2000 to June 2011 to 4 Veterinary Schools in Ireland/ United Kingdom. Interrogation of hospital databases identified all cases with the inclusion criteria; histopathologically confirmed cholangitis or cholecystitis and bile culture/cytology results supporting a bacterial etiology. Results Twenty-seven dogs met the inclusion criteria with approximately 460 hepatitis cases documented over the same study period. Typical clinical pathology findings were increases in liver enzyme activities (25/26), hyperbilirubinemia (20/26), and an inflammatory leukogram (21/24). Ultrasound findings, although nonspecific, aided decision-making in 25/26 cases. The most frequent hepatobiliary bacterial isolates were Escherichia coli (n = 17; 16 cases), Enterococcus spp. (n = 8; 6 cases), and Clostridium spp. (n = 5; 5 cases). Antimicrobial resistance was an important feature of aerobic isolates; 10/16 E. coli isolates resistant to 3 or more antimicrobial classes. Biliary tract rupture complicated nearly one third of cases, associated with significant mortality (4/8). Discharged dogs had a guarded to fair prognosis; 17/18 alive at 2 months, although 5/10 re-evaluated had persistent liver enzyme elevation 2-12 months later. Conclusion and Clinical Significance Bacterial cholangitis and cholecystitis occur more frequently than suggested by current literature and should be considered in dogs presenting with jaundice and fever, abdominal pain, or an inflammatory leukogram or with ultrasonographic evidence of gallbladder abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samples of brain and lymphoid tissues from 1107 meat and bone meal-fed, culled adult pigs from 24 Irish farms were examined for evidence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) by histopathological, immunohistochemical and Western blotting techniques. No evidence of deposits of abnormal prion protein suggesting the presence of TSE was found. Neuropil vacuolation was apparent in the rostral colliculus in 64 per cent of the brains examined and neuronal vacuolation was present in the dorsal vagal nucleus in 15.4 per cent of the brains. However, similar lesions have been described in pigs used as controls in a bovine spongiform encephalopathy challenge experiment. Age-related changes were also observed, including spheroids in the funicular nucleus of 24.5 per cent of the pigs, deposits of lipofuscin in the trigeminal neurons of 13.75 per cent, and mineral deposits in the walls of vessels in the dorsal vagal nucleus of 0.6 per cent. Low-grade non-suppurative inflammatory changes of uncertain origin were observed in 4 per cent of the animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the title compound, C(20)H(14)FN(3)O, the quinoxaline system makes dihedral angles of 32.38 (7) and 48.04 (7)° with the 4-fluoro-phenyl and pyridine rings, respectively. The 4-fluoro-phenyl ring makes a dihedral angle of 57.77 (9)° with the pyridine ring. In the crystal, the mol-ecules form dimeric C-H⋯N hydrogen-bonded R(2) (2)(20) ring motifs lying about crystallographic inversion centers. The dimeric units stack via π-π inter-actions between methoxy-phenyl rings and pyridine-fluoro-phenyl rings with centroid-centroid distances of 3.720 (1) and 3.823 (1) Å, respectively. The respective average perpendicular distances are 3.421 and 3.378 Å, with dihedral angles between the rings of 1.31 (9) and 11.64 (9)°.

The crystal structure of the title compound, C(20)H(15)FN(2)O(2), contains two crystallographically independent mol-ecules, which are related by a pseudo-inversion center and linked into dimers via inter-molecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds. The 4-fluoro-phenyl ring of mol-ecule A makes dihedral angles of 17.17 (16) and 62.25 (15)°, respectively, with the phenyl and pyridine rings. The 4-fluoro-phenyl ring of mol-ecule B makes dihedral angles of 8.50 (16) and 64.59 (15)°, respectively, with the phenyl and pyridine rings. The dihedral angle between the pyridine ring and the phenyl ring of mol-ecule A [60.97 (15)°] is bigger than in mol-ecule B [59.49 (15)°]. The dihedral angle between the two pyridine rings is 1.37 (14)° and between the two phenyl rings is 3.64 (16)°.