Search

The article focuses on the development of model explaining the first-in, first-out (FIFO) and last-in, first-out (LIFO) methods of valuing inventory in firms. It comments on how discretionary accounting change has a direct effect on a corporation's cash flows and possibly on corporate value as well. It mentions that empirical studies reveal a negative market reaction keeping corporations from switching to a LIFO method. It suggests that executives possess private information relevant to a corporation's future prospects and need to select an inventory cost-flow assumption that depends on current and future market prices. It comments that investors will observe LIFO/FIFO choices in deciding how to price a corporation's securities, which in turn influences executives' decision making process.

We develop a model in which the dependence of the brokerage commission rate on share price provides an incentive for brokers to produce research reports on firms with low share prices. Stock splits therefore affect the attention paid to a firm by investment analysts. Managers with favorable private information about their firms have an incentive to split their firm's shares in order to reveal the information to investors. We find empirical evidence that is consistent with the major new prediction of the model, that the number of analysts following a firm is inversely related to its share price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crowding-out of private donations by government grants is an integral element in designing an efficient method of financing nonprofit activity. This article looks at elements of crowd-out, both the direct impact on donors and the indirect impact caused by the response of nonprofits. We include both theoretical and empirical analyses of the reactions by donors and nonprofits to an increase in government funding based on data from the League of American Orchestras' annual reports from 2004 to 2007. To combat indirect crowd-out, renewed emphasis should be placed on grant design; for direct crowd-out, theories of collective action are appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the 10 factors of a successful customized leadership program. It says that the benefits of the customized program include large payoff, shared learning experience, and complementary to other programs. It states that the factors for the custom-designed approach include investment and engagement by senior leadership, assessment of leadership type, and blended learning. Moreover, one-on-one coaching or mentoring enable program participants know strengths and development.

The article focuses on the Gracious Space developed by the Center for Ethical Leadership in Seattle, Washington to promote good-fellowship and a better workplace among people. It says that Gracious Space has four elements such as spirit, setting, inviting stranger, and learning together. It also mentions that Gracious Space develops leadership, increases trust and high participation among member, and reaches a desired goal in a business.

Background: Case studies and anecdotal accounts suggest that perinatal loss may impact upon other children in the family, including those born subsequent to loss. However, there is a dearth of systematically collected quantitative data on this potentially vulnerable group. Methods: Case-controlled follow-up of 52 mothers with history of stillbirth with their next-born children aged 6–8 years, and 51 control mother–child dyads. Previously reported baseline data included maternal antenatal and postnatal psychological assessment, and infant security of attachment at 12 months. Follow-up assessments included maternal psychiatric and socio-demographic data, mother and teacher-rated scales of the child’s strengths and difficulties, child IQ, observer-rated mother–child interaction and maternal reports of child health. Results: There were no significant between-group differences in child cognitive or health assessments, or in teacher-rated child difficulties. However, mothers with history of stillbirth (the index group) reported increased child difficulties, in particular peer problems, and more adverse interaction was observed in respect of higher levels of maternal criticism of the child’s actions, more overall controlling behaviour by the mother, a less harmonious emotional atmosphere and a lower level of maternal engagement with the child. Some of these effects appeared to be mediated by maternal perinatal psychological symptoms and family breakdown. Conclusions: This study provides no evidence to suggest that siblings born after stillbirth are clinically at risk but does lend empirical support to clinical reports that such children are seen by their mothers as having problems and that they are exposed to less optimal interaction with their mothers. Possible interpretations of these findings are discussed in the context of theoretical accounts of ‘replacement child’ and ‘vulnerable child’ syndromes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors reflect on the issue of medical students who develop serious mental health problems at medical school in Great Britain. They admit that this situation could present complex challenges. They also state that the complexity arises by the stigma associated with mental health problems. However, they emphasize that most students with mental health problems recover and progress with appropriate support.

This article presents an economic view of Nonprofit institutions and insight into what the discipline can offer Nonprofit practitioners. I review the theories and assumptions behind economic models, then give an overview of the major areas of economic research in the Nonprofit sector. I then discuss various factors to consider when judging the quality of economic research. The discussion then turns to a brief overview of the major statistical tool used by economists: regression analysis. The point is not to teach practitioners to become expert econometricians but to provide a framework to judge the quality of economic research. The article concludes with suggestions for economic research that may be undertaken at the firm level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the effect of performance on the compensation of nonprofit executives. Performance is measured as the ratio of revenue from a particular activity (such as fundraising or program services) to the expenditures associated with those services, exclusive of managerial compensation. This is consistent with previous works, which use measures of size, spending, or budget percentages as measures of performance. We also consider whether the compensation received by the executives enhances their performance. The empirical results support the hypothesis that compensation and performance are simultaneously determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem-based learning (PBL) is a method of teaching and learning that is used increasingly in medical and health care curricula worldwide. The literature on PBL is considerable and continues to develop. One important aspect of PBL is that students and tutors spend a lot of time together and this fosters an informal atmosphere that may encourage intimacy. The existing literature on PBL has not considered the emotional and psychological aspects of PBL nor the concomitant need for staff support and development.We present a discussion paper considering the ways in which educationalists using or considering using PBL could be informed by the psychological and psychotherapeutic literature on groups and group dynamics, in particular the work of Wilfred Bion. We discuss how PBL tutorials may arouse emotional responses that could result in unconsidered behaviours that impede student learning. We argue that faculty and PBL tutors need to agree and remain alert to the primary task of the group. Faculty should develop professional standards for tutors to use as reference points to ensure the group stays on course and achieves its intended outcomes.We conclude that greater attention should be paid by educationalists and faculty to identifying possible tutor emotional responses as part of initial PBL tutor training and ongoing staff development. We offer vignettes that have been successfully used in training and staff development at a UK medical school to demonstrate the practical application of our theoretical discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the causes of increasing rates of adolescents violence in Great Britain. Contribution of harsh parenting from the mother on violent behavior of teenagers; Influence of hereditary aspect on aggression behavior of adolescents; Manifestation of greater adversity for homicidal adolescents.

Presents information on a study which identified eating disorder symptoms in a population of pregnant women. Account of related studies; Methodology; Results and discussion.

Analyzes the interrelationship among funding sources of art and history museums in the United States. Data from the 1989 survey of museums; Impact of changes in funding sources on each other; Effects of increased developmental efforts to revenues; Description of funding sources models.

The self-destructive behaviour manifest in anorexia nervosa is inevitably enacted in the therapeutic relationship in psychoanalytic psychotherapy and leads to difficult clinical management problems. The therapist's ability to tolerate, reflect upon and use the countertransference may be essential in getting an understanding of the patient's conflicts. Four common scenarios are described from the therapy of four patients with anorexia nervosa, and the therapist's countertransference is detailed and analysed to illustrate how such understanding can support and sustain the therapy. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This study details the interaction between a mother and infant where the mother is unresolved with respect to loss as measured by the Adult Attachment Interview and the infant shows the disorganized pattern of attachment behaviour in the Strange Situation at 13 months. The paper discusses the factors which predispose children to becoming disorganized in their attachment behaviour. Working from a psychoanalytic perspective the authors make some suggestions about the unconscious anxieties in the mother which contribute to the development of dysfunctional interactions between mother and child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: A developing international literature on population-based occupational intervention provides limited evidence of the ways in which the associated occupational therapy roles are developed among entry-level practitioners. This paper aims to explore the development of an occupational therapy role in a fieldwork placement from the perspective of a student and the off-site supervisor and to explore the use of Organisational Role Analysis in this process. Methods: Systems psychodynamics and an occupational perspective of health provided the theoretical framework for this participant observation case study. Data from the reflective diaries of a fourth-year student and her supervisor were analysed with respect to role development in an organisation where occupational therapy was welcome, but not completely understood. Results: This study provides insight into the challenges for students and supervisors in the development of an occupationally oriented role where the client is an organisation. Organisational Role Analysis was perceived to be helpful in focusing attention on the organisational context of role development. Conclusions: The application of the Organisational Role Analysis as an approach to student supervision in other settings, with more than one student and to facilitate professionally development warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present a new approach to measuring government efficiency, based on the theory that communities that allocate resources efficiently in the local public sector maximize property values. We use Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to identify the counties in Minnesota that are characterized by property-value maximization and hence an efficient public sector. The results indicate that the dominant source of public sector inefficiency is an inappropriate scale of operations. It appears that some county jurisdictions are too large to service the population efficiently. The size and concentration of government power are also responsible in part for observed inefficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]