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Introduction Objective Methods Results Conclusions Primary premature ejaculation (PPE) is a common male neurobiological disorder. Currently, there is consensus that the impairment in central serotonin (5‐HT) neurotransmission constitutes a key pathogenic factor in PPE. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) serve as the primary pharmacological intervention; however, a comprehensive elucidation of their mechanism of action remains incomplete. Owing to significant individual variability in efficacy, SSRIs exhibit a high discontinuation rate. Hence, there is an urgent need to address the selection of SSRIs for PPE treatment.This study aims to investigate the characteristics of tryptophan (TRP) metabolism in patients with PPE and to assess its influence on the efficacy of SSRIs.The exploratory study included a total of 16 patients with PPE and 16 control subjects who were healthy men without any sexual dysfunction. Upon enrollment in the study, all participants underwent a thorough medical history review and physical examination. Subsequently, their serum levels of TRP, its metabolites, large neutral amino acids (LNAAs), and metabolite ratios were assessed using a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) assay. After a period of 4 weeks of dapoxetine treatment, all patients with PPE underwent reassessment using the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT) score and intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT) test.The ratio of serum TRP to other LNAAs (TRP/LNAAs) in patients with PPE was found to be significantly lower compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Conversely, the ratio of kynurenine to TRP (KYN/TRP) was observed to be significantly higher in the PPE patients compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Including the serum TRP/LNAAs ratio and KYN/TRP ratio in the prediction model yielded the highest prediction efficiency for PPE. There was a significant negative correlation between the ratio of TRP/LNAAs before the treatment and the IELT after 4 weeks of the treatment. Additionally, there was a significant positive correlation observed between the ratio of TRP/LNAAs before the treatment and the PEDT score after 4 weeks of the treatment.This study demonstrates that the reduction in the TRP/LNAAs ratio and the elevation of the KYN/TRP ratio are significant characteristics associated with PPE. These findings suggest that diminished tryptophan availability in the brain and the activation of the kynurenine (KYN) pathway may play a role in the pathogenesis of PPE. The TRP/LNAAs ratio has potential as a reliable indicator of central serotonin (5‐HT) levels. Considering the TRP/LNAAs ratio when selecting SSRIs for the treatment of PPE may enhance the response rate of this medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biointerfacing nanomaterials with cell membranes has been successful in the functionalization of nanoparticles or nanovesicles, but microbubble functionalization remains challenging due to the unique conformation of the lipid monolayer structure at the gas‐liquid interface that provides insufficient surfactant activity. Here, we describe a strategy to rationally regulate the surfactant activity of platelet membrane vesicles by adjusting the ratio of proteins to lipids through fusion with synthetic phospholipids (i.e. liposomes). A "platesome" with the optimized protein‐to‐lipid ratio can be assembled at the gas‐liquid interface in the same manner as pulmonary surfactants to stabilize a microsized gas bubble. Platesome microbubbles (PMBs) inherited 61.4 % of the platelet membrane vesicle proteins and maintained the active conformation of integrin αIIbβ3 without the talin 1 for fibrin binding. We demonstrated that the PMBs had good stability, long circulation, and superior functionality both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, by molecular ultrasound imaging, the PMBs provide up to 11.8 dB of ultrasound signal‐to‐noise ratio enhancement for discriminating between acute and chronic thrombi. This surface tension regulating strategy may provide a paradigm for biointerfacing microbubbles with cell membranes, offering a potential new approach for the construction of molecular ultrasound contrast agents for the diagnosis of different diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a group of RNAs that cannot synthesize proteins, but are critical in gene expression regulation. Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), the two major family members, are intimately involved in controlling immune response, cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and polarization, and cytokine secretion. Their interactions significantly influence lung inflammatory diseases and could be potential therapeutic targets. Objectives: The review aims to elucidate the role of ncRNAs, especially the interactions between lncRNA and miRNA in lung diseases, including acute and chronic lung inflammatory diseases, as well as lung cancer. And provide novel insights into disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic methods. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive review of the latest studies on lncRNA and miRNA in lung inflammatory diseases. Our research involved searching through electronic databases like PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Results: We explain the fundamental characteristics and functions of miRNA and lncRNA, their potential interaction mechanisms, and summarize the newly explorations on the role of lncRNA and miRNA interactions in lung inflammatory diseases. Conclusions: Numerous lncRNAs and miRNAs have been found to partipicate in all stages of lung inflammatory diseases. While ncRNA‐based therapies have been validated and developed, there remain challenges in developing more stable and effective drugs for clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 70% land plants live in mutualistic symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and maintenance of symbiosis requires transcriptional and post‐transcriptional regulation. The former has been widely studied, whereas the latter mediated by symbiotic microRNAs (miRNAs) remains obscure, especially in woody plants. Here, we performed high‐throughput sequencing of the perennial woody citrus plant Poncirus trifoliata and identified 3750 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 42 miRNAs (DEmiRs) upon AM fungal colonization. By analyzing cis‐regulatory elements in the promoters of the DEGs, we predicted 329 key AM transcription factors (TFs). A miRNA‐mRNA regulatory network was then constructed by integrating these data. Several candidate miRNA families of P. trifoliata were identified whose members target known symbiotic genes, such as miR167h‐AMT2;3 and miR156e‐EXO70I, or key TFs, such as miR164d‐NAC and miR477a‐GRAS, thus are involved in AM symbiotic processes of fungal colonization, arbuscule development, nutrient exchange and phytohormone signaling. Finally, analysis of selected miRNA family revealed that a miR159b conserved in mycorrhizal plant species and a Poncirus‐specific miR477a regulate AM symbiosis. The role of miR477a was likely to target GRAS family gene RAD1 in citrus plants. Our results not only revealed that miRNA‐mRNA network analysis, especially miRNA‐TF analysis, is effective in identifying miRNA family regulating AM symbiosis, but also shed light on miRNA‐mediated post‐transcriptional regulation of AM symbiosis in woody citrus plants. Summary statement: In our study, we integrated miRNA with mRNA analysis, especially specific miRNA‐TF co‐expression node analysis, and attempted to reveal the regulatory links between transcriptional and post‐transcriptional regulatory mechanisms involved in AM symbiosis of woody citrus plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]