Search

Organizations are increasingly recognizing the important role employee inclusion perceptions play in promoting positive employee attitudes and behaviors. Although social networks are frequently cited as being a driver of perceived inclusion, little empirical work has examined the social network conditions that give rise to it. We address this gap by examining how both network position (indegree centrality) and network structure (network closure) relate to perceived workplace inclusion. We test our hypotheses with a sample of 364 professionals in a multinational pharmaceutical firm. We find that both indegree centrality and network closure are positively related to perceived workplace inclusion. The relationship between network centrality and perceived workplace inclusion is strengthened by a high level of network closure. In addition, the relationship between network closure and perceived workplace inclusion is strengthened by a high level of need for affiliation. Our results, therefore, suggest that both network centrality and closure play an important role in employee perceptions of inclusion and demonstrate the importance of considering need for affiliation as a boundary condition. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted two studies to analyze the relations between dissatisfaction with experiences with the national healthcare system and trust in political (political parties and parliament), super partes (judiciary and police), and international (European Union [EU] and United Nations [UN]) institutions via the mediation of trust in the national healthcare system. Study 1 (longitudinal study on a quota sample of the Italian adult population, N = 689, surveyed in April 2021, T1, and in April 2022, T2) showed that dissatisfaction with experiences with the national healthcare system was negatively associated with trust in the national healthcare system, which, in turn, was positively associated with an increase in trust in political, super partes, and international institutions. Study 2 (between‐participant experimental design, N = 285) showed that priming a negative versus a positive experience with the national healthcare system decreased trust in this system, which, in turn, was positively associated with trust in political, super partes, and international institutions. The strengths, limitations, and possible development of this research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the promotion of policy coherence of migration and development policies that have figured high on the agenda of international organizations and the European Union but have been hardly explored in the context of Central and Eastern Europe. Based on in‐depth interviews with 40 Czech experts on migration and development, we identified three key contradictions: (i) The increasing prominence of a security perspective on both migration and development policies and the lack of coherence between these policies in practice; (ii) The tension between the national and transnational perspectives guiding migration policymaking and development policies; and (iii) The lack of reflection on crucial issues, such as remittances and brain drain, in the dominant paradigm of labour migration. We argue that the findings on (in)coherence between Czech migration and development policies help us understand policy responses of Central and Eastern European governments since the 2015 ‘migration crisis’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops a novel approach for studying the influence of supranational institutions in international cooperation. While earlier research tends to treat member states as a collective yielding influence on supranational institutions, we unpack this collective to explore differentiated supranational influence. To this end, the article makes three contributions. First, it develops a method for measuring differentiated supranational influence that makes it possible to identify which member states give ground when a supranational institution is influential. Second, it theorizes the sources of differentiated supranational influence, arguing that states are more likely to accommodate a supranational institution when they are more dependent on the resources of this institution. Third, it illustrates the usefulness of this approach empirically through an analysis of the influence of the European Commission in European Union bargaining. The analysis suggests that our approach can measure and explain differentiated supranational influence under conditions of both heightened crisis and everyday politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusion The College of Surgeons of East, Central, and Southern Africa (COSECSA) comprises 14 countries, many of which currently grapple with an increasing burden of cardiothoracic surgical (CTS) diseases. Health and economic implications of unaddressed CTS conditions are profound and require a robust regional response. This study aimed to define the status of CTS specialist training in the region (including the density of specialists, facilities, and active training posts), examine implications, and proffer recommendations.A desk review of COSECSA secretariat documents and program accreditation records triangulated with information from surgical societies was performed in May 2022 and September 2023 as part of education quality improvement. A modified nominal group process involving contextual experts was used to develop a relevant action framework.Only 6 of 14 (43%) of COSECSA countries offered active training programs with annual intake of only 18 trainees. Significant training gaps existed in Burundi, Botswana, Malawi, Rwanda, South Sudan, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Country specialist density ranged from 1 per 400,000 (Namibia) to 1 per 8,000,000 (Ethiopia). Overall, the region had 0.2 CTS specialists per million population as compared with 7.15 surgeons per million in High‐Income Countries. Surgical education experts proposed an action framework to address the training crisis including increasing investments in CTS education, establishing regional centers of excellence, retention incentives and opportunities for women, and leveraging international partnerships.Proactive investments in infrastructure, human resources, training, and collaborative efforts by national governments, regional intergovernmental organizations, and international partners are critical to expanding regional CTS training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of gas exchange under varying ambient and metabolic conditions is an important and fundamental investigation of respiratory function. The gold standard is an arterial blood gas (ABG) sample; however, the procedure is not universally performed by medical scientists, is not standardised, and is typically taught by a subjective Halsted 'see one, do one' approach. The Australian and New Zealand Society of Respiratory Science recognised the need to create an ABG position statement that includes the required pre‐requisite education, an evidence‐based procedure and the minimum reporting and competency assessment requirements. This position statement aims to minimise patient discomfort, to improve puncture success rate and reduce the potential for sample handling and analysis error. Importantly, this position statement translates to all relevant health professionals, including medical officers, scientists, nursing staff and allied health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: In the three years before 2023, we have seen multiple parallel crises—from climate emergencies to economic instability, dramatic increases in costs of living, and political insecurities. Looming larger than the risks is the resultant uncertainty. Development agents, including governments, are historically unprepared for managing converging crisis. When risks are analysed and governed in narrow ways, the historically oppressed and excluded continue to carry the brunt of impact. Purpose: This article reflects on the question: How can institutions, including governments, become more anticipatory against this backdrop, to ensure that their policy and investment choices do not leave anyone behind due to lack of preparedness? Approach and methods: It draws insights from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Asia and the Pacific's efforts since 2020 to apply more future‐fit planning and programming, recognizing that foresight is not an end in itself, but a mechanism for shaping more anticipatory institutions. It is based on qualitative learning synthesized from over three years of work to establish new systems, capabilities and processes for UNDP and its partners to engage in anticipatory risk and planning. Findings: Practices rooted in strategic foresight and anticipation can support institutions to incorporate long‐term thinking in planning and analysis, but their translation into development decisions and investments requires shifts in perspectives and risk appetite. Historically, strategic foresight has not been mainstreamed within international organizations and governments owing to: failing to embed anticipation into core systems and processes; giving more attention to tools and building skills than to the demand for alternative decision‐making models and to risk tolerance; relying overly on external support and static models; insufficiently attending to organizational culture and relational drivers of thinking and action. Policy implications: We suggest four interconnected levers to help sustain impact and equity when bringing anticipatory approaches into policy processes: ensure design elasticity to encourage local, context‐specific models of anticipatory decision‐making; build anticipatory systems as a base to understand future risks, harms, and correlating impacts; interrogate what counts as legitimate and relevant evidence for policy decisions; cultivate imagination as an act of inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The organization of healthcare for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) varies across countries. Each country has developed unique practices embedded in their historical and organizational context. Understanding and sharing these practices across borders facilitates mutual understanding about healthcare needs of people with IDD and facilitates the adoption of effective strategies in other countries. Aim: To provide a synthesis across the country‐specific papers in the JPPID special edition and thereby identify underlying trends, challenges, and best practices in healthcare for people with IDD. Methods: The papers in this special edition, which describe the organization of healthcare for people with IDD in 13 countries, were qualitatively analyzed using thematic content analysis, focusing on general characteristics, history, and context, organization of healthcare for people with IDD, challenges, and best practices. Results: Each paper described a specific national history of evolution of healthcare for people with IDD, but our analysis showed that countries face similar challenges in healthcare for people with IDD. These challenges cover (1) access to healthcare, (2) quality of healthcare, (3) implementation, and (4) visibility of people with IDD. Consequently, people with IDD continue to face significant health disparities. Several best practices have been developed, ranging from making mainstream healthcare more accessible and suitable to providing specialized services, and advocating and raising awareness. Conclusions: This synthesis is the first paper to include perspectives on healthcare for people with IDD across 13 countries. We identified that, despite differences in context, countries face similar challenges in improving healthcare for people with IDD. International collaboration and networking can provide essential tools in reducing health disparities that people with IDD face, starting with the challenges identified in this synthesis. This will require effort to especially include low‐ and middle‐income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humanitarian organizations are increasingly using biometric technology. Although the existing literature comprehensively covers this issue, it overlooks the considerable divergence in approaches and policies. In fact, there are significant differences in how biometric data are collected, stored, processed, shared, and protected. Drawing on an analysis of relevant news items, documents, and 17 semi‐structured interviews with humanitarian practitioners, this paper explains the variational biometric practices of humanitarian organizations. The case studies are the UN Refugee Agency, the United Nations World Food Programme, the International Committee of the Red Cross, Médecins Sans Frontières, and World Vision International. Contributing to the scholarly debates about, first, the use of technology in humanitarian response and, second, the complex interdependence and power relations between major donors, States, and international organizations, this paper argues that combinations of three broad factors – organizational culture, mandates and scope of action, and institutional structure significantly shape how each organization understands and practices biometrics. Humanitarian organizations have different interests, motivations, ideologies, statuses, structures, and areas of expertise, and they respond differently to the demands of the States and other influential actors, thus having different applications of biometric data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the recent improvements, there is still a problem of access to WASH services. This problem access is linked to poverty and inequality, which in turn cause difficulties in accessing water, thus creating a vicious cycle. This article analyses this vicious cycle using data from international organisations related to these issues. These data show how the lack of water access leads to limitations for households, which are deprived of employment or/and education due to the difficulty in obtaining water. This opportunity cost is the main mechanism through which the feedback between lack of access to water and economic poverty occurs. Not being able to obtain employment or/and education makes it impossible to get out of a precarious situation, which prevents the wider society to benefit from any economic gain, which in turn slows down the achievement of the goal of guaranteeing access to water for all. The responsibility lies with national and international institutions, which should not only focus on obtaining the necessary financial resources for infrastructure improvements, but also on having adequate governance to ensure water sustainability and equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over decades, research practitioners have highlighted how survivors of sexual abuse in childhood face strong forms of stigma including victim‐blaming, shame and social isolation. However, the data and evidence are disproportionately slanted towards the global North. Shifting the focus to the global South, this reflective piece draws on two substantial multicountry research projects to highlight the expectations and experiences of young survivors of child sexual exploitation and abuse (CSEA) in their quest for support. By applying a socio‐ecological analysis, it demonstrates how societal stigma—from both professionals and young people themselves—compounds the help‐seeking process. The findings support the well‐documented concept that disclosing sexual violence is an ongoing—not singular—process that depends on a series of interactions at the individual, interpersonal and institutional levels of the ecosystem. Building better trauma‐informed responses is likely to help; however, a focus only on services falls short, especially in countries where child protection systems struggle to thrive. A concurrent transformative shift in both social and gender norms across the ecosystem is essential to address the seemingly intractable challenges to child sexual exploitation and abuse prevention and response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of World Water Policy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The New Development Bank (NDB)'s partnership and cooperation with other international organizations and other financial institutions has been a key element of the strategic vision, design and institutional development of the Bank. For the NDB 'partnering' and 'partnerships' became part of the agenda of the NDB. But how the NDB would actually do 'partnerships' or 'partnering' was not predetermined. This article examines how the NDB responded to the challenge of strategic partnerships. It asks whether the NDB has developed its own partnership modalities, or to what degree? The main argument is that NDB adopted a varied approach of partnering, with each approach depending largely on the nature of the partner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides insight into the current evolution of the New Development Bank (NDB). It examines the role of the agency of the global South reshaping intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) in the case of Brazil's influence on the NDB to expand its membership. In that process, this article homes in on the admission of Uruguay to the NDB as a prospective member in September 2021, the first case of NDB expansion into Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The study shows that the membership negotiations between Montevideo and the Bank were less rigid and formal than the procedural norms of multilateral development banks (MDBs) of the North, thanks to the collaborative agency by the various LAC actors involved. It makes the case that Uruguay's accession to the NDB will produce numerous win‐win benefits for both the country and the Bank. It also argues that the membership will inspire the future accession of other countries in the LAC region to the Bank. The study adds to the scant literature which conceptualizes the mechanics of membership expansion by small or new IGOs. The piece also adds to existing studies investigating how LAC agency has previously shaped and continues to shape MDBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governments spend hundreds of millions on evaluations to assess the performance of public organizations. In this article, we scrutinize whether variation in the institutional design of evaluation systems leads to biases in evaluation findings. Biases may emerge because influence over evaluation processes could enable the bureaucracy to present its work in a more positive way. We study evaluation reports published by nine international organizations (IOs) of the United Nations system. We use deep learning to measure the share of positive assessments at the sentence level per evaluation report as a proxy for the positivity of evaluation results. Analyzing 1082 evaluation reports, we find that reports commissioned by operative units, as compared to central evaluation units, systematically contain more positive assessments. Theoretically, this link between institutional design choices and evaluation outcomes may explain why policymakers perceive similar tools for evidence‐based policymaking as functional in some organizations, and politicized in others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents global cancer statistics by world region for the year 2022 based on updated estimates from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). There were close to 20 million new cases of cancer in the year 2022 (including nonmelanoma skin cancers [NMSCs]) alongside 9.7 million deaths from cancer (including NMSC). The estimates suggest that approximately one in five men or women develop cancer in a lifetime, whereas around one in nine men and one in 12 women die from it. Lung cancer was the most frequently diagnosed cancer in 2022, responsible for almost 2.5 million new cases, or one in eight cancers worldwide (12.4% of all cancers globally), followed by cancers of the female breast (11.6%), colorectum (9.6%), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (4.9%). Lung cancer was also the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18.7%), followed by colorectal (9.3%), liver (7.8%), female breast (6.9%), and stomach (6.8%) cancers. Breast cancer and lung cancer were the most frequent cancers in women and men, respectively (both cases and deaths). Incidence rates (including NMSC) varied from four‐fold to five‐fold across world regions, from over 500 in Australia/New Zealand (507.9 per 100,000) to under 100 in Western Africa (97.1 per 100,000) among men, and from over 400 in Australia/New Zealand (410.5 per 100,000) to close to 100 in South‐Central Asia (103.3 per 100,000) among women. The authors examine the geographic variability across 20 world regions for the 10 leading cancer types, discussing recent trends, the underlying determinants, and the prospects for global cancer prevention and control. With demographics‐based predictions indicating that the number of new cases of cancer will reach 35 million by 2050, investments in prevention, including the targeting of key risk factors for cancer (including smoking, overweight and obesity, and infection), could avert millions of future cancer diagnoses and save many lives worldwide, bringing huge economic as well as societal dividends to countries over the forthcoming decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stem cell‐based therapy (SCT) is an important component of regenerative therapy that brings hope to many patients. After decades of development, SCT has made significant progress in the research of various diseases, and the market size has also expanded significantly. The transition of SCT from small‐scale, customized experiments to routine clinical practice requires the assistance of standards. Many countries and international organizations around the world have developed corresponding SCT standards, which have effectively promoted the further development of the SCT industry. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature review to introduce the clinical application progress of SCT and focus on the development status of SCT standardization. Results: We first briefly introduced the types and characteristics of stem cells, and summarized the current clinical application and market development of SCT. Subsequently, we focused on the development status of SCT‐related standards as of now from three levels: the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), important international organizations, and national organizations. Finally, we provided perspectives and conclusions on the significance and challenges of SCT standardization. Conclusions: Standardization plays an important role in the sustained, rapid and healthy development of SCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This paper discusses the benefits of international collaborations for advanced practice nursing education. It identifies new perspectives and innovative practices to enhance cultural competency. Background: Competent, well‐trained advanced practice nurses (APNs) are necessary to provide high‐quality and safe patient care, improve access to care, and address health disparities that are no longer geographically bound. In 2021, an international network of advanced practice educators established an active learning program to teach students their role in global citizenship and increase awareness of health disparities. APN students from Scotland, Wales, Minnesota, Houston, and Rotterdam participated in presentations, online discussions, and in‐country scholarships. Sources of evidence: Growing health disparities have created the need for efficient international collaboration to develop new concepts, approaches, and bidirectional exchange of experiences, culture, and knowledge. Integrating global health into curricula engages students' curiosity and integrates education, research, practice, and leadership while improving cultural competency. Discussion: Forty‐two students participated in the international presentations. The students strongly believed in the benefit of international collaboration and the need for a universal role for the advanced practice nurse. They responded positively to sharing cultural and clinical experiences. Conclusion: The recent global health challenge supported the development of innovative methods to deliver education and created an opportunity for advanced practice students to develop cultural competence and critical thinking. Collaborative solutions are essential to education and healthcare as we move forward in the 21st century. Implications for nursing practice: Robust international collaborations have enabled the development of cultural competence and critical thinking. These are crucial elements for advanced practice roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides information about the Division of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science and Technology of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science and Technology. It includes details about the executive committee and assessors, former presidents, and the committees involved in the 17th International Congress. The program structure of the congress is also outlined, with various themes and topics covered. The document concludes with the minutes of the General Assembly, including confirmation of the agenda, reports by the president and secretary general, and a memorial for past council members who have passed away. The text provides an overview of the activities and relationships of the Division of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science and Technology (DLMPST) from 2020 to 2023. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, most interactions were conducted virtually, including meetings of the Executive Committee and the Council. The DLMPST has been actively engaging with its members through initiatives such as the Small conference grant scheme and involving members in council elections. The DLMPST is also involved in various international organizations, including the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science and Technology (IUHPST), the International Science Council (ISC), and the Conseil International de Philosophie et des Sciences Humaines (CIPSH). Additionally, the DLMPST has participated in projects related to gender equality in science and the promotion of scientific data preservation and open access. The text provides an overview of the activities and decisions made by the Division of Logic, Method [Extracted from the article]

Aim: This article summarizes key research presented at the International AIDS Society (IAS) Conference in Brisbane, held in July 2023. Co‐morbidities: The REPRIEVE Trial as a conference highlight, demonstrating significantly fewer major cardiovascular events amongst people with HIV who were randomized to pitavastatin compared to placebo. Key data on weight, hypertension and incident diabetes are also summarized. Antiretroviral therapy: Novel data on doravirine and islatravir are described as are trials demonstrating efficacy dolutegravir/lamivudine first‐line in people without baseline resistance testing and in suppressed switch amongst people with historic lamivudine resistance. HIV Cure: The sixth case of HIV cure secondary to stem cell transplantation is summarized, as are new insights into the central nervous system as an HIV reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principle of effective judicial protection is a cornerstone of EU law which is predicated on the existence of a complete system of judicial remedies. However, with the expansion of the operational powers of the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) and the consequent fundamental rights concerns, this article challenges the assumption that the EU is based on such a complete system of remedies. By critically reviewing the judicial actions against Frontex before the Court of Justice, this article illustrates the limits to effective judicial protection for migrants attempting to enter the EU. It will be argued that the lack of an effective remedy suggests a violation of the right to good administration. Therefore, this article explores the potential of the bond between judicial protection and good administration to fix the loopholes within the emerging system of shared administration, in which EU agencies progressively interact with national competent authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a review of global health literature, emphasizing the evolution in health terminology in recent decades and noteworthy research areas of global health. This review identifies global inequality and disease‐related stigma as key social determinants of health and central problems improving health outcomes. Within global health, there is a growing discourse surrounding health disparities, particularly among the world's most disadvantaged populations. Additionally, the field notes an increase in global health nonprofits, international governmental organizations (IGOs), and regulatory bodies. As such, this paper examines the scope of empirical global health research with consideration of inequality and stigma as well as the role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in health outcomes for the developing world. The review also discusses the role of IGOs and global health regulatory bodies in shaping development and health outcomes. A broad review of literature finds that although chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are currently the largest cause of poor health in the world's most impoverished nations, these are largely untargeted by NGO efforts, which may exacerbate the state of global inequality. However, the impact that NGOs could have on ameliorating the effects of NCDs remains understudied and is a promising direction for future scholarly efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prescribed as a measure from international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and networks of creditors to manage debt, privatization of energy in Latin America has been a key policy from the Washington Consensus since the 1980s into the current period. The waves of privatization and neoliberal reforms that have swept Latin America during the 1980s and through the 1990s and 2000s have also brought with them massive resistance from constituencies such as labor unions, indigenous communities, students, and workers in the region. This review essay explores key debates on the politics of energy privatization in Latin America, with attention to three central questions: (1) How do foreign (exogenous) and national (endogenous) factors interact in the diffusion and implementation of energy privatization? (2) Under what conditions are protests against energy privatization effective in reversing these policies? And (3) What are the broader effects of energy privatization in the 21st century? I end this review essay with new directions for research that can help sociologists synthesize insights across political science and economics, and shed light to approaches that can be beneficial to sociologists conducting research on privatization and neoliberal reforms in Latin America in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

States have increasingly relied on informal international organizations (IOs) to govern cross‐border problems. Frequently, however, their accountability has been questioned because they have been created to evade political control and strengthen the hands of executives and bureaucrats vis‐à‐vis legislative actors. This has led some to propose solutions that might address their accountability gaps. In this article, I discuss the role that institutional inter‐linkages may play. Many informal IOs lack capabilities and accountability mechanisms that raise questions about their desirability as standalone institutions. Yet, in practice, by creating links with states and formal IOs, their capabilities and accountability have been augmented. With respect to their accountability, specifically, I argue such linkages can promote reflexivity, policy filtering, and the institutionalization of new procedural norms. While these dynamics cannot fully reduce accountability gaps, recognition of them provides a more balanced picture of the issues at stake and an added rationale for expanding such linkages in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In terms of institutional positioning, the quartet of Indo‐Pacific states – Australia, India, Japan, and the United States – firmly endorse ASEAN. 'ASEAN centrality' is clearly highlighted in all Quad statements. Yet, the Quad presents an organizational and substantive challenge to the core institutional model of ASEAN. This competitive dynamic, with respect to style of associational methods (the how) as opposed to organizational purpose (the why), has not received the scholarly attention it deserves. If the literature does focus on the comparative approaches of ASEAN and the Quad, the prism is for the most part targeted on the differences with respect to the engagement with China. Our analysis is different and emphasizes the contrast between two types of institutional informality exhibited by ASEAN and the Quad. By situating our analysis in the context of contested informality, we point out that both ASEAN and the Quad are signposts showing that the foundational privilege of formal international organizations is under stress, albeit from a wide range of institutional designs. Only by detailing and evaluating the critical divergence in modes of informality can an appreciation of the nature and impact of the contest between ASEAN and the Quad be fully understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of organizational accountability is central to good governance both domestically and internationally. However, assessing accountability in densely institutionalized global governance spaces requires new conceptual and analytical tools. Rather than concentrating on the accountability of states, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), non‐governmental organizations (NGOs), and transnational corporations as distinct sets of global actors to whom different accountability criteria and mechanisms may apply, we want to focus on how growing overlap and interplay among diverse global policy actors affects organizational accountability. And rather than focusing exclusively on accountability in terms of retrospective sanctioning based on fixed standards or legal obligations, we suggest that, in a densely institutionalized world, accountability also needs to be thought of as a prospective process. We therefore suggest a stronger focus on pluralistic, participatory, and deliberative forms of accountability that emphasize standard‐setting and responsiveness through collective deliberation, learning, and competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Launching multinational peace operations are time and politically sensitive decisions that frequently involve the use of force. As a result, a host of accountability issues arise. To date, mainly backward‐looking and hierarchical accountability measures have been developed to guide the implementation of multinational peace operations led by the most prominent actors in this policy domain: intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and ad hoc coalitions (AHCs). We argue that the existing accountability mechanisms have their flaws, which hypothetically speaking could at least be partly addressed by converting AHCs into network hubs with an emphasis on pluralistic and horizontal accountability practices. AHCs bring a diverse set of actors together and operate with a light institutional framework, in which actors meet on equal grounds. If used as network hubs, AHCs can facilitate an open information exchange and exchange of best practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT/dmft) index recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), which measures the prevalence of caries based on the presence of cavitated caries lesions, is the most used dental caries index in epidemiological studies. Early diagnosis of noncavitated carious lesions enables preventive measures, which has the potential to prevent dental caries‐related morbidity and reduce the financial burden associated with restorative or rehabilitative dental care. The International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II) incorporates both the cavitated and noncavitated carious lesions with acceptable reliability. Aim: To compare dental caries prevalence based on ICDAS II and WHO criteria. Design: A cross‐sectional study was conducted among 362 children visiting People's Dental College and Hospital, Nayabazar, Kathmandu, Nepal to study dental caries prevalence based on the ICDAS II and WHO criteria. Results: Among the study population, 290 (90.34%) and 169 (68.42%) children had dental caries in primary and permanent teeth according to the ICDAS II criteria, whereas according to WHO criteria, 267 (83.18%) and 107 (43.32%) had dental caries in primary and permanent teeth, respectively. The prevalence of dental caries was significantly higher (p <.001) according to ICDAS II criteria than the prevalence based on WHO criteria in both dentitions. Conclusion: This study showed a significant difference in dental caries prevalence between the ICDAS II and WHO methods of caries diagnosis. The presence of noncavitated carious lesions was alarming. To enable detection of early/noncavitated carious lesions, ICDAS II rather than WHO criteria of caries diagnosis may be a more a valuable tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In "Making International Institutions Work," Ranjit Lall examines the reasons behind the varying performance of international institutions. Lall argues that the main challenge to performance is not rogue behavior by bureaucratic staff, but rather the parochial interests and opportunistic interference of states. The book presents two main arguments: institutions that cultivate alliances with non-state actors or engage in tasks that are difficult for states to monitor have greater autonomy and higher performance. The argument is supported by statistical analyses and comparative case studies. The book acknowledges its limitations, such as the focus on inter-governmental organizations (IGOs) and the reliance on performance data determined by a small set of powerful states. However, it provides valuable insights into the drivers of institutional performance and can inspire further research in the field. [Extracted from the article]

Rumours circulated quickly online and offline during the COVID‐19 pandemic, but empirical research on the subject is limited. Combining qualitative (Study 1, content analysis was conducted on 2344 actual rumours extracted from a rumour‐refuting website) and quantitative methods (Study 2, a three‐wave study with 10‐day intervals), the current study suggests that (1) rumours during the pandemic can be categorised into three types, that is, wish, dread, and aggression rumours, and (2) exposure to different types of rumours is associated with coping consequences, subjective well‐being (comprising positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction), and interpersonal trust in different ways. Generally, wish rumours seem benign, while dread and aggression rumours are malicious. Specifically, wish rumours are believed to assist coping and to be positively associated with positive affect and interpersonal trust. In contrast, dread rumours are believed not to assist coping and to be marginally significantly and positively associated with negative affect and negatively associated with interpersonal trust. Meanwhile, aggression rumours are believed not to assist coping and are marginally significantly and positively associated with negative affect. All other relationships are nonsignificant. The results of the current study will help national governments and international agencies design and evaluate rumour control strategies and policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the legitimacy of international institutions and the power dynamics between these institutions and states. It acknowledges the growing opposition to international institutions and argues that their membership is often crucial for states to function properly and cultivate relationships with other states. The article addresses power relations and legitimacy issues in two dimensions: vertical power, which refers to the power exercised by international bodies over states and societies, and the international horizontal allocation of power, which involves the division of functions among international institutions. The authors analyze specific institutions such as the International Criminal Court and the European Court of Human Rights to contribute to the understanding of the legitimacy of international institutions. [Extracted from the article]

This article examines the question of when and why states should comply with international institutions. It argues that while individuals may have moral reasons to comply, states often prioritize their self-interest and sovereignty. The paper proposes an autonomy-based conception of legitimacy, which suggests that states have a right to personal pursuits but are also restricted by other-regarding reasons. The article concludes that all states have reasons to join and comply with multilateral arrangements that ensure the autonomy of their citizens and other states' peoples. It also discusses the authority of the state, the role of international institutions, and the importance of state consent in determining legitimacy. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In a ceremony held in Boston, DMI celebrated the 2023 Design Value Award winners. These were teams that have delivered significant value through design or design management practices. The 12 winners fill out a distinguished list of international organizations including nonprofit agencies, government entities, large multinationals, and regional enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the development of agricultural cooperatives in Kyrgyzstan from an entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) perspective. Agricultural development priorities explain cooperatives' importance in Kyrgyz government's policies, but cooperatives still fail at countering the challenges of the smallholder economy. Considering agricultural cooperatives as a form of rural entrepreneurship, this paper aims to contribute to the discussion of the factors that support cooperatives in developing countries adapting the EE framework to cooperative entrepreneurship. Using a content analysis method, we analysed and coded textual data from documentary and archival publications on the agricultural cooperatives in Kyrgyzstan published by the government, cooperatives and their unions and the reports of international organizations. We identify five main dimensions of the cooperative entrepreneurial ecosystem for cooperatives: (1) policy and regulatory framework; (2) education and skills; (3) market environment; (4) culture; (5) networks. We found that even if the overall structure of cooperatives' EE can be comparable to conventional enterprises, its sub‐elements significantly differ for cooperative enterprises. Despite its exploratory character and single‐case research design, this article contributes to the theoretical discussion on cooperative entrepreneurial ecosystems in post‐socialist developing contexts and offers a framework of analysis for cooperative development policies and practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Older people (aged 65 years +) are under‐represented in clinical research across many disease areas. Such exclusions limit the generalisability of trial results and can lead to a gap in critical knowledge regarding the efficacy and safety of interventions in older age groups. International bodies and regulators have addressed this issue to varying degrees. The USA's Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has produced regular non‐binding guidance about the inclusion of older trial participants, while the National Institutes of Health's (NIH) binding regulations mean that those seeking research funding must include participants of all ages unless there are scientific or ethical reasons to exclude them. European regulations governing clinical trials of new medications require that participants represent the population groups that are likely to use the product being tested, while Britain highlights the need to improve trial participation of under‐served groups, which include older people. Australian clinical trial guidelines point to the potential problem of excluding some groups from research but do not specifically address older participants. While current international approaches may provide some improvements in trial representation, additional strategies are required to promote clinical research that better reflects populations seen in clinical practice. Australia could benefit from clinical trial guidance that highlights the specific issue of the under‐representation of older participants and outlines strategies to facilitate greater inclusion. This article provides an overview and critique of the current approaches to the inclusion of older people in clinical research and highlights policy gaps and limitations of current strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenges of the Anthropocene were pre‐empted by systems scholars in the exposition of the 'global problematique' and are now made manifest in what systems scholars called the polycrisis. These framings alert us to our human circumstances but to date, have done little to transform our manners of being and doing, as the polycrisis is an outcome of a profound governance crisis. Ongoing reflections, building on the framing offered by the global problematique, in the IFSR Conversations in 2023 addressed these issues. Advocating for more epistemological transparency in systems research was a major theme to emerge. Widening the gaze and embracing the full capacity of the cybersystemic perspective of systems research seeks to allow IFSR members, and cybersystemic scholars more generally, to harness their understandings and praxes to bring fresh momentum to navigating the polycrisis and governing for transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses PNS Summaries 2023, which explores genetic mutations in small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) found in Korean patients with inherited peripheral neuropathies (IPNs). It reports that the research identifies pathogenic variants within highly conserved domains within these genes. It highlights the genetic and phenotypic characteristics of Korean IPN families bearing these mutations and their potential significance in distinguishing different types of IPNs.

As recognized by several international agencies, antibiotic resistance is nowadays one of the most relevant problems for human health. While this problem was alleviated with the introduction of new antibiotics into the market in the golden age of antimicrobial discovery, nowadays few antibiotics are in the pipeline. Under these circumstances, a deep understanding on the mechanisms of emergence, evolution and transmission of antibiotic resistance, as well as on the consequences for the bacterial physiology of acquiring resistance is needed to implement novel strategies, beyond the development of new antibiotics or the restriction in the use of current ones, to more efficiently treat infections. There are still several aspects in the field of antibiotic resistance that are not fully understood. In the current article, we make a non‐exhaustive critical review of some of them that we consider of special relevance, in the aim of presenting a snapshot of the studies that still need to be done to tackle antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how configurations of bureaucratic autonomy, policy complexity and political contestation allow international public administrations (IPAs) to influence policymaking within international organizations. A fuzzy‐set Qualitative Comparative Analysis of 17 policy decisions in four organizations (FAO, WHO, ILO, UNESCO) shows that all IPAs studied can be influential in favorable contexts. When policies are both contested and complex, even IPAs lacking autonomy can influence policy. If either complexity or contestation is absent, however, it is the variant of autonomy of will that helps the IPA exploit procedural strategies of influence. Low autonomy of will, among other factors, explains why IPAs cannot exert influence. Conversely, the variant of autonomy of action appears largely irrelevant. The study provides new insights into the role of bureaucracy beyond the state, exemplifying how research of bureaucratic influence can yield more systematic results in various empirical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International peacebuilding as a discourse and practice has expanded rapidly in the nearly three decades since the publication of Boutros Boutros‐Ghali's Agenda for Peace. Alongside the growth of peacebuilding efforts has come the realization that many peacebuilding projects conceived of and sponsored by the international community have failed to meet their own objectives or, more importantly, have failed to be embraced fully by those whom they were supposed to help: the individuals and communities attempting to rebuild their lives in post‐conflict countries. One area that has been under‐examined and—in particular—under‐theorized is the role and impact of funder accountability mechanisms on local ownership, community agency, and peacebuilding success. However, in the development field some work has been done to examine accountability models and to try to develop new ones. As part of a project funded by the Council on Foreign Relations, the author served as a local peacebuilding advisor to the United Nations Peacebuilding Fund's monitoring and evaluation team, where he led an effort to develop a more collaborative evaluation method designed to close accountability loops by including a broader range of actors than that normally considered by current evaluation methodologies. This article offers a scoping analysis of the strengths and weaknesses inherent in the interactions between large international donor agencies and local peacebuilding efforts. It also presents a preview of one agency's determined efforts to bridge those gaps and implement programs and processes designed to promote local agency while supporting transparent accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate an international health partnership project to capacity build emergency, trauma and critical care nurse education and practice in Zambia. Background: Zambia continues to face a significant workforce challenge and rising burden of communicable and non‐communicable diseases, compounded by the COVID‐19 pandemic. In response to these, the Zambian Ministry of Health is investing in specialised nurses. Emergency, trauma and critical care nursing education and training were seen as one of the solutions. North–south partnerships have been identified as a force for good to capacity build and develop emerging specialities. Sources of evidence: We use an evaluative approach, which includes desk research, a rapid literature review and documentary data analysis from published papers, government reports and project documentation. Ethics committee approval was sought and gained in both Zambia and the UK. Discussion: A critical review of the evidence identified three key themes: challenges with changing education and practice, developing Zambian faculty for sustainability and the effect of an international health partnership project on both Zambia and UK. The outcomes from this project are multifaceted; however, the main achievement has been the implementation of emergency, trauma and critical care graduate programmes by the Zambian faculty. Conclusion: This experience from the field outlines the benefits and limitations of a north–south partnership and the importance of transparency, shared ownership and collegiate decisions. It has facilitated knowledge exchange and sharing to capacity build emergency, trauma and critical care nursing. Implications for nursing practice: Lessons learned may be applicable to other international nursing partnerships, these include the need for deep understanding of the context and constraints. Also, the importance of focusing on developing long‐term sustainable strategies, based on research, education and practice was noted. Implications for nursing policy: This paper outlines the importance of developing nursing education and practice to address the changing burden of disease in line with Zambian national policy, regional and international standards. Also, the value of international nursing partnerships for national and international nursing agendas was described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lance Taylor, a prominent macroeconomist, passed away in August 2022. He was known for his original and relevant work in macroeconomics and his commitment to challenging mainstream economic thinking. Taylor was a dedicated teacher, advising and mentoring many students throughout his career. He also provided policy advice to governments around the world and was critical of international agencies like the World Bank and IMF. Taylor's scholarly output was extensive, with numerous publications and prestigious lectures. Despite his accomplishments, Taylor remained grounded and maintained a farm in Maine with his wife. [Extracted from the article]

In this article, we review similarities and differences in articles in the research field of international and comparative human resource management (HRM), published in Human Resource Management over the past 60 years. The extensive review and analysis, based on 189 conceptual articles, reviews, and empirical studies, identified several trends. First, the two distinct research streams in this research field (HRM in MNEs and comparative HRM) have grown over the decades and moved from conceptual articles in the beginning to almost exclusively empirical studies in more recent years. Second, in addition to the two research streams, in more recent years we identified a third research stream that combines elements of HRM in MNEs and comparative HRM research. Third, the research field has become more feminized, with an increasing number of female (first) authors, and has become more international, with more authors affiliated with non‐US universities in the more recent time periods. Finally, while the research streams show some differences in the content of their research, we do not find evidence that the streams developed in isolation. Based on our analysis, we provide suggestions for future research on international and comparative HRM and identify current implications for HR practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented which discusses the establishment and progress of the Type 1 Diabetes Grand Challenge in the UK, funded by the Steve Morgan Foundation, aimed at advancing research towards curing type 1 diabetes. It focuses on collaborations with international experts and organizations like JDRF UK and Diabetes UK to drive innovations in cell therapies to accelerate research through strategic funding.

Aim: To discuss the possible contribution of nurses to the Silver Economy. Background: Older people constitute a growing sector of the population of developed countries and there is increasing interest in the concept of the Silver Economy which is the contribution older people can and do make to the general economies of their communities and countries. Sources of evidence: We obtained a range of relevant documents from international organisations and related academic literature. Discussion: There is a range of interrelated health promotion aspects of ageing related to physical health, mental health and cognitive health. Promoting activities related to these could have both direct and indirect impact on the economy in addition to improving the health and well‐being of older people. Conclusions: Nurses have a responsibility to understand the health promotion related aspects of ageing and the contribution they can make to improving the health and well‐being of older people. Nurses could, specifically, promote activities amongst older people that will have an impact on health and on the economy. Implications for nursing: Nurses need to integrate more health promotion related aspects of ageing into their practice and to be able to evaluate the health‐related improvements they make and also to evaluate and indicate the contribution this makes to the health of older people and to the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite clear evidence that accreditation has the potential to shape the future of graduate outcomes and health professions, little research has examined accreditation policy within dietetics and whether it achieves its aims. This study aimed to interpret the purpose and positioning of dietetic accreditation standards internationally. Methods: This study drew on Yanow's interpretive policy analysis approach. Countries with similar dietetics education and accreditation systems were selected for inclusion in this study, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. A purposive sample of participants involved in the accreditation process were identified and invited to participate in semistructured interviews. Accreditation standards from all countries were collected. Coding of text for purpose and meaning was undertaken. Codes were then grouped into categories and then themes, in line with the interpretive policy analysis approach that aims to seek meaning from the policy and identify conflicts. Results: A total of 8 interviews and 11 accreditation standard documents were analysed from across the five countries. The analysis of data showed that the purpose of accreditation was protecting public safety by producing safe and effective dietetic graduates and supporting universities to achieve this. Focusing on input‐ versus outcome‐based education was a key conflict. Conclusions: There is a unified purpose of accreditation internationally which may support global mobility of the dietetics workforce. Focusing more on outcome‐based standards may support the development of dietetics graduates better equipped to meet future needs. Key points: Dietetics accreditation determines the ability of education providers to meet the accreditation standards set by regulators to support dietetic workforce preparation.Using policy analysis of participant interviews and key artefacts of international dietetics accreditation systems showed that accreditation served to support universities and protect the public, safeguarding the quality of dietetic graduates.A key tension internationally was the focus on inputs versus outcomes inherent in the policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Immunoglobulin is an expensive and scarce resource and usage is increasing worldwide. Immunoglobulin is used to treat a variety of clinical conditions, particularly primary and acquired immunodeficiencies and immune‐mediated neurological disorders. As immunoglobulin usage continues to increase, plasma collection must increase accordingly in order to sustain immunoglobulin production. The New Zealand Blood Service (NZBS) is the provider of immunoglobulin in New Zealand (NZ). Information regarding national immunoglobulin usage warrants analysis given the rise in usage. Aims: To review immunoglobulin usage in NZ with a focus on the trend in the amount used, number of patients, clinical indications and compliance with international guidelines. A comparison with international immunoglobulin usage was performed. The impact on national plasma collection was reviewed. Methods: Data on immunoglobulin usage, number of patients and plasma collection over the past decade were obtained from the NZBS Tableau database. Data from international literature were reviewed. Results: Immunoglobulin usage in NZ has been increasing over the past decade, with an annual growth rate of 6.4%. The three main indications for immunoglobulin are primary immunodeficiency disorders, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) and acquired hypogammaglobulinaemia secondary to haematological malignancies. Prominent growth in usage is evident for CIDP and acquired hypogammaglobulinaemia. Immunoglobulin usage in NZ is low compared with other countries, such as Australia and the United States. There has been a marked increase in plasma donations in order to keep up with immunoglobulin demand. Conclusions: Immunoglobulin is a strategic resource and appropriate usage is critical to regulate demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Down syndrome is the most common liveborn genetic condition. However, there are no surveys measuring societal services and supports for people with Down syndrome. We developed a questionnaire so that initiatives could be targeted towards countries most in need of assistance. Method: We formed a geographically diverse group of physicians, family members of people with Down syndrome, and members of Down syndrome not‐for‐profit organisations to create a survey of societal services and supports. We used a modified Delphi method and disseminated the survey to Down syndrome non‐profit organisations worldwide. Results: Our survey consists of 61 items categorised within five domains: Education, Community Inclusion, Independence, Healthcare, and Social and Policy Issues. Conclusions: We developed a survey to measure societal services and supports available to people with Down syndrome as perceived by organisational leaders. Our methods might serve as a blueprint for other populations of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]