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The synthesis of tertiary amines from alcohols (i.e. heptanol, dodecanol, cyclohexanol, benzylalcohol) and secondary amines (Me2NH (DMA), nPr2NH, nBu2NH) has been achieved in one step using trimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) displaying a magnetic core (Co4Ni6 and Fe3Ni7) and a Cu shell as both catalysts and heating agent in the presence of an alternating magnetic field. This methodology limits the redistribution reactions occurring on amines at high temperature leading to both much higher conversion and selectivity in the absence of solvent than usually observed using conventional heating. Moreover, Co4Ni6@Cu NPs were found moisture resistant, thereby allowing for performing the reaction with commercial DMA in water (40 % wt) with again high conversion and selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are widely applied incentive‐based instruments with diverse objectives that increasingly include biodiversity conservation. Yet, there is a gap in understanding of how to best assess and monitor programs' biodiversity outcomes. We examined perceptions and drivers of engagement related to biodiversity monitoring through surveys among current PES participants in 7 communities in Mexico's Selva Lacandona. We conducted workshops among survey participants that included training and field deployment of tools used to monitor biodiversity and land cover, including visual transects, camera traps, acoustic recorders, and forest cover satellite images. We conducted pre‐ and postworkshop surveys in each community to evaluate changes in respondents' perceptions following exposure to biodiversity monitoring training and related field activities. We also reviewed existing research on participatory environmental management and monitoring approaches. One quarter of current PES participants in the study area participated in our surveys and workshops. The majority stated interest in engaging in diverse activities related to the procedural aspects of biodiversity monitoring (e.g., planning, field data collection, results dissemination) and acknowledged multiple benefits of introducing biodiversity monitoring into PES (e.g., knowledge and capacity building, improved natural resource management, and greater support for conservation). Household economic reliance on PES was positively associated with willingness to engage in monitoring. Technical expertise, time, and monetary constraints were deterrents. Respondents were most interested in monitoring mammals, birds, and plants and using visual transects, camera traps, and forest cover satellite images. Exposure to monitoring enhanced subsequent interest in monitoring by providing respondents with new insights from their communities related to deforestation and species' abundance and diversity. Respondents identified key strengths and weaknesses of applying different monitoring tools, which suggests that deploying multiple tools simultaneously can increase local engagement and produce complementary findings and data. Overall, our findings support the relevance and usefulness of incorporating participatory biodiversity monitoring into PES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intraepithelial lymphocytes are the first line of defence of the human intestinal immune system. Besides, their composition is altered on patients with coeliac disease (CD), so they are considered as biomarkers with utility on their diagnose and/or monitoring. Our aim is to address their variability through the human gastrointestinal tract in health and characterized them in further depth in the coeliac duodenum. Methods: Intraepithelial lymphocytes were isolated from human gastric, duodenal, ileal and colonic biopsies, then stained with specific antibodies and acquired by flow cytometry. Results: Our results confirmed that the profile of Intraepithelial lymphocytes change through the length of the human gastrointestinal tract. Besides and given the central role that Interleukin‐15 (IL‐15) elicits on CD pathogenesis; we also assessed the expression of its receptor revealing that there was virtually no functional IL‐15 receptor on duodenal Intraepithelial lymphocytes. Nevertheless and contrary to our expectations, the active IL‐15 receptor was not increased either on Intraepithelial lymphocytes from CD patients. Conclusions: IL‐15 might require additional stimulus to activate intraepithelial lymphocytes. These findings may provide novel tools to aid on a CD diagnosis and/or monitoring, at the time that provide the bases to perform functional studies in order of getting a deeper insight in the specific function that Intraepithelial lymphocytes elicit on CD pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of spray‐dried and fresh forms of the microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata and other commonly used commercial diets on vitamin and mineral compositions of rotifer produced under commercial conditions. Experimental rotifers groups were fed Protein‐Plus® (PP treatment), Inactive Beaker's Yeast® (INBY treatment), Algome® (Algome treatment), freshly cultured N. oculata (FA treatment), and spray‐dried N. oculata (SDN treatment). At the end of the experiment, seven essential vitamins, nine macro‐ and micro‐minerals, and two pigments were analyzed in diets and rotifers. All the treatments tested provided adequate levels of Ca, P, Mg, and Co to the rotifers, but insufficient levels of I, Zn, and vitamins B2 and E. Moreover, PP diet produced rotifers with high levels of vitamins B1, B3 and B9, and P; the SDN diet produced rotifers with high levels of P and Cu; the Algome diet produced rotifers high in vitamins B3 and B9, and Ca; the INBY diet produced rotifers with high levels of vitamin B1 and Ca; and the FA diet produced rotifers with more vitamin B6, Se, and Cu. In conclusion, specific minerals or vitamins corrections are required in these feeds for rotifers to adequately meet the nutritional needs for marine larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schottky space Sg${\mathcal {S}}_{g}$, where g⩾2$g \geqslant 2$ is an integer, is a connected complex orbifold of dimension 3(g−1)$3(g-1)$; it provides a parametrization of the PSL2(C)${\rm PSL}_{2}({\mathbb {C}})$‐conjugacy classes of Schottky groups Γ$\Gamma$ of rank g$g$. The branch locus Bg⊂Sg${\mathcal {B}}_{g} \subset {\mathcal {S}}_{g}$, consisting of those conjugacy classes of Schottky groups being a finite index proper normal subgroup of some Kleinian group, is known to be connected. If [Γ]∈Bg$[\Gamma] \in {\mathcal {B}}_{g}$, then there is a Kleinian group K$K$ containing Γ$\Gamma$ as a normal subgroup of index some prime integer p⩾2$p \geqslant 2$. The structural description, in terms of Klein–Maskit Combination Theorems, of such a group K$K$ is completely determined by a triple (t,r,s)$(t,r,s)$, where t,r,s⩾0$t,r,s \geqslant 0$ are integers such that g=p(t+r+s−1)+1−r$g=p(t+r+s-1)+1-r$. For each such tuple (g,p;t,r,s)$(g,p;t,r,s)$, there is a corresponding cyclic‐Schottky stratum F(g,p;t,r,s)⊂Bg$F(g,p;t,r,s) \subset {\mathcal {B}}_{g}$. It is known that F(g,2;t,r,s)$F(g,2;t,r,s)$ is connected. In this paper, for p⩾3$p \geqslant 3$, we study the connectivity of these F(g,p;t,r,s)$F(g,p;t,r,s)$. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The incidence of late‐onset epilepsy (LOE) is rising, and these patients may use an excess of health care resources. This study aimed to measure pre‐/post‐diagnostic health care use (HCU) for patients with LOE compared to controls. Methods: This was an observational open cohort study covering years 1998–2019 using UK population‐based linked primary care (Clinical Practice Research Datalink [CPRD]) and hospital (HES) electronic health records. The participants included patients with incident LOE enrolled in CPRD and 1:10 age‐, sex‐, and general practice–matched controls. The exposure was incident LOE (diagnosed at age ≥65) using a 5‐year washout. The main outcome was all HCU (primary care [PC], accident and emergency [A&E], admitted patient and outpatient care) using inverse proportional weighting to PC use and HCU by setting. An interrupted time‐series analysis was used to examine pre‐/post‐diagnostic HCU between patients with LOE and controls over 4 years either side of diagnosis/matching date. An adjusted mixed‐effects negative binomial regression was used for post‐diagnosis HCU interactions. Results: Of 2 569 874 people ≥65 years of age, 1048 (4%) developed incident LOE. Mean weighted total HCU increased by 32 visits per patient‐year (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 13–50, p =.003) until LOE diagnosis, and then dropped by a mean of 60 visits per patient‐year (95% CI: −81 to −40). There was an acute rise and fall over the 1–2 years immediately pre‐/post‐diagnosis. Incident HCU remained higher for LOE compared to controls post‐diagnosis (adjusted incidence rate ratio: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.65–1.70; p <.001), including A&E, outpatient, and admitted care. Significance: Health care use demonstrates an acute on chronic rise over the 4 years before diagnosis of LOE. To what extent the partial reversal of the acute pre‐diagnosis rise, and the mediators of the accelerated increase compared to controls are attributed to epilepsy, comorbid and bidirectional disease states, or a combination of both warrants further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic sterile inflammation contributes to aging‐associated pathologies/malignancies like cancer and autoimmune disorders. In their recent Nature article, Widjaja et al. established the pro‐inflammatory, pro‐fibrotic cytokine 11 (IL11) as a regulatory driver/hub of aging‐associated inflammation (inflammaging) in mice. Genetic and pharmacological IL11 blockade reduces inflammaging, improving healthspan, lifespan, and longevity in male and female mice, highlighting IL11 as a new inflammatory aging clock and a potential molecular target in inflammaging‐associated human degenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective is to assess the interconnectedness of a network of health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) variables among people with HIV (PHIV) to identify key areas for which clinical interventions could improve HRQoL for this population. Methods: Between 2021 and 2023, we carried out a cross‐sectional study within the Spanish CoRIS cohort. We conducted a weighted and undirected network analysis, which examines complex patterns of relationships and interconnections between variables, to assess a network of eight HRQoL dimensions from the validated Clinic Screening Tool for HIV (CST‐HIV): anticipated stigma, psychological distress, sexuality, social support, material deprivation, sleep and fatigue, cognitive problems and physical symptoms. Results: A total of 347 participants, predominantly male (93.1%), currently working (79.0%), self‐reported homosexual (72.6%) and college‐educated (53.9%), were included in the study. Psychological distress showed the highest centrality in the network, indicating its strong connections with sleep and fatigue, cognitive problems and social support within the HRQoL network. Conclusions: Psychological distress, sleep and fatigue, cognitive issues and social support were identified as key factors in an HRQoL network, indicating that interventions focused on these areas could significantly enhance overall well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dehydrochlorination (DHC) is of importance for modulating the physical properties of halogenated polymers. In this work, the DHC of commercial VDF‐CTFE (vinylidene fluoride‐co‐chlorotrifluoroethylene) (10 mol % CTFE) copolymer to VDF‐DB (vinylidene fluoride with unsaturated moieties‐Double Bond) was achieved in mild reaction conditions (150 °C and 3 bar hydrogen) using different supported nickel catalysts. A complete DHC was observed within four hours of the reaction. Additionally, a certain extent (8–35 %) of hydrodefluorination (HDF) of the polymer, a challenging transformation, can also be achieved after 72 hours. A plausible mechanism based on the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy study of DHC and HDF of VDF‐CTFE was proposed. The catalyst was recyclable and stable against leaching after at least three cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Methods Results Conclusions We assessed the opinions of physicians caring for people with HIV (PWH) from the multicentre Spanish CoRIS cohort regarding the assessment of health‐related quality of life (HRQoL).We designed an online self‐administered questionnaire comprising 27 structured questions across four domains: (i) sociodemographic and clinical data; (ii) usefulness of measuring HRQoL; (iii) information, training and resource needed; and (iv) whether and how HRQoL should be measured. Physicians completed the questionnaire between April and June 2023.Of 131 physicians surveyed [53.8% men, median age 52 years (interquartile range: 42–60)], 90.9% and 88.6% agreed that measuring HRQoL is useful for both PWH and medical decision‐making, respectively. However, 67.2% needed training on what HRQoL is and how to measure it, 79.4% required information on validated tools, and 80.9% felt that clinical guidelines are needed. Overall, 90.1% of physicians agreed that HRQoL should be measured among PWH. Most physicians (82.8%) supported using specific scales for PWH, with 74.1% recommending annual measurement, 49.1% suggesting that nurses from HIV units conduct the assessments, and 43.1% favouring personal interviews during medical visits. At the time of the survey, 55.3% of physicians did not measure HRQoL in any patients due to time or resource constraints (75.8%).Despite the recognized importance of HRQoL measurement in PWH, Spanish physicians encounter barriers such as time constraints and limited resources. Developing clear guidelines, using tailored scales, and integrating digital tools along with multidisciplinary support could enhance routine HRQoL assessments and improve patient‐centred care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goat production is affected by reproductive seasonality. In vitro embryo production (IVEP) could overcome this effect. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the season of semen collection/freezing on IVEP of prepubertal goat oocytes and on sperm quality and functionality concerning capacitation. Semen from six fertile bucks was collected, pooled and cryopreserved in spring and autumn and used for IVEP of oocytes recovered during the breeding season. Oocytes were IVM in TCM‐199 with hormones, EGF and cysteamine; fertilized and cultured in BO‐IVF and BO‐IVC media (IVF Bioscience, UK). Semen samples were assessed at 0 and 3 h after culture in capacitating (BO‐IVF, CAP) and non‐capacitating conditions for sperm plasma membrane and acrosome integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), intracellular calcium and plasma membrane lipid disorder. Blastocyst production was higher with spring sperm compared to autumn (12.0% vs. 2.1%, respectively; p <.05). After CAP, acrosome reaction and intracellular calcium were higher (p <.05) in spring than autumn sperm. No differences were found in other sperm parameters. In conclusion, seasonal variations in the IVEP of prepubertal goats could be linked to differences in sperm ability to undergo in vitro capacitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waterlogging affects a high proportion of cultivated land worldwide. Sunflower, soybean and sorghum growth and yield can be affected differently depending on the moment and duration of waterlogging stress. If stress conditions occur during the critical period for yield potential definition (flowering in, sunflower and sorghum and end of pod formation in soybean) they directly reduce grain number, but if the stress occurs during the grain‐filling period, grain weight would be affected. The aim of this study focuses on determining the effects of the moment and duration of waterlogging stress on the yield and its components in sunflower, soybean and sorghum. This information will be useful to understand the effects of waterlogging on yield and to choose a suitable crop or sowing date based on predicted weather conditions for a certain place. To achieve this objective, four experiments were conducted at the Experimental Station of INTA (Reconquista, Santa Fe, Argentina). The effect of the waterlogging in terms of moment (vegetative, critical and grain‐filling periods) and duration (3, 7 and 10 days) on the three crops was evaluated. Sunflower expressed the most negative impact of waterlogging during the vegetative stages (26, 78 and 98% of yield losses with 3, 7 and 10 days, respectively) while soybean suffered major reductions when the stress occurred during the critical period (5%–17% of yield loses). Sorghum did not express any negative responses for the moments and durations tested. This study suggests that the critical period for a waterlogging event differs, according to crops, from the critical period cited for other stresses. Moreover, the magnitude of the damage will mainly depend on the duration of the event. Further studies are needed to elucidate different physiological responses of the species during waterlogging stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The IMPACT BCN trial—a parallel‐group randomized clinical trial where 1221 pregnant women at high risk for small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) newborns were randomly allocated at 19‐ to 23‐week gestation into three groups: Mediterranean diet, Mindfulness‐based Stress reduction or non‐intervention—has demonstrated a positive effect of Mediterranean diet and Stress reduction in the prevention of SGA. However, the mechanism of action of these interventions remains still unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Mediterranean diet and Stress reduction on placental volume and perfusion. Material and Methods: Participants in the Mediterranean diet group received monthly individual and group educational sessions, and free provision of extra‐virgin olive oil and walnuts. Women in the Stress reduction group underwent an 8‐week Stress reduction program adapted for pregnancy, consisting of weekly 2.5‐h and one full‐day sessions. Non‐intervention group was based on usual care. Placental volume and perfusion were assessed in a subgroup of randomly selected women (n = 165) using magnetic resonance (MR) at 36‐week gestation. Small placental volume was defined as MR estimated volume <10th centile. Perfusion was assessed by intravoxel incoherent motion. Results: While mean MR placental volume was similar among the study groups, both interventions were associated with a lower prevalence of small placental volume (3.9% Mediterranean diet and 5% stress reduction vs. 17% non‐intervention; p = 0.03 and p = 0.04, respectively). Logistic regression showed that small placental volume was significantly associated with higher risk of SGA in both study groups (OR 7.48 [1.99–28.09] in Mediterranean diet and 20.44 [5.13–81.4] in Stress reduction). Mediation analysis showed that the effect of Mediterranean diet on SGA can be decomposed by a direct effect and an indirect effect (56.6%) mediated by a small placental volume. Similarly, the effect of Stress reduction on SGA is partially mediated (45.3%) by a small placental volume. Results on placental intravoxel incoherent motion perfusion fraction and diffusion coefficient were similar among the study groups. Conclusions: Structured interventions during pregnancy based on Mediterranean diet or Stress reduction are associated with a lower proportion of small placentas, which is consistent with the previously observed beneficial effects of these interventions on fetal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encapsulating Fe3C in carbon layers has emerged as an innovative strategy for protecting Fe3C while preserving its high oxygen reduction activity. However, fundamental questions persist regarding the active sites of encapsulated Fe3C due to the restricted accessibility of oxygen molecules to the metal sites. Herein, the intrinsic electron transfer mechanisms of Fe3C nanoparticles encapsulated in N‐doped carbon materials are unveiled for oxygen reduction electrocatalysis. The precision‐structured C1N1 material is used to synthesize N‐doped carbons with encapsulated Fe3C, significantly enhancing catalytic activity (EONSET = 0.98 V) and achieving near‐100% operational stability. In anion‐exchange membrane fuel cells, an excellent peak power density of 830 mW cm−2 is reached at 60 °C. The experimental and computational results revealed that the presence of Fe3C cores dynamically triggers electron transfer to the outermost carbon layer. This phenomenon amplifies the oxygen reduction reaction performance at N sites, contributing significantly to the observed catalytic enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The use of medications by emergency medical services (EMS) is increasing. Conventional scores are time‐consuming and therefore difficult to use in an emergency setting. For early decision‐making, an easy‐to‐use score based on the medications administered by the EMS may have prognostic value. The primary objective of this study was to develop the prehospital drug‐derived score (PDDS) for 2‐day mortality. Methods: A prospective, multicenter, ambulance‐based cohort study was conducted in adults with undifferentiated acute diseases treated by EMS and transferred to the emergency department. Demographic data, prehospital diagnosis data, prehospital medication and variables for the calculation of the National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2), Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (REMS), and Rapid Acute Physiology Score (RAPS) were collected. The PDDS was developed and validated, establishing three levels of risk of 2‐day mortality. The predictive capability of each score was determined by the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and compared using the Delong's test (p‐value). Results: A total of 6401 patients were included. The PDDS included age and the use of norepinephrine, analgesics, neuromuscular blocking agents, diuretics, antihypertensive agents, tranexamic acid, and bicarbonate. The AUROC of PDDS was.86 (95% CI:.816–.903) versus NEWS2.866 (95% CI:.822–.911), p =.828; versus REMS.885 (95% CI:.845–.924), p =.311; versus RAPS.886 (95% CI:.846–.926), p =.335, respectively. Conclusion: The newly developed easy‐to‐use prehospital drug‐derived PDDS score has an excellent predictive value of early mortality. The PDDS score was comparable to the conventional risk scores and therefore might serve as an alternative score in the prehospital emergency setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biostimulants play a crucial role in enhancing crop yields while promoting sustainability and environmental responsibility. Evaluating the efficacy of biostimulants on-farm requires rigorous, multiyear trials conducted across various locations and with different cultivars. This study was conducted in Uruguay from 2015 to 2023 to assess the impact of a single application of a humic biostimulant (HB) during the R3 phenological stage on irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.). The study encompassed 103 farms situated in diverse cropping zones, each characterized by distinct cultivars, soil qualities, radiation, and temperature conditions across the East and North regions. Results revealed that the HB treatment elicited an average yield increase of 7.4% across all sites. Notably, 93% (97) of the trials exhibited a positive yield response, with an average increase of 8.5%, while only six trials (all in the eastern zone) showed a negative response to the HB treatment. A combined analysis of variance indicated that the biostimulant’s effect did not significantly differ between production zones, years, or rice cultivars when negative responses were excluded. Furthermore, relationships with environmental variables were nonsignificant, underscoring the positive effect of the biostimulant regardless of location. These findings hold significant implications for Uruguay’s rice sector, that is, integrating HBs into standard management practices could substantially boost irrigated rice yields in rice-producing areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trees' functional strategies to cope with extreme drought are essential under climate change. In a mixed Mediterranean forest, we analyzed the functional strategy in response to drought of four co‐occurring species (Pinus pinea, Pinus pinaster, Juniperus oxycedrus, and Quercus ilex) during two years. Specifically, we assessed functional traits related to tree water status, leaf water relations, and gas exchange. Different trait‐syndrome metrics and the functional strategies under water stress observed suggested a species drought‐tolerance differentiation, with the more anysohidric Q. ilex and J. oxycedrus showing a much higher drought tolerance than the more isohydric P. pinea and P. pinaster. All species recovered from negative leaf turgor reached during peak water stress in summer. Q. ilex and J. oxycedrus kept lower leaf osmotic potentials and lower sensitivity of leaf gas exchange and leaf photochemistry to water stress. In contrast, the pine species exhibited more drought‐avoidant and water‐conservative strategies, yet this behavior was less effective in mitigating water stress's impact on their physiology. The pine species were the most affected by drought, with prolonged near‐zero net photosynthesis during summer. P. pinaster was more isohydric than P. pinea and exhibited a lower capacity to maintain leaf turgor. Physiological processes regulating leaf turgor under drought constitute a key functional strategy involved in the carbon and water‐related mechanisms, ultimately inducing mortality under hot drought. The currently observed mortality dynamics for P. pinaster, and to a lower extent in P. pinea, may be exacerbated by loss of functional homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Derived from the myeloid lineage, granulocytes, including basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils, along with mast cells, play important, often disparate, roles across the allergic disease spectrum. While these cells and their mediators are commonly associated with allergic inflammation, they also exhibit several functions either promoting or restricting tumor growth. In this Position Paper we discuss common granulocyte and mast cell features relating to immunomodulatory functions in allergy and in cancer. We highlight key mechanisms which may inform cancer treatment and propose pertinent areas for future research. We suggest areas where understanding the communication between granulocytes, mast cells, and the tumor microenvironment, will be crucial for identifying immune mechanisms that may be harnessed to counteract tumor development. For example, a comprehensive understanding of allergic and immune factors driving distinct neutrophil states and those mechanisms that link mast cells with immunotherapy resistance, might enable targeted manipulation of specific subpopulations, leading to precision immunotherapy in cancer. We recommend specific areas of investigation in AllergoOncology and knowledge exchange across disease contexts to uncover pertinent reciprocal functions in allergy and cancer and allow therapeutic manipulation of these powerful cell populations. These will help address the unmet needs in stratifying and managing patients with allergic diseases and cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Participation in organised and non‐organised physical activities among adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome is underexplored. This study aimed to examine differences between organised and non‐organised physical activities among adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome. Methods: Forty participants with Down syndrome (27 woman; mean age 21.4 ± 4.9 years) were recruited. Data on physical activity participation were collected by self‐ or proxy‐reported questionnaires about attendance, involvement and type of physical activity. Results: Adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome participated in more organised than non‐organised activities (P < 0.05), more often (P < 0.05), but there was no difference in the total time spent participating in these activities overall. Participants spent more time in vigorous physical activity during organised activities (P < 0.05) and spent more time in light physical activity during non‐organised physical activities (P < 0.05). Dancing (organised activity) and walking (non‐organised activity) were the most reported activities. Conclusions: Participation in both organised and non‐organised physical activities is important to increase overall physical activity levels of adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome. Future research exploring physical activity preferences may help guide the planning and adaption of community programmes for this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent and unresolved inflammation is a common underlying factor observed in several and seemingly unrelated human diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Particularly, in atopic conditions, acute inflammatory responses such as those triggered by insect venom, food or drug allergies possess also a life‐threatening potential. However, respiratory allergies predominantly exhibit late immune responses associated with chronic inflammation, that can eventually progress into a severe phenotype displaying similar features as those observed in other chronic inflammatory diseases, as is the case of uncontrolled severe asthma. This review aims to explore the different facets and systems involved in chronic allergic inflammation, including processes such as tissue remodelling and immune cell dysregulation, as well as genetic, metabolic and microbiota alterations, which are common to other inflammatory conditions. Our goal here was to deepen on the understanding of an entangled disease as is chronic allergic inflammation and expose potential avenues for the development of better diagnostic and intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mantodea (praying mantises) is a group of exclusively predatory insects, which, together with nonraptorial blattodeans (cockroaches and termites) and groups exclusively found in the fossil record, form the group Dictyoptera. A central characteristic of Mantodea is the specialization of their first pair of legs as raptorial grasping appendages, but the evolution from walking to raptorial legs is not yet fully understood. Here, we trace the evolution of the raptorial appendages in Dictyoptera through time using a morphometric (morphospaces) approach. We also describe two new mantodean nymphs preserved in amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene, which expand the scarce mantodean fossil record. Blattodean and mantodean appendages appear distinct in morphospace, but several appendages of fossil non‐mantodeans can be considered raptorial, providing a potential transitional link between walking and raptorial morphotypes. Therefore, we discuss potential mantodean affinities for other predatory fossil dictyopterans. We examine changes across extant mantodeans, characterized by a straightening of the tibia especially associated with the rise of the diversification of the Mantidea and discuss whether a thickening of the femur could reflect an early adaptation to cursorial hunting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloroplast function is essential for growth, development, and plant adaptation to stress. Organelle stress and plant defence responses were examined here using noxy8 (nonresponding to oxylipins 8) from a series of Arabidopsis mutants. The noxy8 mutation was located at the CLPC2 gene, encoding a chloroplast chaperone of the protease complex CLP. Although its CLPC1 paralogue is considered to generate redundancy, our data reveal significant differences distinguishing CLPC2 and CLPC1 functions. As such, clpc1 mutants displayed a major defect in housekeeping chloroplast proteostasis, leading to a pronounced reduction in growth and pigment levels, enhanced accumulation of chloroplast and cytosol chaperones, and resistance to fosmidomycin. Conversely, clpc2 mutants showed severe susceptibility to lincomycin inhibition of chloroplast translation and resistance to Antimycin A inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. In the response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, clpc2 but not clpc1 mutants were resistant to bacterial infection, showing higher salicylic acid levels, defence gene expression and 9‐LOX pathway activation. Our findings suggest CLPC2 and CLPC1 functional specificity, with a preferential involvement of CLPC1 in housekeeping processes and of CLPC2 in stress responses. Summary statement: The CLPC1 and CLPC2 chaperones participate in protein unfolding prior degradation by the chloroplast CLP protease. In contrast to previous data indicating functional redundancy, our results suggest CLPC2 and CLPC1 specificity, with a preferential involvement of CLPC1 in housekeeping processes and of CLPC2 in stress responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muslim religion has strict rules to determine what kinds of foodstuffs, and under what circumstances, are deemed appropriate for consumption. Fishes are not an exception to this rule and features such as body shape or the presence and conspicuousness of scales dictate whether certain species are acceptable or rejected. In this paper, an overview of the Iberian ichthyoarchaeological record from Muslim sites is presented to ascertain whether differences with Christian sites existed in terms of these characters and to what extent these allow one to take fish assemblages as cultural proxies of archaeological deposits. In the case of coastal (production) sites, we also consider whether the peculiarities a given fish assemblage exhibit reflect instead certain environmental features such as the biotopes where a given local fishery operated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Dental anthropological investigations into sexual dimorphism have conventionally concentrated on evaluating the dimensions and configuration of the enamel cap of canines. However, the morphology of the crown dentine surface can be closely linked to that of the enamel surface. This link can facilitate examination of crown morphology even when the enamel surface is slightly worn. Here, we determine if the morphology of the enamel‐dentine junction (EDJ) differs within (maxillary vs. mandibular) and between a sample of male (n = 26) and female (n = 21) contemporary human permanent canines from Europe. Methods: The morphological data of the EDJ were gathered employing a template comprising 96 landmarks and sliding semilandmarks. Subsequently, the data underwent analysis through form space principal component analysis following Procrustes registration, utilizing standard 3D geometric morphometric techniques. Results: Significant differences in the morphology of the EDJ were observed between the sexes, particularly concerning the overall shape of the crown, the symmetry of the mesial and distal edges, and the development of the distal accessory ridge. Conclusions: Sex differences in the morphology of the EDJ could relate in part to retention of the canine‐premolar honing complex in males. Our results indicate that analyses of the permanent canine EDJ may potentially provide a novel method for estimating the sex of adult and nonadult skeletons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiological studies have explored the relationship between allergic diseases and cancer risk or prognosis in AllergoOncology. Some studies suggest an inverse association, but uncertainties remain, including in IgE‐mediated diseases and glioma. Allergic disease stems from a Th2‐biased immune response to allergens in predisposed atopic individuals. Allergic disorders vary in phenotype, genotype and endotype, affecting their pathophysiology. Beyond clinical manifestation and commonly used clinical markers, there is ongoing research to identify novel biomarkers for allergy diagnosis, monitoring, severity assessment and treatment. Gliomas, the most common and diverse brain tumours, have in parallel undergone changes in classification over time, with specific molecular biomarkers defining glioma subtypes. Gliomas exhibit a complex tumour‐immune interphase and distinct immune microenvironment features. Immunotherapy and targeted therapy hold promise for primary brain tumour treatment, but require more specific and effective approaches. Animal studies indicate allergic airway inflammation may delay glioma progression. This collaborative European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) and European Association of Neuro‐Oncology (EANO) Position Paper summarizes recent advances and emerging biomarkers for refined allergy and adult‐type diffuse glioma classification to inform future epidemiological and clinical studies. Future research is needed to enhance our understanding of immune–glioma interactions to ultimately improve patient prognosis and survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti‐severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) seroprevalence is used to estimate the proportion of individuals within a population previously infected, to track viral transmission, and to monitor naturally and vaccine‐induced immune protection. However, in sub‐Saharan African settings, antibodies induced by higher exposure to pathogens may increase unspecific seroreactivity to SARS‐CoV‐2 antigens, resulting in false positive responses. To investigate the level and type of unspecific seroreactivitiy to SARS‐CoV‐2 in Africa, we measured immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM to a broad panel of antigens from different pathogens by Luminex in 602 plasma samples from African and European subjects differing in coronavirus disease 2019, malaria, and other exposures. Seroreactivity to SARS‐CoV‐2 antigens was higher in prepandemic African than in European samples and positively correlated with antibodies against human coronaviruses, helminths, protozoa, and especially Plasmodium falciparum. African subjects presented higher levels of autoantibodies, a surrogate of polyreactivity, which correlated with P. falciparum and SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies. Finally, we found an improved sensitivity in the IgG assay in African samples when using urea as a chaotropic agent. In conclusion, our data suggest that polyreactive antibodies induced mostly by malaria are important mediators of the unspecific anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 responses, and that the use of dissociating agents in immunoassays could be useful for more accurate estimates of SARS‐CoV‐2 seroprevalence in African settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial models enable understanding potential redistribution of marine resources associated with ecosystem drivers and climate change. Stock assessment platforms can incorporate spatial processes, but have not been widely implemented or simulation tested. To address this research gap, an international simulation experiment was organized. The study design was blinded to replicate uncertainty similar to a real‐world stock assessment process, and a data‐conditioned, high‐resolution operating model (OM) was used to emulate the spatial dynamics and data for Indian Ocean yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares). Six analyst groups developed both single‐region and spatial stock assessment models using an assessment platform of their choice, and then applied each model to the simulated data. Results indicated that across all spatial structures and platforms, assessments were able to adequately recreate the population trends from the OM. Additionally, spatial models were able to estimate regional population trends that generally reflected the true dynamics from the OM, particularly for the regions with higher biomass and fishing pressure. However, a consistent population biomass scaling pattern emerged, where spatial models estimated higher population scale than single‐region models within a given assessment platform. Balancing parsimony and complexity trade‐offs were difficult, but adequate complexity in spatial parametrizations (e.g., allowing time‐ and age‐variation in movement and appropriate tag mixing periods) was critical to model performance. We recommend expanded use of high‐resolution OMs and blinded studies, given their ability to portray realistic performance of assessment models. Moreover, increased support for international simulation experiments is warranted to facilitate dissemination of methodology across organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the challenges and reasons for the underdiagnosis of prenatal ambiguous or atypical genitalia. The authors highlight the impact of this condition on parents and healthcare professionals, as well as the importance of effective communication and sex assignment. They explore the definitions and prevalence of ambiguous/atypical genitalia and the associated genetic, hormonal, and developmental disorders. The article identifies three main factors contributing to the underdiagnosis: lack of knowledge, lack of strong evidence, and lack of recognition and support. The authors propose strategies to improve prenatal detection, including redefining criteria and implementing comprehensive qualitative and quantitative assessments during mid-pregnancy ultrasound examinations. [Extracted from the article]

Objectives: Dental hygiene is the most effective method in the prevention of oral diseases. However, most patients do not use the recommended teeth brushing techniques and/or time brushing is insufficient. With this objective, modifications in conventional toothbrushes have been developed to deal with these findings. The aim of this study was to compare plaque removal effectiveness of a manual toothbrush with a modified head (MTMH) with a wrap‐around design versus a conventional manual toothbrush. Methods: This pilot prospective clinical study was designed according to STROBE guidelines. The patients suspended oral hygiene habits for 24 h (baseline). Subsequently, the teeth were brushed for 60 s. Both toothbrushes followed the same study procedure, separated by 1 month. Plaque‐removing effectiveness was measured before and after tooth brushing using the modified O'Leary Plaque Index (PI). Results: Seven patients were included in this pilot study. The mean age was 37.66 ± 10.68 years. PI mean differences between baseline and after brushing were 51.99% ± 16.43 for MTMH and 27.93 ± 6.85, for conventional toothbrush (p = 0.0013). After brushing, mean PI values were 18.36% ± 6.95%, and 37.61% ± 10.57% respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that the effectiveness of plaque removal by using MTMH is significantly higher than the conventional manual toothbrush. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We investigated the association between atrial fibrillation (AF) and dementia, and its subtypes (vascular‐VaD, Alzheimer, mixed and rare dementia), and identified predictors for dementia in AF patients. Methods: The analysis was based on 183,610 patients with new‐onset AF and 367,220 non‐AF controls in the United Kingdom between 1998 and 2016, identified in three prospectively collected, linked electronic health records sources. Time‐to‐event (dementia or subtypes) analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazards and weighted Cox. Sub‐analyses performed: including & censoring stroke and age (median used as cut‐off). Results: Over a median follow‐up of 2.67 years (IQR.65–6.02) for AF patients and 5.84 years for non‐AF patients (IQR 2.26–11.80), incidence of dementia in the AF cohort was 2.65 per 100 person‐years, compared to 2.02 in the non‐AF cohort. After adjustment, a significant association was observed between AF and all‐cause dementia (HR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.31–1.45), driven by a strong association with VaD (HR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.41–1.70). AF was also associated with mixed dementia (HR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.01–1.56), but we could not confirm an association with Alzheimer (HR = 1.05, 95% CI:.94–1.16) and rare dementia forms (HR = 1.19, 95% CI:.90–1.56). Ischemic stroke (HR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.26–1.56), subarachnoid haemorrhage (HR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.47–2.96), intracerebral haemorrhage (HR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.54–2.48) and diabetes (HR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.24–1.41) were identified as the strongest predictors of dementia in AF patients. Conclusions: AF patients have an increased risk of dementia, independent of stroke, with highest risk of VaD. Management and prevention of the identified risk factors could be crucial to reduce the increasing burden of dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Iron overload from repeated transfusions has a negative impact on cardiac function, and iron chelation therapy may help prevent cardiac dysfunction in transfusion‐dependent patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). TELESTO (NCT00940602) was a prospective, placebo‐controlled, randomised study to evaluate the iron chelator deferasirox in patients with low‐ or intermediate‐1–risk MDS and iron overload. Echocardiographic parameters were collected at screening and during treatment. Patients receiving deferasirox experienced a significant decrease in the composite risk of hospitalisation for congestive heart failure (CHF) or worsening of cardiac function (HR = 0.23; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.99; nominal p = 0.0322) versus placebo. No significant differences between the arms were found in left ventricular ejection fraction, ventricular diameter and mass or pulmonary artery pressure. The absolute number of events was low, but the enrolled patients were younger than average for patients with MDS, with no serious cardiac comorbidities and a modest cardiovascular risk profile. These results support the effectiveness of deferasirox in preventing cardiac damage caused by iron overload in this patient population. Identification of patients developing CHF is challenging due to the lack of distinctive echocardiographic features. The treatment of iron overload may be important to prevent cardiac dysfunction in these patients, even those with moderate CHF risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic climate change is altering precipitation regimes at a global scale. While precipitation changes have been linked to changes in the abundance and diversity of soil and litter invertebrate fauna in forests, general trends have remained elusive due to mixed results from primary studies. We used a meta‐analysis based on 430 comparisons from 38 primary studies to address associated knowledge gaps, (i) quantifying impacts of precipitation change on forest soil and litter fauna abundance and diversity, (ii) exploring reasons for variation in impacts and (iii) examining biases affecting the realism and accuracy of experimental studies. Precipitation reductions led to a decrease of 39% in soil and litter fauna abundance, with a 35% increase in abundance under precipitation increases, while diversity impacts were smaller. A statistical model containing an interaction between body size and the magnitude of precipitation change showed that mesofauna (e.g. mites, collembola) responded most to changes in precipitation. Changes in taxonomic richness were related solely to the magnitude of precipitation change. Our results suggest that body size is related to the ability of a taxon to survive under drought conditions, or to benefit from high precipitation. We also found that most experiments manipulated precipitation in a way that aligns better with predicted extreme climatic events than with predicted average annual changes in precipitation and that the experimental plots used in experiments were likely too small to accurately capture changes for mobile taxa. The relationship between body size and response to precipitation found here has far‐reaching implications for our ability to predict future responses of soil biodiversity to climate change and will help to produce more realistic mechanistic soil models which aim to simulate the responses of soils to global change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idiopathic toe walking (ITW) refers to ambulation with a toe‐to‐toe gait in the absence of a known cause. Although it is exhibited by typically developing children, it is more common among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Persistent ITW can cause several long‐term medical problems, including ankle deformities and balance and posture abnormalities. In the current study, we first conducted a series of no interaction or alone conditions to verify that ITW exhibited by four children with ASD persisted in the absence of social consequences. We then evaluated a hands‐on‐shoulder plus praise procedure in which gentle pressure is applied to participants' shoulders to prompt their heels to contact the ground, along with praise for appropriate steps in order to reduce ITW. Results suggest that the procedure was effective with all participants, and measures of social validity indicate that caregivers approved of the procedure. We discuss the results in terms of the putative mechanisms responsible for the effects of the procedure as well as the conditions under which the procedure might be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During cancer evolution, tumor cells attract and dynamically interact with monocytes/macrophages. To find biomarkers of disease progression in human melanoma, we used unbiased RNA sequencing and secretome analyses of tumor–macrophage co‐cultures. Pathway analysis of genes differentially modulated in human macrophages exposed to melanoma cells revealed a general upregulation of inflammatory hallmark gene sets, particularly chemokines. A selective group of chemokines, including CCL8, CCL15, and CCL20, was actively secreted upon melanoma–macrophage co‐culture. Because we previously described the role of CCL20 in melanoma, we focused our study on CCL8 and CCL15 and confirmed that in vitro both chemokines contributed to melanoma survival, proliferation, and 3D invasion through CCR1 signaling. In vivo, both chemokines enhanced primary tumor growth, spontaneous lung metastasis, and circulating tumor cell survival and lung colonization in mouse xenograft models. Finally, we explored the clinical significance of CCL8 and CCL15 expression in human skin melanoma, screening a collection of 67 primary melanoma samples, using multicolor fluorescence and quantitative image analysis of chemokine–chemokine receptor content at the single‐cell level. Primary skin melanomas displayed high CCR1 expression, but there was no difference in its level of expression between metastatic and nonmetastatic cases. By contrast, comparative analysis of these two clinically divergent groups showed a highly significant difference in the cancer cell content of CCL8 (p = 0.025) and CCL15 (p < 0.0001). Kaplan–Meier curves showed that a high content of CCL8 or CCL15 in cancer cells correlated with shorter disease‐free and overall survival (log‐rank test, p < 0.001). Our results highlight the role of CCL8 and CCL15, which are highly induced by melanoma–macrophage interactions in biologically aggressive primary melanomas and could be clinically applicable biomarkers for patient profiling. © 2024 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the effects on the skeletal phenotype of two pivotal factors, density and water volume, don the hatchery (larval) phase of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae previoulsy described for two model species (Danio rerio and Oryzias latipes) and sub‐adult (pre‐ongrowing) gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). The experimental trial was conducted using single conditions in a pilot study, starting with a total of 615,385 eggs from the same batch. Three densities (LD low density: 25 larvae/L; MD medium density: 125 larvae/L; and HD high density: 250 larvae/L) and two water volumes (500 and 1000 L) were tested from spawning up to 60 days post‐hatching (dph) (average standard length: 1.79 cm; average dry weight: 27.11 mg). On the final samples, morphometric, anatomical, and histological data were collected for data pertinent to meristic counts and skeletal anomalies. The results (analyzed by means of multivariate analyses) indicated that the LD‐reared larvae were significantly longer and heavier than HD‐reared fish. Furthermore, LD‐reared gilthead seabream exhibited a significant reduction in the frequency of individuals with anomalies of jaws, vertebral body shape, and vertebral arches than the MD and HD conditions, which is in agreement with previous experiments carried out on model species and gilthead seabream sub‐adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficacious, effective and efficient communication between healthcare professionals (HCP) and patients is essential to achieve a successful therapeutic alliance. Telemedicine (TM) has been used for decades but during the COVID‐19 pandemic its use has become widespread. This position paper aims to describe the terminology and most important forms of TM among HCP and patients and review the existing studies on the uses of TM for asthma and allergy. Besides, the advantages and risks of TM are discussed, concluding that TM application reduces costs and time for both, HCP and patients, but cannot completely replace face‐to‐face visits for physical examinations and certain tests that are critical in asthma and allergy. From an ethical point of view, it is important to identify those involved in the TM process, ensure confidentiality and use communication channels that fully guarantee the security of the information. Unmet needs and directions for the future regarding implementation, data protection, privacy regulations, methodology and efficacy are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the global incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children and adolescents under 20 years of age from 2000 to 2022. Materials and Methods: Two reviewers searched three electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL) for studies published between January 2000 and November 2022. Pooled estimates of T1DM incidence with a 95% confidence interval (CI) per 100,000 person‐years were calculated by country/region, sex, age, and COVID‐19 pandemic period (pre‐COVID‐19 and pandemic). Results: The study included 126 studies from 55 countries and 18 regions. The incidence rate (IR) of T1DM from 2000 to 2022 was 14.07 (95%CI, 12.15–16.29) per 100,000 person‐years. Finland and high‐income North America had the highest IR, with 56.81 (95%CI, 55.91–57.73) and 28.77 (95%CI, 26.59–31.13) per 100,000 person‐years, respectively. The IR was 13.37 (95%CI, 10.60–16.88) per 100,000 person‐years in boys and 13.87 (95%CI, 11.51–16.70) per 100,000 person‐years in girls. There were statistically significant differences among different age ranges: 0–4 versus 5–9 and 10–14 years old (p < 0.001); 5–9 versus 15–19 (p < 0.001) and 10–14 versus 15–19 years old (p = 0.003). Finally, during the pandemic period (2020–2022), the IR was 24.84 (95%CI, 17.16–35.96) per 100,000 person‐years, which was higher but not significant compared with the prepandemic period (2017–2019) of 13.56 (95%CI, 7.49–24.56) per 100,000 person‐years (p = 0.090). Conclusions: The IR of T1DM in children and adolescents under 20 years of age is substantial, especially during the pandemic period, although it varies across regions. More reliable data from additional countries are needed to determine the worldwide incidence of T1DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lanthanides have unique photoluminescence (PL) emission properties, including very long PL lifetimes. This makes them ideal for biological imaging applications, especially using PL lifetime imaging microscopy (PLIM). PLIM is an inherently multidimensional technique with exceptional advantages for quantitative biological imaging. Unfortunately, due to the required prolonged acquisitions times, photobleaching of lanthanide PL emission currently constitutes one of the main drawbacks of PLIM. In this study, we report a small aqueous‐soluble, lanthanide antenna, 8‐methoxy‐2‐oxo‐1,2,4,5‐tetrahydrocyclopenta[de]quinoline‐3‐phosphonic acid, PAnt, specifically designed to dynamically interact with lanthanide ions, serving as exchangeable dye aimed at mitigating photobleaching in PLIM microscopy in cellulo. Thus, self‐assembled lanthanide complexes that may be photobleached during image acquisition are continuously replenished by intact lanthanide antennas from a large reservoir. Remarkably, our self‐assembled lanthanide complex clearly demonstrated a significant reduction of PL photobleaching when compared to well‐established lanthanide cryptates, used for bioimaging. This concept of exchangeable lanthanide antennas opens new possibilities for quantitative PLIM bioimaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Many patients with the chronic cholestatic liver disease primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) show fatigue and cognitive impairment that reduces their quality of life. Likewise, rats with bile duct ligation (BDL) are a model of cholestatic liver disease. Current PBC treatments do not improve symptomatic alterations such as fatigue or cognitive impairment and new, more effective treatments are therefore required. Golexanolone reduces the potentiation of GABAA receptors activation by neurosteroids. Golexanolone reduces peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation and improves cognitive and motor function in rats with chronic hyperammonemia. The aims of the present study were to assess if golexanolone treatment improves fatigue and cognitive and motor function in cholestatic BDL rats and if this is associated with improvement of peripheral inflammation, neuroinflammation, and GABAergic neurotransmission in the cerebellum. Methods: Rats were subjected to bile duct ligation. One week after surgery, oral golexanolone was administered daily to BDL and sham-operated controls. Fatigue was analysed in the treadmill, motor coordination in the motorater, locomotor gait in the Catwalk, and short-term memory in the Y-maze. We also analysed peripheral inflammation, neuroinflammation, and GABAergic neurotransmission markers by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results: BDL induces fatigue, impairs memory and motor coordination, and alters locomotor gait in cholestatic rats. Golexanolone improves these alterations, and this was associated with improvement of peripheral inflammation, neuroinflammation, and GABAergic neurotransmission in the cerebellum. Conclusion: Golexanolone may have beneficial effects to treat fatigue, and motor and cognitive impairment in patients with the chronic cholestatic liver disease PBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium wilt of banana, caused by the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4), is a threat to food security as it affects the global banana industry. Control of this pathogen is complex due to the lack of resistant banana or plantain genotypes, lack of effective commercial fungicides, the production of chlamydospores, late appearance of symptoms in infected plants, high adaptability of the pathogen to diverse soil conditions and the polycyclic nature of the disease. Currently, the management strategy for Foc TR4 is exclusion and eradication, which is costly for the producer and the environment because the plants are treated with glyphosate and the affected area is quarantined for a long time. Thus, the development of early detection strategies for Foc TR4 from environmental samples and asymptomatic tissues with low inoculum concentration is essential; this would enable restriction of pathogen spread and minimize the environmental impact by eradication only in areas with accurate data of the pathogen's presence. In this study, three different PCR technologies (conventional PCR, quantitative PCR and droplet digital [dd] PCR) were evaluated for Foc TR4 detection in complex environmental samples. We report the development of a sensitive and specific ddPCR primer/probe set and protocols that can be used as a tool for Foc TR4 detection from symptomatic and asymptomatic plant tissue without prior DNA extraction. The limits of detection in drainage waters, footbaths and soil samples were evaluated using artificial inoculation assays. Finally, environmental samples from Foc TR4‐affected fields were analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present‐day distribution of mare basalts on the Moon is an important constraint on the timing, duration, and flux of volcanism on the Moon. In this work, we find the global distribution of visible mares and cryptomares using the effective density (ρeff) of the Moon, which is sensitive to the vertical density distribution of the crust. We compute ρeff using the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) data and the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) topography data. We apply this ρeff approach to the search of cryptomare for the first time, and we use a higher resolution grid and larger search area to constrain visible mare thicknesses compared to previous work. We use a Bayesian approach to find the distribution of mare thicknesses and density gradients of the underlying crust that is consistent with the localized ρeff. Assuming a bulk density of the mare basalts of 3,460 kg/m3, we find a mean visible mare thickness of 0.7−0.1+0.2 ${0.7}_{-0.1}^{+0.2}$ km which is consistent with previous work. We find a candidate cryptomare volume of 3.6−1.1+1.7×106 ${3.6}_{-1.1}^{+1.7}\times {10}^{6}$ km3 representing more than half of the total mare volume on Moon. This volume is consistent with the higher end of the previously proposed values. Finally, we search for dark halo craters (DHC) globally to obtain geologic evidence of cryptomares and find 258 craters. Our results are consistent with extensive ancient volcanism, which explains the previously identified discrepancy between the early high volcanic flux predicted by thermal models of the Moon and the dearth of ancient volcanic deposits currently exposed. Plain Language Summary: Mare basalts are the most abundant type of lava that erupted on the Moon. It is important to constrain the distribution of basalts to understand the timing, duration, and flux of volcanism on the Moon. We can observe that 16% of the surface is covered by mare basalts but additional mare deposits exist, covered by a thin layer of lighter‐looking material. These hidden mare deposits are called cryptomaria and they are likely older than the exposed mare. We use gravity and topography data to map the global distribution of visible mares and cryptomares. These data are sensitive to the density signature of mare basalts. We obtain a higher resolution map of mare thicknesses than provided before, over a larger area, and uncertainties on these values. Additionally, we map dark halo craters (DHCs), which are considered geologic evidence of cryptomares because they expose underlying cryptomares as part of their ejecta material. Combining our gravitationally inferred cryptomare distribution and the distribution of DHCs, we find a total volume of mare of 6.8 × 106 km3 with 50% of this volume being cryptomare. Our results are consistent with a more extensive ancient volcanism than previously thought. Key Points: We constrain the global distribution of visible and hidden mare basalts on the Moon using gravity and topography dataAssuming a bulk density of 3,460 kg/m3, we find a total mare volume of 7.0 × 106 km3, with over 50% of cryptomareWe find new cryptomare regions, and our results are consistent with a higher volume of ancient mares than previously thought [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the evidence on physical activity for maintaining a healthy weight in adolescents is based solely on aerobic physical activity alone, with little attention given to the muscle strength component. This study aimed to investigate the associations between aerobic activities and muscle‐strengthening activities (MSA) and overweight/obesity among a representative sample of adolescents. Data from the United States‐based Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System for the 2011–2019 cycle were used in this cross‐sectional study. Adolescents self‐reported their adherence to aerobic and MSA guidelines, as well as their height and weight. Overweight and obesity were defined using the age‐ and sex‐specific criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, with a body mass index (BMI) ≥85th and ≥95th percentiles, respectively. We examined the associations between adherence to physical activity guidelines (reference: not meeting either of the physical activity guidelines) and overweight/obesity or obesity using binary logistic regressions. These analyses were adjusted for race/ethnicity, sex, age, screen time, sleep duration, tobacco, alcohol, fruit, vegetables, and soda consumption. A total of 42 829 adolescents (48.98% girls) were included in the study. Of these, 22.23% met both guidelines for physical activity, 30.47% had overweight/obesity, and 14.51% had obesity. Compared with meeting neither guideline, meeting both aerobic and MSA guidelines was associated with lower odds of having overweight/obesity (odds ratio [OR] = 0.64, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60 to 0.68) and obesity (OR = 0.52, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.56). These results were consistent across years of assessment, sex, and race/ethnicity. In conclusion, our results highlight the importance of MSA, which is often overlooked in physical activity recommendations in many studies, in combating childhood obesity in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]