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High river water temperature (Tw) extremes have been widely reported during drought conditions as extreme low‐flows often coincide with high atmospheric energy inputs. This has significant implications for freshwater ecosystem health and sustainable river management practices globally. However, the extent to which different meteorological and hydrological processes interact during droughts to govern Tw dynamics, and how this varies between environmental contexts, remains poorly understood. Here, we review the mechanisms controlling Tw dynamics during droughts across temperate, maritime environments, using the United Kingdom as a detailed case study. We evidence that Tw spikes have widely occurred during extreme low‐flow events observed within droughts, but such trends have been inconsistent due to varying hydroclimatic conditions and river basin controls. To better understand this, we re‐conceptualize the mechanisms governing drought‐induced Tw dynamics operating across three 'process sets': (i) 'energy flux dynamics' as non‐advective controls on Tw; (ii) the role of 'reach‐scale habitat conditions' in mediating non‐advective controls on Tw, including hydraulic properties (e.g., residence time) and physical conditions (e.g., riparian vegetation coverages, wetted perimeters); (iii) 'water source contributions' (surface water and groundwater) as advective heat and water flow controls. We review natural and anthropogenic influences affecting Tw controls within each process set and discuss how such mechanisms are likely to change under drought conditions. More systematic research (spanning various river environments and drought severities) is required to test such concepts, with existing scientific knowledge on drought‐induced Tw dynamics being largely gleaned from studies examining non‐extreme low‐flow conditions or with broader focuses (e.g., annual thermal dynamics). We conclude by highlighting critical future research questions that need to be answered to better model Tw dynamics during future droughts and for unmonitored sites. Such scientific advances would more effectively inform how high Tw extremes could be better managed through evidence‐based mitigation and adaptation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(a) Microbiota (S. aureus)-induced Th 17 cells colonize the skin, and following injury, colocalize with nociceptive sensory neurons promoting neuronal and epithelial repair. Multiple epithelial and neuronal repair genes were specifically upregulated by commensal-specific Th17 cells, in contrast to an infection by an alternate SA strain that drove a tissue damaging T helper 1 (Th1) cellular response. We speculate that an altered balance of T cell populations in the skin of people with chronic neuropathic pain may contribute to a reduction in neuronal repair and the consequent decease in intraepidermal nerve fibre density and persistent pain. [Extracted from the article]

Background The rabies virus causes a fatal encephalitis and can be transmitted through organ transplantation. In 2013, a man developed rabies 18 months after receiving a kidney from a donor with rabies, who was not known to have been infected when the organs were procured. Three additional persons who received organs from the same donor (liver, kidney, heart), all of whom were not vaccinated for rabies before transplantation, received rabies post-exposure prophylaxis ( PEP) with rabies immune globulin and 5 doses of rabies vaccine as soon as the diagnosis of rabies was made in the donor (18 months after their transplant surgeries). We describe their clinical management. Methods As the 3 recipients were all on immunosuppressive medications, post-vaccination serologic testing was performed using the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test to measure rabies virus neutralizing antibodies ( RVNAs). An acceptable antibody response to administration of rabies vaccine was defined as detection of RVNAs at a concentration ≥0.1 IU/mL from a serum specimen collected ≥7 days after the fifth vaccine dose. Results All 3 recipients demonstrated an acceptable antibody response despite their immunosuppressed states. More than 36 months have passed since their transplant surgeries, and all 3 recipients have no evidence of rabies. Conclusions The survival of 3 previously unvaccinated recipients of solid organs from a donor with rabies is unexpected. Although the precise factors that led to their survival remain unclear, our data suggest that PEP can possibly enhance transplant safety in settings in which donors are retrospectively diagnosed with rabies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selection for milbemycin resistance in a population of Teladorsagia circumcincta was examined in a sheep flock in which a lack of persistence of an oral dose of 0.2 mg/kg moxidectin against T circumcincta had previously been identified. A faecal egg count reduction test also showed resistance to benzimidazole, levamisole and avermectin anthelmintic groups. Bioassays were used to compare the moxidectin-resistant T circumcincta with another previously characterised benzimidazole-, levamisole- and ivermectin-resistant (MTci5) strain that had been isolated from a sheep flock in the same region in south-east Scotland and with an anthelmintic-susceptible (MTci3) strain of T circumcincta. The mean ED50 value (the concentration of drug required to prevent 50 per cent of eggs from hatching) obtained for thiabendazole in egg hatch assays was higher in the moxidectin-resistant T circumcincta than in the ivermectin-resistant MTci5 strain. The inclusion of the cytochrome p450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide in larval feeding inhibition assays increased the level of ivermectin resistance in vitro in the ivermectin- and moxidectin-resistant populations, but not in the ivermectin-susceptible MTci3 strain of T circumcincta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*5701 is strongly associated with developing a hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir (ABC) in White and Hispanic subjects. Across the UK, limited data exist on HLA-B*5701 prevalence in HIV-1-infected subjects. We determined HLA-B*5701 prevalence in the general HIV-1-infected population and in specific ethnic groups, particularly Black Africans who, in general, exhibit greater genetic diversity. We also compared HLA-B*5701 results obtained from local laboratories with those from a central provider. Design and methods Multi-centre, observational study. All HIV-1-infected adult individuals receiving care at participating centres were eligible, irrespective of treatment status or prior exposure to ABC. Subjects provided samples for HLA-B*5701 assessment by both local (blood) and central laboratories (buccal swabs). HLA-B*5701 prevalence was adjusted to represent the ethnic group composition of the general UK population, and by main ethnic group. Results From eight UK centres, 1494 subjects [618 (41%) White, 770 (52%) Black] were recruited. Eighty-nine per cent of Black subjects reported an immediate country of origin in Africa. Overall adjusted HLA-B*5701 prevalence was 4.55% [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.49% to 5.60%]. Among White subjects, prevalence was 7.93% (CI 5.80% to 10.06%). Among Black subjects, only two (both Ugandan) were HLA-B*5701 positive giving a rate of 0.26% (CI 0.07% to 0.94%). Conclusions HLA-B*5701 prevalence was similar to previously reported rates in White HIV-infected subjects but considerably lower than that reported in Black HIV-1-infected subjects, as a result of the large proportion of Black African subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Control of a benzimidazole-, levamisole- and ivermectin-resistant population of Teladorsagia circumcincta was attempted using moxidectin administered orally at the manufacturer's recommended dose rate of 200 μg/kg bodyweight. Ewes were dosed after lambing with the aim of controlling their periparturient rise in faecal egg output and lambs were dosed at six-week intervals throughout the summer. This regimen failed to suppress the establishment of significant numbers of infective helminth larvae on the pasture, resulting in unsatisfactory lamb production. Oral dosing with moxidectin was effective in removing adult female burdens of ivermectin-resistant T circumcinta, but the effect of the drug did not persist against the resistant helminth population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supports the belief that competence with the semantically basic terms or concepts in our language should be response-dependent. Introduction to the notion of response-dependence; Presentation of a simple case for the response-dependence of basic terms or concepts; Arguments on response-dependent concepts.

Studies on the immunoglobulin (Ig)E immune responses to the gastric nematode, Teladorsagia circumcincta, have demonstrated a major high molecular weight allergen (HMWTc). Cross reactive allergens of similar MW were demonstrated for Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Cooperia curticei, but not for Haemonchus contortus. Purification of HMWTc was achieved by gel-filtration chromatography, and nonreducing SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis revealed two closely associated bands with a molecular weight of approximately 140–150 kDa. Reduction showed four IgE reactive bands of 120, 50, 45 and 30 kDa, and deglycosylation abrogated the immunoreactivity of the 120 and 30 kDa bands. Ultrastructural immunolocalization by electron microscopy revealed that the IgE reactivity was confined to the cuticular surface of the infective (L3) larvae. ELISA studies to determine the IgE anti-HMWTc responses in lambs during their first grazing season, demonstrated significantly higher IgE antibody in lambs with low accumulative faecal egg count (FEC) compared to animals with high accumulative FEC. These studies provide evidence for a protective function of IgE antibody in Teladorsagia infections in lambs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the effect of level of feeding motivation and parasitic status on the grazing behavior of sheep faced with the trade-off in Scotland. Definition of high parasite risk grazing strategy; Observations on the complex grazing decisions of sheep; Selection of the animals on high nitrogen sward over the low nitrogen.

A monoclonal antibody to ovine IgE was employed in an ELISA to investigate the IgE antibody responses in serum and gastric lymph to a primary infection of Teladorsagia circumcincta, and following challenge in previously infected sheep. During a primary response, IgE antibody to antigens derived from the infective third stage (L3) and adult (L5) worms were negligable, with low levels of IgE antibody detected in serum and lymph. In contrast, there was a pronounced IgE antibody response in 2/4 sheep to L3 antigens during 2–8 days after challenge of previously infected animals but low levels of IgE antibody to L5 antigens. This response was confirmed in a second but similar experiment, where relatively high levels of IgE antibody was detected to antigens from L3. Antibody levels were higher in lymph than in serum from the same animals, and Western blots of L3 antigen following SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions revealed several bands of MW26–96KD which reacted with the IgE antibody from gastric lymph. Immunohistochemical staining indicated that these IgE antibodies may be reacting with allergens associated with the surface cuticle of the worms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nine anthelmintic products purchased in pharmacies and from agricultural merchants in Kenya were tested for pharmaceutical quality. The concentration of active drug was compared with the claim on the label, and the variability of several products was tested between batches and between bottles within the same batch. All the products purchased claimed to contain levamisole but its mean (sd) concentration varied from 0 to 118.0 (13.3) per cent of that claimed. The concentration of levamisole in different batches of the same product ranged from 0 to 85.4 per cent of that claimed. One product consisting in part of mebendazole was found to contain 73.2 (9.4) per cent of the claimed concentration of this active component and two products consisting in part of oxyclozanide were found to contain 106.0 (14.4) and 120.6 (6.1) per cent of the expected concentration of oxyclozanide. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The author reflects on the nutrition and immunity of nematodes in livestock. He comments on research developments on livestock parasites that affects human consumption of goats, sheep, and cattle. He comments on the continuing research that aims to develop alternative methods of control of parasites that will reduce reliance on anthelmintics. He shares that the development of a nutrient partitioning framework showed influence in host immunity.

Despite the great importance of parasitic worms in animal health and the major reliance on chemicals for their control, knowledge of many aspects of anthelmintic resistance is very limited. Recognising this, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council funded a three-day workshop at the University of Bath earlier this year, to exchange information and to plan international collaboration to increase the ability of scientists, veterinary surgeons, farmers and others, to address the problem. Although the 24 delegates were primarily from European countries, they heard presentations by invited speakers from Australia, Canada, South Africa and the USA. Dr Gerald Coles and colleagues report on the proceedings [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of binary systems have been studied, each involving a 1-monoglyceride. Included was the binary system of 1-monopalmitin (1P)-1-monostearin (1S). Other systems involved 2-monoglycerides, 1,3-diglycerides and triglycerides as follows: 2P-1P, 2S-1S, PP-1P, SS-1S, PPP-1P, SSS-1S. A general principle running through the observed behavior is that the more chemically similar the components, the greater is the interaction or solid solution formation. Thus 1P-1S showed continuous solid solution in both stable and metastable states with 'compound formation' in the stable state. The systems 2P-1P and 2S-1S showed α (sub α) stability in a single solid solution phase for the range 20-80% 1-monoglyceride. The system PP-1P and SS-1S showed extensive solid solution formation in an α state but little or none in the stable state. There was essentially no solid solution formation observed for stable states of PPP-1P and SSS-1S; experimental limitations made it difficult to draw certain conclusions about the metastable state, but here, too, it is believed, solid solution formation was negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a letter to the editor about the effect of grazing by poultry on sheep parasitic larvae.

Background: Laboratory proficiency testing has repeatedly identified problems in detecting mixed field reactions in ABO grouping and Rh typing. This study was designed to determine how frequently mixed field reactions were missed when performing ABO and Rh typing with tube tests and liquid phase microtitre plate techniques, and to determine the impact of bias on the detection of mixed field reactions. Study Design: Twenty red cell samples were prepared ? 2 samples contained 100% group O red cells and 18 samples contained mixtures of O and A red cells with concentrations of O cells ranging from 10% to 90%. Nine of the samples contained mixtures of Rh Positive red cells in Rh Negative red cells, in concentrations ranging from 10% to 90%. All red cell samples had ABO and Rh typing performed by 11 technologists using a tube test and by one technologist using an automated liquid microplate technique. On the initial day of testing, technologists were told that this was a reagent study. Following initial testing the same 20 samples were recorded and presented to the technologist in a different order. At this time the technologists were informed that a dual cell population was present in some of the samples. Results: Mixed field reactions on samples containing dual cell populations were missed in 23.2% (46/198) of tube ABO groupings and 56.8% (21/37) of microplate ABO groupings (p<0.0001). Mixed field reactions were missed in 54.5% (54/99) of tube Rh typings and 80% (16/20) of microplate Rh typings P= 0.03. When the technologists were informed that the samples were mixtures of A and O cells, fewer mixed field reactions were missed by tube testing: 17.2% (34/198) for ABO and 48.5% (48/99) for Rh typing; however, these differences were not statistically significant (P= 0.13 and 0.39 respectively). There were 4/11 technologists who failed to detect any mixed field reactions, and only 2/11 technologists detected all mixed field reactions. The overall frequency of missing mixed field reactions with ABO grouping(Tube and microplate technique) was 28.5% (67/235) compared to 58.8% (70/119) with Rh typing (P<0.00001). Conclusions: Detection of mixed field reactions is variable depending on the technologist performing the testing. Tube tests are more likely to detect mixed field reactions than microplate techniques. Mixed field reactions are more readily detected in ABO grouping than Rh typing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly (MFDM) is due to haploinsufficiency of spliceosomal GTPase EFTUD2. Features include microcephaly, craniofacial dysmorphology, developmental disability, and other anomalies. We surveyed parents of individuals with MFDM to expand knowledge about health, development, and parental concerns. Participants included attendees of the inaugural MFDM family conference in June 2019 and members of the MFDM online group. To explore MFDM variable expressivity, we offered targeted Sanger sequencing for untested parents. Forty-seven parents participated in the survey. 59% of individuals with MFDM were male, with mean age 6.4 years (range 8 months to 49 years). Similar to the literature (n = 123), common features include microcephaly, cleft palate, choanal stenosis, tracheoesophageal fistula, heart problems, and seizures. New information includes airway intervention details, age-based developmental outcomes, rate of vision refractive errors, and lower incidences of prematurity and IUGR. Family concerns focused on development, communication, and increased support. Targeted Sanger sequencing for families of seven individuals demonstrated de novo variants, for a total of 91.9% de novo EFTUD2 variants (n = 34/37). This study reports the largest single cohort of individuals with MFDM, expands phenotypic spectrum and inheritance patterns, improves understanding of developmental outcomes and care needs, and identifies development as the biggest concern for parents., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)