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INTRODUCTION: Spatial extent‐based measures of how far amyloid beta (Aβ) has spread throughout the neocortex may be more sensitive than traditional Aβ‐positron emission tomography (PET) measures of Aβ level for detecting early Aβ deposits in preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) and improve understanding of Aβ's association with tau proliferation and cognitive decline. METHODS: Pittsburgh Compound‐B (PIB)‐PET scans from 261 cognitively unimpaired older adults from the Harvard Aging Brain Study were used to measure Aβ level (LVL; neocortical PIB DVR) and spatial extent (EXT), calculated as the proportion of the neocortex that is PIB+. RESULTS: EXT enabled earlier detection of Aβ deposits longitudinally confirmed to reach a traditional LVL‐based threshold for Aβ+ within 5 years. EXT improved prediction of cognitive decline (Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite) and tau proliferation (flortaucipir‐PET) over LVL. DISCUSSION: These findings indicate EXT may be more sensitive to Aβ's role in preclinical AD than level and improve targeting of individuals for AD prevention trials. Highlights: Aβ spatial extent (EXT) was measured as the percentage of the neocortex with elevated Pittsburgh Compound‐B.Aβ EXT improved detection of Aβ below traditional PET thresholds.Early regional Aβ deposits were spatially heterogeneous.Cognition and tau were more closely tied to Aβ EXT than Aβ level.Neocortical tau onset aligned with reaching widespread neocortical Aβ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Light triggers numerous non‐image‐forming, or non‐visual, biological effects. The brain correlates of these non‐image‐forming effects have been investigated, notably using magnetic resonance imaging and short light exposures varying in irradiance and spectral quality. However, it is not clear whether non‐image‐forming responses estimation may be biased by having light in sequential blocks, for example, through a potential carryover effect of one light onto the next. We reasoned that pupil light reflex was an easy readout of one of the non‐image‐forming effects of light that could be used to address this issue. We characterised the sustained pupil light reflex in 13–16 healthy young individuals under short light exposures during three distinct cognitive processes (executive, emotional and attentional). Light conditions pseudo‐randomly alternated between monochromatic orange light (0.16 melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance lux) and polychromatic blue‐enriched white light of three different levels (37, 92, 190 melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance lux). As expected, higher melanopic irradiance was associated with larger sustained pupil light reflex in each cognitive domain. This result was stable over the light sequence under higher melanopic irradiance levels compared with lower ones. Exploratory frequency‐domain analyses further revealed that sustained pupil light reflex was more variable under lower melanopic irradiance levels. Importantly, sustained pupil light reflex varied across tasks independently of the light condition, pointing to a potential impact of light history and/or cognitive context on sustained pupil light reflex. Together, our results emphasise that the distinct contribution and adaptation of the different retinal photoreceptors influence the non‐image‐forming effects of light and therefore potentially their brain correlates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polar cubic equation of state (EOS) is developed by incorporating the dipolar theory of Jog and Chapman into the Soave‐Redlich‐Kwong (SRK) EOS. We propose simplifying assumptions in the dipolar term of Jog and Chapman to reduce the double and triple sums in the theory to single sums. The simplified version of the dipolar theory can significantly improve computational speed and can be used with either Cubic EOS or SAFT‐based EOS. The proposed model, which we call Simplified Polar SRK (SP‐SRK), is parametrized in a similar fashion to classical cubic EOS to exactly reproduce Tci,Pci,ωi, and will self‐consistently reduce to the base SRK EOS in the absence of polar interactions. Binary VLE data with a non‐polar reference hydrocarbon is used to extract the polarity of the respective functional group. The model shows superior performance in capturing the phase behavior of polar mixtures compared to the base SRK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The area of land dedicated to growing maize for bioenergy in the United Kingdom is rapidly expanding. To understand how maize production influences soil carbon (C) dynamics, and whether this is influenced by soil type, we measured net ecosystem exchange (NEE) using the eddy covariance technique over the 2021 growing season. We combined the NEE data with C imports and exports to calculate the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of two maize crops grown for bioenergy in the United Kingdom, one site on mineral soil and the other on lowland agricultural peat. Maize was similarly productive at both sites—gross primary productivity was 1107 g C m−2 at the site with mineral soil and 1407 g C m−2 at the peat site. However, total ecosystem respiration was considerably higher from the peat site (1198 g C m−2) compared with the mineral soil site (678 g C m−2). After accounting for the removal of C in harvested biomass, both sites were net C sources, but C losses were over two times greater from the peat site (NEP = 290 g C m−2) than the mineral site (NEP = 136 g C m−2). While annual crops may be needed to produce bioenergy in the short term, growing maize for bioenergy in the United Kingdom does not appear to be a viable option for C sequestration over the long term, as it leads to high carbon losses from agroecosystems, especially those on organic soils. Instead, growing perennial bioenergy crops on mineral soils with a low organic C content is a more appropriate option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerosol increases over the 20th century delayed the rate at which Earth warmed as a result of increases in greenhouse gases (GHGs). Aggressive aerosol mitigation policies arrested aerosol radiative forcing from ∼1980 to ∼2010. Recent evidence supports decreases in forcing magnitude since then. Using the approximate partial radiative perturbation (APRP) method, future shortwave aerosol effective radiative forcing changes are isolated from other shortwave changes in an 18‐member ensemble of ScenarioMIP projections from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). APRP‐derived near‐term (2020–2050) aerosol forcing trends are correlated with published model emulation values but are 30%–50% weaker. Differences are likely explained by location shifts of aerosol‐impacting emissions and their resultant influences on susceptible clouds. Despite weaker changes, implementation of aggressive aerosol cleanup policies will have a major impact on global warming rates over 2020–2050. APRP‐derived aerosol radiative forcings are used together with a forcing and impulse response model to estimate global temperature trends. Strong mitigation of GHGs, as in SSP1‐2.6, likely prevents warming exceeding 2C since preindustrial but the strong aerosol cleanup in this scenario increases the probability of exceeding 2C by 2050 from near zero without aerosol changes to 6% with cleanup. When the same aerosol forcing is applied to a more likely GHG forcing scenario (i.e., SSP2‐4.5), aggressive aerosol cleanup more than doubles the probability of reaching 2C by 2050 from 30% to 80%. It is thus critical to quantify and simulate the impacts of changes in aerosol radiative forcing over the next few decades. Plain Language Summary: Over the 20th century, fossil fuel burning led to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and small particles known as aerosols. Aerosols scatter sunlight back to space and enhance cloud brightness and longevity, thus cooling Earth. The amount of warming since the pre‐industrial depends upon both GHGs and aerosol. After ∼1980, air quality improvements led to a reduction in this cooling effect, unmasking some of the GHG potential to warm the planet. This has reinforced the importance of understanding the interplay between aerosols and GHGs in climate projections. To examine this sensitivity, we use a set of global climate model simulations forced by a variety of future GHG and aerosol concentration based on plausible socioeconomic pathways. Shifts in the location of regional aerosol emissions has an impact on the global climate, influencing the accuracy of our predictions for Earth's future warming as measured by the probability of increasing global temperatures by 2C by 2050 compared to pre‐industrial. Under plausible GHG scenarios, aggressive aerosol cleanup policies can more than double the probability of crossing this threshold. This emphasizes the urgency of improving our simulations in order to accurately predict and quantify the impact of aerosols over the next few decades. Key Points: Aerosol forcing changes are isolated from CMIP6 projected scenarios using an approximate partial radiative perturbation methodAerosol‐cloud interactions dominate future aerosol forcing changes from cleanup policies over the period 2020–2050Likelihood of maintaining global warming to below 2C will be strongly reduced by implementing aggressive near‐term aerosol cleanup policies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most paints contain pigments that absorb light and fade over time. A robust alternative can be found in nature, where structural coloration arises from the interference of light with submicron features. Plant‐derived, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) mimic these features by self‐assembling into a cholesteric liquid crystal that exhibits structural coloration when dried. While much research has been done on CNCs in aqueous solutions, less is known about transferring CNCs to apolar solvents that are widely employed in paints. This study uses a common surfactant in agricultural and industrial products to suspend CNCs in toluene. Surprisingly, a stable liquid crystal phase is formed within hours, even with concentrations of up to 50 wt%. Evaporating the apolar CNC suspensions results in photonic films with peak wavelengths ranging from 660 to 920 nm. The resulting flexible films have variable mechanical properties with surfactant content, allowing for an optical response with applied force. The films also act as humidity sensors, with increasing relative humidity swelling the films, yielding a redshift in the reflected wavelength. With the addition of a single surfactant, CNCs can be made compatible with existing production methods of industrial coatings, while improving the strength and responsiveness of structurally colored films to external stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas bubbling can be an effective means to float out alumina inclusions from liquid steel in a ladle. However, large spherical cap bubbles are formed when using porous plugs, as the liquid steel is nonwetting to the porous refractory. These bubbles rise rapidly through the liquid steel, forming a fast‐moving bubble plume, restricting contact times. Sized microbubbles, by contrast, have now been generated in liquid metals by shearing methods, involving linear crossflows to an entering flow of gas, or alternatively by rotational shearing. Combined with these convective shearing forces, local kinetic energy of turbulence can also play an important part in determining final microbubble size distributions. As microbubbles have much smaller rise velocities and present a far greater inclusion capture surface area than those of a single large bubble of the same gross volume, this will allow us to remove sub‐50 μm inclusions from liquid steel. It is expected that this goal will require a redesign of current ladle shrouds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Animal research has shown that tau pathology in the locus coeruleus (LC) is associated with reduced norepinephrine signaling, lower projection density to the medial temporal lobe (MTL), atrophy, and cognitive impairment. We investigated the contribution of LC‐MTL functional connectivity (FCLC‐MTL) on cortical atrophy across Braak stage regions and its impact on cognition. METHODS: We analyzed functional magnetic resonance imaging and amyloid beta (Aβ) positron emission tomography data from 128 cognitively normal participants, associating novelty‐related FCLC‐MTL with longitudinal atrophy and cognition with and without Aβ moderation. RESULTS: Cross‐sectionally, lower FCLC‐MTL was associated with atrophy in Braak stage II regions. Longitudinally, atrophy in Braak stage 2 to 4 regions related to lower baseline FCLC‐MTL at elevated levels of Aβ, but not to other regions. Atrophy in Braak stage 2 regions mediated the relation between FCLC‐MTL and subsequent cognitive decline. DISCUSSION: FCLC‐MTL is implicated in Aβ‐related cortical atrophy, suggesting that LC‐MTL connectivity could confer neuroprotective effects in preclinical AD. Highlights: Novelty‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) LC‐medial temporal lobe (MTL) connectivity links to longitudinal Aβ‐dependent atrophy.This relationship extended to higher Braak stage regions with increasing Aβ burden.Longitudinal MTL atrophy mediated the LC‐MTL connectivity–cognition relationship.Our findings mirror the animal data on MTL atrophy following NE signal dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of caffeine on pathways associated with mitochondrial quality control and mitochondrial capacity during skeletal muscle regeneration, focusing on the role of Parkin, a key protein involved in mitophagy. Methods: We used in vitro C2C12 myoblast during differentiation with and without caffeine in the medium, and we evaluated several markers of mitochondrial quality control pathways and myotube growth. In vivo experiments, we used C57BL/6J (WT) and Parkintm1Shn lineage (Parkin−/−) mice and injured tibial anterior muscle. The mice regenerated TA muscle for 3, 10, and 21 days with or without caffeine ingestion. TA muscle was used to analyze the protein content of several markers of mitochondrial quality pathways, muscle satellite cell differentiation, and protein synthesis. Furthermore, it analyzed mtDNA, mitochondrial respiration, and myofiber growth. Results: C2C12 differentiation experiments showed that caffeine decreased Parkin content, potentially leading to increased DRP1 and PGC‐1α content and altered mitochondrial population, thereby enhancing growth capacity. Using Parkin−/− mice, we found that caffeine intake during the regenerative process induces an increase in AMPKα phosphorylation and PGC‐1α and TFAM content, changes that were partly Parkin‐dependent. In addition, the absence of Parkin potentiates the ergogenic effect of caffeine by increasing mitochondrial capacity and myotube growth. Those effects are related to increased ATF4 content and activation of protein synthesis pathways, such as increased 4E‐BP1 phosphorylation. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that caffeine ingestion changes mitochondrial quality control during skeletal muscle regeneration, and Parkin is a central player in those mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The extent of parathyroidectomy (PTX) recommendation in patients with lithium‐associated hyperparathyroidism (LAH) remains controversial. The primary objectives of this study were to analyze extent of surgery, complications, and long‐term outcomes. Methods: A population‐based study, including all primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) patients who underwent PTX in Sweden between 2008 and 2017. Data on exhibited lithium prescriptions, morbidity, surgical approach, and outcomes were collected from relevant national registers and the Scandinavian Quality Register of Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Adrenal Surgery. Patients with lithium exposure before PTX were defined as having LAH. Descriptive summary statistics and regression models were used to evaluate differences in comorbidities, surgical approach, and outcomes between LAH and PHPT not exposed to lithium (non‐LAH). Results: Lithium exposure was significantly more common among PHPT (n = 202, 2.3%) than in controls (n = 416, 0.5%); OR 5.0 (95% CI 4.2–5.9). The risk of LAH correlated to the length of lithium exposure. In the LAH‐group, the surgical procedures were more extensive and associated with a higher risk of postoperative bleeding, wound infections, persistent hypercalcemia, and hypocalcemia that remained after adjustment for the higher percentage of multiglandular disease. However, the cumulative risk of re‐admission for PHPT was similar the first years after PTX and primarily elevated for patients with >5 years duration of lithium exposure prior to surgery. Conclusions: The findings support the perception of LAH as a complex entity. We recommend a functionally oriented approach, aimed to obtain and maintain normocalcemia for as long as possible, minimizing the risk of permanent hypoparathyroidism, and accepting some risk of recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The atmospheric Green's function method is a technique for modeling the response of the atmosphere to changes in the spatial field of surface temperature. While early studies applied this method to changes in atmospheric circulation, it has also become an important tool to understand changes in radiative feedbacks due to evolving patterns of warming, a phenomenon called the "pattern effect." To better study this method, this paper presents a protocol for creating atmospheric Green's functions to serve as the basis for a model intercomparison project, GFMIP. The protocol has been developed using a series of sensitivity tests performed with the HadAM3 atmosphere‐only general circulation model, along with existing and new simulations from other models. Our preliminary results have uncovered nonlinearities in the response of the atmosphere to surface temperature changes, including an asymmetrical response to warming versus cooling patch perturbations, and a change in the dependence of the response on the magnitude and size of the patches. These nonlinearities suggest that the pattern effect may depend on the heterogeneity of warming as well as its location. These experiments have also revealed tradeoffs in experimental design between patch size, perturbation strength, and the length of control and patch simulations. The protocol chosen on the basis of these experiments balances scientific utility with the simulation time and setup required by the Green's function approach. Running these simulations will further our understanding of many aspects of atmospheric response, from the pattern effect and radiative feedbacks to changes in circulation, cloudiness, and precipitation. Plain Language Summary: Many properties of the atmosphere are affected by the temperature of the ocean surface. Knowing how strong these effects are would help us to better predict global warming. The response to a given surface warming depends on where the warming occurs. To account for this, researchers sometimes simulate the response to individual patches of warming and then assume the response to an arbitrary warming pattern can be summed together from these patch responses. This is sometimes called the atmospheric Green's function method, and it works well at recreating the atmospheric response to historical temperature changes. We are organizing a Green's Function Model Intercomparison Project (GFMIP), in which participants will apply the method consistently for many climate models. This paper presents the GFMIP protocol. In the course of developing this protocol, we found that the atmospheric response to warming is not proportional in all cases: the response to surface warming is not the opposite of the response to surface cooling; warming twice as much doesn't cause twice as much of a response; and making a patch of warming twice as large doesn't cause twice as large a response. GFMIP will help us figure out how to account for this nonlinearity. Key Points: The Green's Function Model Intercomparison Project (GFMIP) explores the atmospheric response to surface temperature patch perturbationsThis paper presents the GFMIP protocol, which was generated using insights from past studies and new sensitivity testsGreen's functions reconstruct the response to historical temperatures, but nonlinearities can affect responses to other warming patterns [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proteoglycans are core proteins associated with carbohydrate/sugar moieties that are highly variable in disaccharide composition, which dictates their function. These carbohydrates are named glycosaminoglycans, and they can be attached to proteoglycans or found free in tissues or on cell surfaces. Glycosaminoglycans such as hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and heparin/heparan sulfate have multiple functions including involvement in inflammation, immunity and connective tissue structure, and integrity. Heparan sulfate is a highly sulfated polysaccharide that is abundant in the periodontium including alveolar bone. Recent evidence supports the contention that heparan sulfate is an important player in modulating interactions between damage associated molecular patterns and inflammatory receptors expressed by various cell types. The structure of heparan sulfate is reported to dictate its function, thus, the utilization of a homogenous and structurally defined heparan sulfate polysaccharide for modulation of cell function offers therapeutic potential. Recently, a chemoenzymatic approach was developed to allow production of many structurally defined heparan sulfate carbohydrates. These oligosaccharides have been studied in various pathological inflammatory conditions to better understand their function and their potential application in promoting tissue homeostasis. We have observed that specific size and sulfation patterns can modulate inflammation and promote tissue maintenance including an anabolic effect in alveolar bone. Thus, new evidence provides a strong impetus to explore heparan sulfate as a potential novel therapeutic agent to treat periodontitis, support alveolar bone maintenance, and promote bone formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mixed agricultural system that integrates livestock and cropping is essential to organic, agroecological, and regenerative farming. The demand for improved welfare systems has made the practice of outdoor rearing of pigs very popular; it currently makes up 40% of the UK pig industry and has also been integrated into arable rotations. Besides the benefits of outdoor production systems, they also potentially pose environmental risks to farmlands, such as accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil, soil erosion and compaction and carbon loss. Despite this, the impact of outdoor pigs and arable crop rotations on soil health has been under-researched relative to other livestock species. This study was conducted at the University of Leeds Research Farm from 2018 to 2020 using a combined experimental and modelling approach to understand the impact of outdoor pigs on soil carbon and nutrient dynamics. The physio-chemical properties of arable soil were measured prior to the introduction of the pigs and after introducing the pigs at the end of first and second years, consecutively. There was assessment of control sites (without pigs, mowing once a year) and pig pens (pigs in a rotation with arable crops). The soil was sampled at two different depths, 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm. It was observed that measured soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in the soil depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm layer were decreased by 7% and 3%, respectively, in the pig pens from 2019 to 2020, and total available nitrogen and phosphorus were significantly higher in pig pens than the control sites. Hence, at a depth between 0 and 20 cm, the average total available nitrogen was 2.51 and 2.68 mg kg-1 in the control sites and 21.76 and 20.45 mg kg-1 in the pig pens in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The average total available phosphorus at 0-20 cm was 26.54 and 37.02 mg kg-1 in control sites and 48.15 and 63.58 mg kg-1 in pig pens during 2019 and 2020, respectively. A process-based model (DayCent) was used to simulate soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics in the arable rotation with outdoor pigs and showed SOC stock losses of - 0.09 ± 0.23 T C ha-1 year-1 using the future climate CMIP5 RCP 8.5 scenario for 2020 to 2048. To reduce this loss, we modelled the impact of changing the management of the pig rotation and found that the loss of SOC stock could be decreased by shortening the period of pig retention in the field, growing grass in the field, and leguminous crops in the crop rotation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the inter-rater reliability of the International Hidradenitis Suppurativa Severity Scoring System (IHS4) as a primary outcome measurement instrument for large clinical studies in hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). The study involved 31 dermatology residents from 16 countries who evaluated 10 HS patients with varying disease severity. The results showed that the IHS4 had excellent inter-rater reliability among the raters, indicating its suitability for use in large clinical studies. However, the evaluation of HS lesions without weighting and the evaluation of inflammatory nodules and abscesses only led to reduced reliability. The article concludes that the IHS4 is a reliable instrument for assessing HS in clinical studies. [Extracted from the article]

Rates of global and regional sea‐level rise between ~1850 and 1950 were high compared to those in preceding centuries. The cause of this sea‐level acceleration remains uncertain, but it appears to be pronounced in a small set of relative sea‐level proxy records from the Southern Hemisphere. Here we generate three new proxy‐based relative sea‐level reconstructions for southeastern Australia to investigate spatial patterns and causes of historical sea‐level changes in the Tasman Sea. Palaeo sea‐level estimates were determined using salt‐marsh foraminifera as sea‐level indicators. Records are underpinned by chronologies based on accelerator mass spectrometry 14C, radiogenic lead (210Pb), stable lead isotopes and palynological analyses. Our reconstructions show that relative sea level rose by ~0.2–0.3 m over the last 200 years in southeastern Australia, and rates of sea‐level rise were especially high over the first half of the 20th century. Based on modelled estimates of the contributing components to sea‐level rise, we suggest that the episode of rapid sea‐level rise was driven by barystatic contributions, but sterodynamic contributions were dominant by the mid‐20th century. Significant spatial variability in relative sea level indicates that local to sub‐regional drivers of sea level are also prominent. Our reconstructions significantly enhance our understanding of the spatiotemporal pattern of early 20th century sea‐level rise in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a re‐evaluation of the Kullen and Janhunen (2004, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-951-2004) global northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) simulation, using the Grand Unified Magnetosphere–Ionosphere Coupling Simulation version 4 (GUMICS‐4), a global MHD model. We investigate the dynamic coupling between northward IMF conditions and the Earth's magnetotail and compare the results to observation‐based mechanisms for the formation of transpolar arcs. The results of this study reveal that under northward IMF conditions (and northward IMF initialization), a large closed field line region forms in the magnetotail, with similarities to transpolar arc structures observed from spacecraft data. This interpretation is supported by the simultaneous increase of closed flux measured in the magnetotail. However, the reconnection configuration differs in several respects from previously theorized magnetotail structures that have been inferred from both observations and simulations results and associated with transpolar arcs. We observe that dawn–dusk lobe regions form as a result of high‐latitude reconnection during the initialization stages, which later come into contact as the change in the IMF By component causes the magnetotail to twist. We conclude that in the GUMICS simulation, transpolar arc‐like structures are formed as a result of reconnection in the magnetotail, rather than high‐latitude reconnection or due to the mapping of the plasma sheet through a twisted magnetotail as interpreted from previous analysis of GUMICS simulations. Plain Language Summary: When the magnetic field associated with the solar wind is directed "northward," the Earth's aurora can adopt a formation where a "bar" of emission crosses the otherwise dim region that lies poleward of the usual auroral emissions. These phenomena are called "theta auroras" (due to their resemblance to the Greek letter), or "transpolar arcs," and have been observed from spacecraft observing the auroral regions. As spacecraft cannot directly observe the global configuration of magnetic field lines within planetary magnetospheres, simulations can be useful to gain insight into the possible structures that occur during different solar wind conditions. We use a global simulation to model the interaction between the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere (the region of space around our planet) and see that a large‐scale field line structure can form during certain northward‐directed magnetic field conditions. When we trace these field lines to the ionospheric boundary, we find that they resemble the global structures that have been observed for auroral arcs that stretch across the polar cap (also named theta aurora or transpolar arcs). We also note some key differences in their formation process from observational results. Key Points: Signatures consistent with magnetotail reconnection are observed in a simulation driven by northward interplanetary magnetic field conditionsThe simulation results in the production of a closed magnetotail structure and polar cap arcsThe above structure occurs within a magnetotail that is highly twisted such that open lobe regions cross the equatorial plane [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key event in atherogenesis is the formation of lipid‐loaded macrophages, lipidotic cells, which exhibit irreversible accumulation of undigested modified low‐density lipoproteins (LDL) in lysosomes. This event culminates in the loss of cell homeostasis, inflammation, and cell death. Nevertheless, the exact chemical etiology of atherogenesis and the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for the impairment of lysosome function in plaque macrophages are still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that macrophages exposed to cholesteryl hemiazelate (ChA), one of the most prevalent products of LDL‐derived cholesteryl ester oxidation, exhibit enlarged peripheral dysfunctional lysosomes full of undigested ChA and neutral lipids. Both lysosome area and accumulation of neutral lipids are partially irreversible. Interestingly, the dysfunctional peripheral lysosomes are more prone to fuse with the plasma membrane, secreting their undigested luminal content into the extracellular milieu with potential consequences for the pathology. We further demonstrate that this phenotype is mechanistically linked to the nuclear translocation of the MiT/TFE family of transcription factors. The induction of lysosome biogenesis by ChA appears to partially protect macrophages from lipid‐induced cytotoxicity. In sum, our data show that ChA is involved in the etiology of lysosome dysfunction and promotes the exocytosis of these organelles. This latter event is a new mechanism that may be important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: selfBACK provides individually tailored self‐management support for low back pain (LBP) via an artificial intelligence‐based smartphone app. We explore whether those with depressive/stress symptoms can benefit from this technology. Methods: Secondary analysis of the selfBACK randomized controlled trial (n = 461). Participants with LBP were randomized to usual care (n = 229), or usual care plus selfBACK (n = 232). Primary outcome: LBP‐related disability (Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire, RMDQ) over 9 months. Secondary outcomes: global perceived effect (GPE)/pain self‐efficacy (PSEQ)/satisfaction/app engagement. Baseline depressive symptoms were measured using the patient health questionnaire (PHQ‐8) and stress with the perceived stress scale (PSS). Outcomes stratified by baseline PHQ‐8/PSS scores to assess associations across the whole cohort, and intervention versus control groups. Results: Participants with higher levels of depressive/stress symptoms reported more baseline LBP‐related disability (RMDQ 3.1; 1.6 points higher in most vs least depressed/stressed groups respectively); lower self‐efficacy (PSEQ 8.1; 4.6 points lower in most vs least depressive/stressed groups respectively). LBP‐related disability improved over time; relative risk of improvement in those with greatest depressive/stress symptoms versus nil symptom comparators at 9 months: 0.8 (95% CI: 0.6 to 1.0) and 0.8 (95% CI: 0.7 to 1.0) respectively. No evidence that different baseline levels of depressive/perceived stress symptoms are associated with different RMDQ/GPE/PSEQ outcomes. Whilst participants with higher PHQ‐8/PSS were less likely to be satisfied or engage with the app, there was no consistent association among PHQ‐8/PSS level, the intervention and outcomes. Conclusions: The selfBACK app can improve outcomes even in those with high levels of depressive/stress symptoms and could be recommended for patients with LBP. Significance: We have demonstrated that an app supporting the self‐management of LBP is helpful, even in those with higher levels of baseline depression and stress symptoms. selfBACK offers an opportunity to support people with LBP and provides clinicians with an additional tool for their patients, even those with depression or high levels of stress. This highlights the potential for digital health interventions for chronic pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim: To assess consonant proficiency and velopharyngeal function in 10‐year‐old children born with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) within the Scandcleft project. Methods & Procedures: Three parallel group, randomized, clinical trials were undertaken as an international multicentre study by nine cleft teams in five countries. Three different surgical protocols for primary palate repair (Arm B–Lip and soft palate closure at 3–4 months, hard palate closure at 36 months, Arm C–Lip closure at 3–4 months, hard and soft palate closure at 12 months, and Arm D–Lip closure at 3–4 months combined with a single‐layer closure of the hard palate using a vomer flap, soft palate closure at 12 months) were tested against a common procedure (Arm A–Lip and soft palate closure at 3–4 months followed by hard palate closure at 12 months) in the total cohort of 431 children born with a non‐syndromic UCLP. Speech audio and video recordings of 399 children were available and perceptually analysed. Percentage of consonants correct (PCC) from a naming test, an overall rating of velopharyngeal competence (VPC) (VPC‐Rate), and a composite measure (VPC‐Sum) were reported. Outcomes & Results: The mean levels of consonant proficiency (PCC score) in the trial arms were 86–92% and between 58% and 83% of the children had VPC (VPC‐Sum). Only 50–73% of the participants had a consonant proficiency level with their peers. Girls performed better throughout. Long delay of the hard palate repair (Arm B) indicated lower PCC and simultaneous hard and soft palate closure higher (Arm C). However, the proportion of participants with primary VPC (not including velopharyngeal surgeries) was highest in Arm B (68%) and lowest in Arm C (47%). Conclusions & Implications: The speech outcome in terms of PCC and VPC was low across the trials. The different protocols had their pros and cons and there is no obvious evidence to recommend any of the protocols as superior. Aspects other than primary surgical method, such as time after velopharyngeal surgery, surgical experience, hearing level, language difficulties and speech therapy, need to be thoroughly reviewed for a better understanding of what has affected speech outcome at 10 years. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject: Speech outcomes at 10 years of age in children treated for UCLP are sparse and contradictory. Previous studies have examined speech outcomes and the relationship with surgical intervention in 5‐year‐olds. What this study adds to the existing knowledge: Speech outcomes based on standardized assessment in a large group of 10‐year‐old children born with UCLP and surgically treated according to different protocols are presented. While speech therapy had been provided, a large proportion of the children across treatment protocols still needed further speech therapy. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?: Aspects other than surgery and speech function might add to the understanding of what affects speech outcome. Effective speech therapy should be available for children in addition to primary surgical repair of the cleft and secondary surgeries if needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using model simulations, we demonstrate that the climate response to localized tropical sea surface temperature (SST) perturbations exhibits numerous non‐linearities. Most pronounced is an asymmetry in the response to positive and negative SST perturbations. Additionally, we identify a "magnitude‐dependence" of the response on the size of the SST perturbation. We then explain how these non‐linearities arise as a robust consequence of convective quasi‐equilibrium and weak (but non‐zero) temperature gradients in the tropical free‐troposphere, which we encapsulate in a "circus tent" model of the tropical atmosphere. These results demonstrate that the climate response to SST perturbations is fundamentally non‐linear, and highlight potential deficiencies in work which has assumed linearity in the response. Plain Language Summary: Previous work has highlighted that Earth's energy balance is sensitive to the precise distribution of sea‐surface temperatures (SSTs), particularly in the tropical Pacific, with important implications for inferring climate sensitivity from the historical record. To quantify this "SST pattern effect," many studies have adopted a linear framework where the climate response to an SST anomaly is assumed to be a linear function of the sign and size of the anomaly. Here, we show that this assumption is not applicable in many parts of the tropics, particularly the Central Pacific. We classify these non‐linearities into two classes and explain why they arise in terms of simple tropical dynamics. To summarize our findings we use a conceptual model of the tropical atmosphere which we term the "circus tent" model, which represents the dynamics behind these non‐linearities in an intuitive way. Our work suggests that previous work which has assumed linearity in the climate response to tropical SSTs may be suffering from compensating biases in their response. Key Points: Contrary to assumptions made in previous work, we find that the climate response to tropical sea‐surface temperatures is highly non‐linearThese non‐linearities are most stark in the Central Pacific, and manifest even for very small perturbation magnitudesNon‐linearity is a fundamental consequence of tropical dynamics, with important implications for prior work using linear Green's functions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Previous research suggests decreased immune function and increased risk of infections in individuals with insomnia. We examined the effect of insomnia symptoms on risk of bloodstream infections (BSIs) and BSI‐related mortality in a population‐based prospective study. A total of 53,536 participants in the second Norwegian Nord‐Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT2) (1995–97) were linked to prospective data on clinically relevant BSIs until 2011. In Cox regression, we estimated hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for a first‐time BSI and for BSI‐related mortality (BSI registered ≤30 days prior to death) associated with insomnia symptoms. Compared with participants who reported "no symptoms", participants reporting having "difficulty initiating sleep" (DIS) often/almost every night had a HR for a first‐time BSI of 1.14 (95% CI 0.96–1.34). Participants reporting "difficulties maintaining sleep" (DMS) often/almost every night had a HR of 1.19 (95% CI 1.01–1.40), whereas those having a feeling of "non‐restorative sleep" once a week or more had a HR of 1.23 (95% CI 1.04–1.46). Participants frequently experiencing all three of the above symptoms had a HR of 1.39 (1.04–1.87), whilst those who had both DIS and DMS had a HR of 1.15 (0.93–1.41) and being troubled by insomnia symptoms to a degree that affected work performance was associated with a HR of 1.41 (95% CI 1.08–1.84). The HRs for BSI‐related mortality suggest an increased risk with increasing insomnia symptoms, but the CIs are wide and inconclusive. We found that frequent insomnia symptoms and insomnia symptoms that affected work performance were associated with a weak positive increased risk of BSI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global change assessments have typically ignored synthetic chemical pollution, despite the rapid increase of pharmaceuticals, pesticides and industrial chemicals in the environment. Part of the problem reflects the multifarious origins of these micropollutants, which can derive from urban and agricultural sources. Understanding how micropollutants harm ecosystems is a major scientific challenge due to asymmetries of stress across trophic levels and ecological surprises generated by multiple drivers interacting in human‐impacted landscapes. We used field assays above and below municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in 60 sampling locations across 20 Swiss streams to test how micropollutants and nutrients originating from WWTPs affect two trophic levels (microbes and detritivores) and their role in leaf litter processing. Wastewater impacts were asymmetric across trophic levels, with the detritivore contribution declining relative to microbial‐driven decomposition. The strength of negative impacts were context dependent, peaking at sites with the highest upstream abundances of detritivorous invertebrates. Diffuse pollution from intensive agriculture and wastewater‐born micropollutants contributed to reduced litter processing rates, including indirect effects apparently mediated through negative influences of insecticides on detritivores. Asymmetries in stress responses across trophic levels can introduce quantitative changes in consumer–resource dynamics and leaf litter processing. This means functional redundancies at different trophic levels are insufficient to compensate for biodiversity losses, causing environmental stressors such as chemical pollutants to have pervasive ecosystem‐level impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean vortices are an important regional agent of water transport and cross‐frontal exchange. This study is a first attempt to compare statistics of 3D properties of mesoscale eddies over the Norwegian and Greenland Seas. Results suggest that eddies in the central Greenland Sea are less intense, have smaller vertical extent and much smaller heat anomalies in their cores compared to eddies in the Lofoten Basin of the Norwegian Sea. In addition, these results suggest a relatively small inter‐basin eddy exchange. The large‐scale pattern of eddy translations shows that eddies cyclonically skirt the Norwegian‐Greenland region. There is also a regional cyclonic pattern in the Lofoten Basin with a consistent signature of eddy merger in the northern part of the basin. We confirm that eddies generated from the Norwegian Atlantic Slope Current (NwASC) have a significant effect on the amount of heat the NwASC brings to the Arctic. The heat lost from the NwASC between the Svinoy and Sorkapp sections associated with the westward eddy heat transport translates to 70 ± 23 TW, 90% of which occurs in the Lofoten Basin. This accounts to 35% of the heat advected by the NwASC across the Svinoy section and is comparable with the heat loss in the Barents Sea. Interannual variability of the heat flux due to a change in the number of generated eddies is relatively small (∼10 TW). Nevertheless, our estimates suggest that, by varying temperature of their cores, the generated eddies can effectively damp temperature anomalies that propagate north along the NwASC. Plain Language Summary: Mesoscale eddies in the ocean are large rotating water bodies with typical radii between 10 and 100 km and vertical extents of a few hundred meters. These eddies can be an important regional agent of water transport and cross‐frontal exchange. In this study we found that eddies in the Norwegian Sea have notably larger vertical extent, rotating velocity and intensity of thermohaline anomalies in their cores compared to those in the Greenland Sea. This suggests the predominantly local origin of eddies in each of the basins and a small inter‐basin exchange. All eddies move counterclockwise around the Norwegian‐Greenland region. Counterclockwise eddy translations are also registered in the Lofoten Basin. Propagating away from their generation regions (the continental margin of Lofoten Islands and western Spitsbergen) eddies merge and, on average, become bigger. In the Norwegian Sea, eddies extract about 70 TW of heat from the Norwegian Atlantic Slope Current, which reduces the northward heat transport of the current by one third and is comparable with the amount of heat extracted into the Barens. This eddy heat transport can effectively damp water temperature anomalies propagating along the current from the mid‐latitudes North Atlantic into the Arctic. Key Points: Eddies in the Greenland and Norwegian Seas show clear differences in intensity of thermohaline and dynamic anomalies of their coresThe westward eddy heat transport accounts for about one third of heat loss from the Norwegian Atlantic Slope Current (NwASC)Eddy heat flux can effectively damp temperature anomalies as they propagate north along the NwASC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sequel to the usefulness of exploration of Carreau fluid flow for understanding the nature of the shear thinning and thickening characteristics of industrial fluids and polymer suspensions, nothing is known on the heat transfer across the dynamics of Carreau fluid subject to three kinds of stratification (i.e., thermal, concentration, and diffusion of motile microorganisms). In this article, the motion mentioned above when inclined Lorentz force, haphazard motion of tiny particles, thermophoresis, and motile gyrotactic microorganisms are significant is presented, explored, and deliberated upon. Similarity transformation variables were employed to reduce the model from partial to ordinary differential equations. The Runge–Kutta–Gill methodology was used in conjunction with the shooting method and MATLAB bvp4c to obtain the numerical solution. It is worth concluding that thermal stratification and wall heating/temperature ratio terms promote heat transmission while increasing the size of the Weissenberg number and the mixed convection parameter lowers the skin friction coefficient. Furthermore, it has been shown that when stresses grow, viscosity promotes the deformation of fluid components, resulting in fluid velocity retardation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board of the International Federation of Accountants issued exposure draft ED78 Property Plant and Equipment in April 2021. It proposes valuing 'heritage items' for recognition as 'heritage assets' in statements of financial position. This proposed requirement for global application casts the spotlight on a highly controversial topic in regulated financial reporting. The monetary valuation of cultural, heritage and scientific collections of public not‐for‐profit museums, art galleries and similar repositories has been subject to considerable discussion and debate for the past three decades. Our purpose is to critically examine this perennial financial reporting controversary, in the context of the three conceptions of accounting: accounting as technical practice, social practice and moral practice as articulated in the definition of accounting proposed by Carnegie et al. (2021a, 2021b) for discussion, debate and potential adoption in the accounting profession, including by accounting standard setters in all sectors. This article is intended to challenge accounting to enhanced self‐awareness in reaching its full potential. The International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board Exposure Draft, ED78 proposes valuing 'heritage items' as 'heritage assets'. This commentary critically evaluates the monetary valuation of cultural, heritage and scientific collections of public not‐for‐profit museums and art galleries. Recognising accounting as technical, social and moral practice, we challenge such valuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate which risk factors for RhD immunisation remain, despite adequate routine antenatal and postnatal RhIg prophylaxis (1000 IU RhIg) and additional administration of RhIg. The second objective was assessment of the current prevalence of RhD immunisations. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting: The Netherlands. Population: Two‐year nationwide cohort of alloimmunised RhD‐negative women. Methods: RhD‐negative women in their first RhD immunised pregnancy were included for risk factor analysis. We compared risk factors for RhD immunisation, occurring either in the previous non‐immunised pregnancy or in the index pregnancy, with national population data derived from the Dutch perinatal registration (Perined). Results: In the 2‐year cohort, data from 193 women were eligible for analysis. Significant risk factors in women previously experiencing a pregnancy of an RhD‐positive child (n = 113) were: caesarean section (CS) (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–2.6), perinatal death (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.1–10.9), gestational age >42 weeks (OR 6.1, 95% CI 2.2–16.6), postnatal bleeding (>1000 ml) (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1–3.6), manual removal of the placenta (MRP) (OR 4.3, 95% CI 2.0–9.3); these factors often occurred in combination. The miscarriage rate was significantly higher than in the Dutch population (35% versus 12.‐5%, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Complicated deliveries, including cases of major bleeding and surgical interventions (CS, MRP), must be recognised as a risk factor, requiring estimation of fetomaternal haemorrhage volume and adjustment of RhIg dosing. The higher miscarriage rate suggests that existing RhIg protocols need adjustment or better compliance. Complicated delivery (caesarean section, manual removal placenta, major bleeding) is the most valid risk factor for RhD immunization despite antenatal and postnatal RhIg. Complicated delivery (caesarean section, manual removal placenta, major bleeding) is the most valid risk factor for RhD immunization despite antenatal and postnatal RhIg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is frequent and influences the prognosis of intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence, time‐course, risk factors, and mortality of AKI among unselected ICU patients. Methods: All adult ICU patients admitted to the ICU at the University Hospital in Central Norway from 2010 to 2015 with a stay of 24 h or more were included in the study. AKI was defined according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines. All patients were followed with respect to reversal of AKI. Risk factors for AKI were analyzed using Cox regression. Results: Among 2325 ICU patients, 1245 developed AKI during the ICU stay, corresponding to an incidence of 53.5 % (CI, 51.5–55.5). The incidence according to KDIGO AKI stages 1, 2, and 3 was 26.2, 11.7, and 15.7%, respectively. The median duration of AKI was 24 (CI 19–24), 32 (CI 26–39), and 101 (CI 75–164) hours for AKI KDIGO stage 1, 2, and 3, respectively. AKI was transient, persistent, or AKD in 73.4, 16.5, and 10.0% of the patients with a known outcome. AKI reversal was observed in 72.9% of all AKI patients. Independent risk factors for AKI in a multivariate analysis were hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, and higher body weight. Episodes of mean arterial pressure below 73 mmHg were associated with a higher risk of AKI. Conclusions: In our material, the incidence of AKI was comparable to what has been reported previously. Risk factors for the development of AKI were a MAP below 73, hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, chronic kidney disease, and higher body weight. Most AKI patients regain their kidney function during the ICU stay, particularly in the KDIGO AKI stages 1 and 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on segmentation of the hippocampus in magnetic resonance images through deep learning convolutional neural networks (CNNs) shows promising results, suggesting that these methods can identify small structural abnormalities of the hippocampus, which are among the earliest and most frequent brain changes associated with Alzheimer disease (AD). However, CNNs typically achieve the highest accuracy on datasets acquired from the same domain as the training dataset. Transfer learning allows domain adaptation through further training on a limited dataset. In this study, we applied transfer learning on a network called spatial warping network segmentation (SWANS), developed and trained in a previous study. We used MR images of patients with clinical diagnoses of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD, segmented by two different raters. By using transfer learning techniques, we developed four new models, using different training methods. Testing was performed using 26% of the original dataset, which was excluded from training as a hold‐out test set. In addition, 10% of the overall training dataset was used as a hold‐out validation set. Results showed that all the new models achieved better hippocampal segmentation quality than the baseline SWANS model (ps <.001), with high similarity to the manual segmentations (mean dice [best model] = 0.878 ± 0.003). The best model was chosen based on visual assessment and volume percentage error (VPE). The increased precision in estimating hippocampal volumes allows the detection of small hippocampal abnormalities already present in the MCI phase (SD = [3.9 ± 0.6]%), which may be crucial for early diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clouds are a key player in the global climate system, affecting the atmospheric water and energy budgets, and they are strongly coupled to the large-scale atmospheric circulation. Here, we examine the co-variability of the atmospheric energy and water budget imbalances in three different global model configurations-radiative-convective equilibrium, aqua-planet, and global simulations with land. The gradual increase in the level of complexity of the model configuration enables an investigation of the effects of rotation, meridional temperature gradient, land-sea contrast, and seasonal cycle on the co-variability of the water and energy imbalances. We demonstrate how this co-variability is linked to both the large-scale tropical atmospheric circulation and to cloud properties. Hence, we propose a co-variability-based framework that connects cloud properties to the large-scale tropical circulation and climate system and is directly linked to the top-down constrains on the system--the water and energy budgets. In addition, we examine how the water and energy budget imbalances co-variability depends on the temporal averaging scale, and explain its dependency on how stationary the circulation is in the different model configurations. Finally, we demonstrate the effect of an idealized global warming and convective aggregation on this co-variability. Plain Language Summary Understanding the link between clouds and the atmospheric circulation is considered as a major challenge in climate science. Both atmospheric circulation and clouds are intimately linked to Earth's water and energy budgets. We show that looking at how the residuals of these budgets depend on each other and on cloud properties can provide a new framework with which to study the properties of clouds, circulations, and their respective impacts on the climate system. In this paper, we present this framework, and demonstrate its usefulness for a range of different climate model complexities. We show examples of how the framework could be used to investigate the effects of climate change on clouds and circulation. Finally, we present an application for convective aggregation (the clustering of deep convective clouds in idealized climate models). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is often accompanied by neuropsychiatric symptoms. This study aimed to map out psychiatric comorbidity as reflected by medical treatment for psychiatric symptoms. Methods: A retrospective case–control analysis and a prospective cohort analysis of psychotropic drug utilization before and after PTX. A total of 8279 PHPT patients treated with parathyroidectomy in Sweden between July 1, 2008 and December 31, 2017 compared to a matched control cohort from the total population (n = 82,790). Information on filled prescriptions was collected from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register (SDR). Socioeconomic data and diagnoses were added by linkage to national patient and population registers. Regression analyses were used to calculate relative drug utilization (OR) within 3 years prior to PTX and relative incidence of drug treatment (RR) within 3 years postoperatively. Results: Utilization of antidepressant, anxiolytic and sleep medication was more comprehensive in PHPT patients compared with the controls prior to PTX. The most common were benzodiazepines [OR 1.40 (95% CI: 1.31–1.50)] and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRI; OR 1.38 (95% CI: 1.30–1.47)]. Postoperatively, the excess prescription rate for anxiolytic benzodiazepines decreased within three years from a 30 to 19% excess and for benzodiazepines for sleep from 31 to 14%. No corresponding decrease in excess prescription rate was observed for SSRI. Conclusion: PHPT is associated with increased utilization of antidepressive medications and benzodiazepines before PTX. This study implies that psychiatric symptoms should be considered in PHPT patients and continuous medication should be reevaluated after PTX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate models project a distinct seasonality to future changes in daily extreme precipitation. In particular, models project that over land in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere the summer response is substantially weaker than the winter response in percentage terms. Here we decompose the projected response into thermodynamic and dynamic contributions and show that the seasonal contrast arises due to a negative dynamic contribution in northern summer, and a positive dynamic contribution and an anomalously strong thermodynamic contribution in northern winter. The negative dynamic contribution in northern summer is due to weakened ascent and is strongly correlated with decreases in mean near‐surface relative humidity. Finally, we show that the summer‐winter contrast is also evident in observed trends of daily precipitation extremes in northern midlatitudes, which provides support for the contrast found in climate‐model simulations. Plain Language Summary: Extreme rainfall is a highly impactful aspect of the water cycle, and it is now well‐established that global warming tends to increase the severity of extreme rainfall events. However, while this increase holds robustly on global scales, there is significant uncertainty associated with understanding the response of extreme rainfall to warming in different regions of the world and in different seasons. Here we focus on understanding changes in extreme rainfall in summer and winter over Northern Hemisphere extratropical land. We find that global warming has a contrasting impact on extreme rainfall over this region depending on the season considered. In winter, there are large increases in extreme rainfall with warming relative to the climatology, whereas in summer the changes are much weaker. We use a simple, physics‐based approach to decompose these changes into contributions from changes in temperature and changes in ascent. Our results show that the contrasting seasonal response over this region is mostly due to decreases in extreme ascent with warming in summer, and that the "summer‐winter" contrast is already present in observed changes of extreme rainfall since the mid‐20th century. Key Points: Over Northern Hemisphere extratropical land, the projected fractional increase of precipitation extremes is weaker in summer than winterThe summer‐winter contrast is mostly driven by weakened extreme ascent in summer, correlated with decreased surface relative humidityThe summer‐winter contrast is also evident in observations of historical changes in daily precipitation extremes, consistent with CMIP5 models [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Atlantic Tradewind Ocean‐Atmosphere Mesoscale Campaign (ATOMIC) took place from 7 January to 11 July 2020 in the tropical North Atlantic between the east coast of Barbados and the Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) mooring. Measurements of aerosol chemical, microphysical, optical, and cloud‐nucleating properties were made during boreal winter onboard the NOAA RV Ronald H. Brown from 7 January to 13 February 2020. Observed aerosol properties indicate there were distinct periods when the aerosol was typical of clean marine conditions (particle number concentrations <400 cm−3, light absorption levels <1 Mm−1, and 222Rn concentrations <500 mBq m−3) and when there were intrusions of dust mixed to varying degrees with biomass burning aerosol. In comparison to the long‐term dust record at the Barbados Atmospheric Chemistry Observatory, the fraction of samples collected during ATOMIC with dust concentrations greater than 20 μg m−3 exceeded all years of the Barbados January to February record with the exception of 1983. The degree of mixing of the dust with biomass burning aerosol was modulated by the location of the North Atlantic subtropical high. A high located to the west of Africa led to a more northerly transport route and more dust‐like (MDL) aerosol arriving at the ship. A location of the high further to the east over northern Africa led to a more southerly transport route and more biomass burning aerosol mixed with the dust. Properties for the marine, MDL, and mixed dust and biomass burning aerosol are presented. Key Points: The frequency of episodic dust events was higher during ATOMIC than normal for the Caribbean in January and FebruaryRelative amounts of dust and biomass burning aerosol were modulated by the location of the North Atlantic subtropical highCloud Condensation Nuclei concentrations were highest when dust was mixed with biomass [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloud droplet number concentration (Nd) is a key microphysical property that is largely controlled by the balance between sources and sinks of aerosols that serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Despite being a key sink of CCN, the impact of coalescence scavenging on Southern Ocean (SO) cloud is poorly known. We apply a simple source‐and‐sink budget model based on parameterizations to austral summer aircraft observations to test model behavior and examine the relative influence of processes that determine Nd in SO stratocumulus clouds. The model predicts Nd with little bias and a correlation coefficient of ∼0.7 compared with observations. Coalescence scavenging is found to be an important sink of CCN in both liquid and mixed‐phase precipitating stratocumulus and reduces the predicted Nd by as much as 90% depending on the precipitation rate. The free tropospheric aerosol source controls Nd more strongly than the surface aerosol source during austral summer. Plain Language Summary: Low altitude stratiform clouds are ubiquitous over the Southern Ocean (SO) and have a profound climate impact through reflecting sunlight back to space, cooling the earth. The number of water droplets in a given volume (the concentration) is a key variable that determines the reflective ability of the cloud. The cloud droplet number concentration (Nd) is largely set by the number of aerosols (tiny airborne particles) on which water can condense and is controlled by the balance between sources that generate aerosols (e.g., ocean biology, sea spray) and sinks which remove aerosols from the atmosphere. The formation of liquid precipitation in clouds (drizzle) is a strong sink of aerosols because each precipitation droplet is created through the merger of many cloud droplets (i.e., coalescence) where each cloud droplet contains at least one aerosol particle. Here, we test a simple source‐and‐sink model to predict SO Nd using aircraft measurements from a recent aircraft campaign in the SO during austral summer. We find this model can predict cloud droplet number well and that liquid precipitation processes are important in controlling droplet number concentration (and thus cloud reflectance) over the SO. Key Points: A simple source‐and‐sink budget model accurately predicts in situ observations of Southern Ocean (SO) cloud droplet number concentration (Nd)Coalescence scavenging by liquid droplets is a dominant sink of SO cloud condensation nucleiFree tropospheric aerosol controls Nd more strongly than surface aerosol during austral summer [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of stress hyperglycaemia in sick cats, and to investigate the association of stress hyperglycaemia with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and outcome. Materials and Methods: Medical records (2004 to 2013) from sick cats admitted to the Medicine Unit of a Veterinary Teaching Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Cases were enrolled if a serum glucose measurement and a complete medical record were available. Cats that were healthy, hypoglycaemic, diabetic, sedated or had a previous administration of drugs (apart from vaccination and deworming) were excluded. Results: The study included 647 cats; stress hyperglycaemia (serum glucose >8.3 mmol/L) was found in 194 (30%) cats, while 453 (70%) cats were normoglycaemic. The prevalence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome was significantly higher in cats with stress hyperglycaemia (25/174, 14.4%) compared to normoglycaemic cats (26/399, 6.5%). Significantly, more cats with stress hyperglycaemia were hospitalised [97/194 (50.0%)] compared to normoglycaemic cats [171/453 (37.7%)]. However, the median duration of hospitalisation was not significantly different [4 (1 to 26) days and 4 (1 to 24) days, respectively]. The prevalence of cats with negative outcome was not significantly different between the two groups (cats with stress hyperglycaemia: 37.1%, normoglycaemic cats: 33.9%). Nonetheless, when modelling of outcome prediction included breed, age, stress hyperglycaemia and disease category as factors, cats with stress hyperglycaemia had 2.8 times the odds to have a negative outcome (95% confidence interval: 1.3 to 6.4). Clinical Significance: Based on the cut‐off employed in this study, Stress hyperglycaemia, as defined by the cut‐off is common in sick cats. Stress hyperglycaemia is associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome development and seem to be a negative prognostic indicator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Earth's magnetosphere is mainly a collisionless plasma system with non‐Maxwellian particle distributions, which are often fitted by the kappa function. While the Maxwell distribution function is described by two parameters (density and temperature), the kappa distribution function has three parameters: density, core energy, and the kappa index that characterizes the slope at high energies. In this study, we fitted an ion flux measured by the five Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms satellites in the Earth's magnetosphere during quiet geomagnetic conditions by a single kappa distribution function. The data were constrained to the following regions: from seven Earth Radii (7 RE) to the Earth's magnetopause at the dayside, and up to 20 RE for other magnetic local time sectors. The two‐dimensional spatial distribution of the fitted parameters and their radial dependencies were analyzed. Regions of high and low κ‐parameter are selected and their formation is discussed. Key Points: Ion spectra obtained from the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms satellite mission near the equatorial plane are fitted by a kappa distribution functionDistribution of three fitting parameters (density, core energy, value of k characterizing the spectra slope at high energies) are obtainedRegion of increased k index at geocentric distances 8–10 RE is selected [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In‐situ, high‐frequency and long‐term monitoring of forest canopy development is vital for improved understanding in many fields of ecology. Although there are well‐established commercial instruments measuring light interception and digital hemispherical photography methods, the equipment cost (thousands of pounds) and lack of field robustness make these instruments not suitable for long‐term unattended measurements and can only give the high‐resolution spatial sampling usually required in forests when used manually, with substantial effort.Here we present a low‐cost Raspberry Pi camera system that is robust and suitable for the acquisition of long‐term, high‐frequency forest canopy images. The low cost of each camera means multiple systems could be used to provide the required spatial sampling. We also present an open‐source R script for post‐processing these images to provide a semi‐automated processing chain, easily adaptable for use at other forest sites.Four individual camera systems were tested at a deciduous oak forest in SE England over three growing seasons. These ground‐based camera systems were used to take upward‐facing images of a forest canopy every 30 min. The timing of canopy seasonal development, derived from the novel Raspberry Pi method, compared well with an established technique based on canopy light interception measurements.With a cost of approximately £80, these systems have the potential to enable unattended widespread forest canopy monitoring at a very low cost, providing high spatial and temporal resolution that has previously been unattainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lampreys are extant members of the agnathan (jawless) vertebrates that diverged ~500 million years ago, during a critical stage of vertebrate evolution when image‐forming eyes first emerged. Among lamprey species assessed thus far, the retina of the southern hemisphere pouched lamprey, Geotria australis, is unique, in that it possesses morphologically distinct photoreceptors and expresses five visual photopigments. This study focused on determining the number of different photoreceptors present in the retina of G. australis and whether each cell type expresses a single opsin class. Five photoreceptor subtypes were identified based on ultrastructure and differential expression of one of each of the five different visual opsin classes (lws, sws1, sws2, rh1, and rh2) known to be expressed in the retina. This suggests, therefore, that the retina of G. australis possesses five spectrally and morphologically distinct photoreceptors, with the potential for complex color vision. Each photoreceptor subtype was shown to have a specific spatial distribution in the retina, which is potentially associated with changes in spectral radiance across different lines of sight. These results suggest that there have been strong selection pressures for G. australis to maintain broad spectral sensitivity for the brightly lit surface waters that this species inhabits during its marine phase. These findings provide important insights into the functional anatomy of the early vertebrate retina and the selection pressures that may have led to the evolution of complex color vision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high latitude, lobe regions of the magnetosphere are often assumed to contain cool, low energy plasma populations. However, during periods of northward Interplanetary Magnetic Field, energetic plasma populations have occasionally been observed. We present three cases when Cluster observed uncharacteristically "hot" plasma populations in the lobe. For two of the three events, we present simultaneous observations of the plasma sheet observed by Double Star. The similarity between the plasma in the lobe and the plasma sheet suggests that the mechanism that produces plasma at high latitudes is likely to be tail reconnection, resulting in a trapped "wedge" of closed flux about the noonmidnight meridian. Complementary images from Imager for Magnetopause to Aurora Global Exploration and DMSP/Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager show that transpolar arcs, which form in each event in at least one hemisphere, directly intersect the footprint of the Cluster spacecraft in all three events. The intersection of the Cluster footprint with the transpolar arcs is synchronous with the observation of the energetic plasma populations in the lobe. This further supports the conclusion that it is likely this energetic plasma observed in the high latitude lobe regions of magnetosphere is on closed field lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirocyclic molecules are widely recognized for their complex three‐dimensional features and structural rigidity. Among this class of molecules, the spiro‐lactams subclass stands out, being extensively explored due to its bioactivity and utility in a variety of scientific fields such as drug design and organic synthesis. Given the recognition of spirocyclic lactams' broad potential, several efforts have been engaged on the pursuit of new synthetic strategies towards these molecules. The present review gathers advances on the synthesis of both spiro‐β‐lactams (spiroazetidin‐2‐ones) and spiro‐δ‐lactams (spiropiperidon‐2‐ones) reported since 2015. The work is divided into two distinct parts, each one dedicated to one of these types of spiro‐lactam, with the approach used for building the spirocyclic system being extensively discussed, according to the method's scope, efficiency, selectivity, and reaction mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

4‐Acetamido‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐oxopiperidinium tetrafluoroborate (Bobbitt's salt) effectively activates electron rich alkenes and promotes the addition of anilines. This transformation provides a direct, transition metal free method for amino‐oxidation of alkenes under mild conditions. The relative stereochemistry of the amino‐oxidation is influenced by solvent effects, with both the syn and anti amino‐oxidation products being accessible from identical starting materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wideband reflector antenna feeds are a geometrically complex class of antennas, requiring a variety of design parameters to describe their form. This casts the optimization of such structures as a high‐dimensionality problem. The antenna responses are also difficult to predict and must be determined via computationally expensive full‐wave electromagnetic simulations. This paper proposes a surrogate‐based optimization approach for the design of wideband feed antennas. Beginning with high‐fidelity goal function data from a global search space, the framework nominates a number of local search regions where separate, formal, multifidelity optimizations are performed. The formulated goal function maximizes the receiving sensitivity, while ensuring that the reflection coefficient response satisfies a predefined criterion. An approximate, fast‐to‐evaluate coarse model of the goal function, based on a series of surrogate models estimating the feed and reflector antenna responses, is formulated. Most of the optimization burden is shifted to the coarse model, where high‐fidelity samples are adaptively added to the regions of the design space where the coarse model performs well or where the sampling is sparse. As a design example, the optimization of a quad‐ridge flared horn feed antenna, on a Square Kilometre Array reflector system, is presented to highlight the efficacy of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is the third most common endocrine disease and is characterized by hypercalcaemia and elevated or inappropriately 'normal' levels of the parathyroid hormone (PTH). The main target organs of PTH are the skeletal system and the kidneys. Before the 1970s, pHPT was a rarely detected disease associated with notable morbidity and premature mortality. Introduction of biochemical screening, allowing for a wide range of indications, has contributed to the detection of the full spectrum of the disease. A new entity with an isolated elevation of PTH, normocalcaemic HP, has emerged and is currently being explored. The highest incidence of pHPT, 3-5%, is observed amongst women, and the prevalence increases with age. The female-to-male ratio is 3-4 : 1 except in younger patients where distribution is equal and known hereditary causes account for approximately 10% of the cases. In the last few decades, it has become evident that fewer patients than previously believed are truly asymptomatic. The cause of pHPT is often a benign tumour, a parathyroid adenoma, and the only definite treatment is parathyroidectomy (PTX). No medical treatment, single or combined, can achieve a curing of pHPT. Recent data indicate that PTX, despite being proven to be cost-effective compared to conservative treatment, is underutilized, especially in elderly pHPT patients. The decision of PTX should always be based on a safe diagnosis, and the potential benefits of curative treatment should not be outweighed by the risks of surgery or anaesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The separation between Australia and Antarctica occurred during the final stages of the break‐up of Pangea. Reconstructions of the rifting of the Australian plate away from Antarctica show fast spreading rates since Mid‐Eocene (45 Ma). These reconstructions can be used to understand and quantify the forces driving the Australia/Antarctica separation, and to test hypotheses on mechanisms that may be of shallow (i.e., lithosphere) or deep (i.e., mantle) origin. Analytical calculations indicate that plate‐boundary forces are highly unlikely to be a plausible candidate to explain such a separation. Thus, we use a recently developed global coupled models of mantle and lithosphere dynamics, here we show that this event, whose kinematics are reproduced in our models within the bounds of the reconstruction uncertainties, owes to a significant degree to the pressure‐driven asthenospheric Poiseuille flow associated with the mantle buoyancy field inherited from viscous circulation history throughout the Mesozoic. On the contrary, in simulations when such a buoyancy field is replaced by another one resulting from a random distribution of mantle temperature–thus not representative of Earth's mantle circulation history–the rapid northward motion of Australia does not occur. Similarly, suppressing contemporaneous plate‐boundary processes (i.e., subduction of the Pacific ridge at the Aleutians and healing of the India‐Australia ridge) from our models does not have a noticeable effect on the Australia‐Antarctica kinematics. Thus, a pressure‐driven Poiseuille mantle flow must be considered, at least in this example and possible elsewhere, as a main driver of plate tectonics. Key Points: Reconstructions of the rifting of the Australian plate away from Antarctica shows fast spreading rates since Mid‐Eocene (45 Ma)Analyzed mechanisms to separate the Australian plate from Antarctica using coupled global models of mantle and lithosphere dynamicsResults indicate that the separation between the Australian and Antarctica plate was driven by an asthenospheric pressure Poiseuille flow [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report a case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and dengue coinfection, presented as a fatal stroke in our hospital, in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, a Brazilian city hyperendemic for dengue viruses and other arthropod‐borne viruses (arboviruses) and currently facing a surge of SARS‐CoV‐2 cases. This case is the first described in the literature and contributes to the better understanding of clinical presentations of two important diseases in a tropical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]