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Aims: Intracranial germ cell tumour (IGCT) is a type of rare central nervous system tumour that mainly occurs in children and adolescents, with great variation in its incidence rate and molecular characteristics in patients from different populations. The genetic alterations of IGCT in the Chinese population are still unknown. Methods and Results: In this study, 47 patients were enrolled and their tumour specimens were analysed by whole‐exome sequencing (WES). We found that KIT was the most significantly mutated gene (15/47, 32%), which mainly occurred in the germinoma group (13/20, 65%), and less frequently in NGGCT (2/27, 7%). Copy number variations (CNVs) of FGF6 and TFE3 only appeared in NGGCT patients (P = 0.003 and 0.032, respectively), while CNVs of CXCR4, RAC2, PDGFA, and FEV only appeared in germinoma patients (P = 0.004 of CXCR4 and P = 0.027 for the last three genes). Compared with a previous Japanese cohort, the somatic mutation rates of RELN and SYNE1 were higher in the Chinese. Prognostic analysis showed that the NF1 mutation was associated with shorter overall survival and progression‐free survival in IGCT patients. Clonal evolution analysis revealed an early branched evolutionary pattern in two IGCT patients who underwent changes in the histological subtype or degree of differentiation during disease surveillance. Conclusion: This study indicated that Chinese IGCT patients may have distinct genetic characteristics and identified several possible genetic alterations that have the potential to become prognostic biomarkers of NGGCT patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non‐noble‐metal catalysed‐multicomponent reactions between flue gas CO2 and cheap industrial raw stocks into high value‐added fine chemicals is a promising manner for the ideal CO2 utilization route. To achieve this, the key fundamental challenge is the rational development of highly efficient and facile reaction pathway while establishing compatible catalytic system. Herein, through the stepwise solvent‐assisted linker installation, post‐synthetic fluorination and metalation, we report the construction of a series of perfluoroalkyl‐decorated noble‐metal‐free metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) PCN‐(BPY‐CuI)‐(TPDC‐Fx) [BPY=2,2′‐bipyridine‐5,5′‐dicarboxylate, TPDC‐NH2=2′‐amino‐[1,1′:4′,1′′‐terphenyl]‐4,4′′‐dicarboxylic acid] that can catalyze the one‐pot four‐component reaction between alkyne, aldehyde, amine and flue gas CO2 for the preparation of 2‐oxazolidinones. Such assembly endows the MOFs with superhydrophobic microenvironment, superior water resistance and highly stable catalytic site, leading to 21 times higher turnover numbers than that of homogeneous counterparts. Mechanism investigation implied that the substrates can be efficiently enriched by the MOF wall and then the adsorbed amine species act as an extrinsic binding site towards dilute CO2 through their strong preferential formation to carbamate acid. Moreover, density functional theory calculations suggest the tetrahedral geometry of Cu in MOF offers special resistance towards amine poisoning, thus maintaining its high efficiency during the catalytic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non‐noble‐metal catalysed‐multicomponent reactions between flue gas CO2 and cheap industrial raw stocks into high value‐added fine chemicals is a promising manner for the ideal CO2 utilization route. To achieve this, the key fundamental challenge is the rational development of highly efficient and facile reaction pathway while establishing compatible catalytic system. Herein, through the stepwise solvent‐assisted linker installation, post‐synthetic fluorination and metalation, we report the construction of a series of perfluoroalkyl‐decorated noble‐metal‐free metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) PCN‐(BPY‐CuI)‐(TPDC‐Fx) [BPY=2,2′‐bipyridine‐5,5′‐dicarboxylate, TPDC‐NH2=2′‐amino‐[1,1′:4′,1′′‐terphenyl]‐4,4′′‐dicarboxylic acid] that can catalyze the one‐pot four‐component reaction between alkyne, aldehyde, amine and flue gas CO2 for the preparation of 2‐oxazolidinones. Such assembly endows the MOFs with superhydrophobic microenvironment, superior water resistance and highly stable catalytic site, leading to 21 times higher turnover numbers than that of homogeneous counterparts. Mechanism investigation implied that the substrates can be efficiently enriched by the MOF wall and then the adsorbed amine species act as an extrinsic binding site towards dilute CO2 through their strong preferential formation to carbamate acid. Moreover, density functional theory calculations suggest the tetrahedral geometry of Cu in MOF offers special resistance towards amine poisoning, thus maintaining its high efficiency during the catalytic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the one‐pot Friedel‐Crafts reaction was performed for polydivinylbenzene and 1,2‐dichloroethane, tetrachloride, and cyanuric chloride were used as the external cross‐linking agents to fill the mesopores of polydivinylbenzene. The results indicated that methylene, carbonyl, and triazine ring filled the mesopores of polydivinylbenzene as the rigid cross‐linking bridges successfully and the Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller surface area and total pore volume of the resultant post‐cross‐linked polymers were greatly increased and the pore size distribution was readily tuned. Importantly, using cyanuric chloride as the cross‐linking agent produced abundant micropores with considerable micropore area and micropore volume, and the pore size distribution had an obvious transfer from mainly distributed mesopores to predominated micropores. The equilibrium adsorption revealed that the resulting polymer PDVB‐CC using cyanuric chloride as the post‐cross‐linking agent exhibited the best adsorption to phenol with the maximum capacity (qmax) of 448.5 mg/g while the least adsorption to Congo red (qmax: 128.5 mg/g). The kinetic adsorption demonstrated that PDVB‐CC needed the least time to the equilibrium while more than 300 min was required for the adsorption of Congo red attaining the equilibrium due to the much difficult diffusion of Congo red in the micropores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central nervous system (CNS) maintains a high level of metabolism, which leads to the generation of large amounts of free radicals, and it is also one of the most vulnerable organs to oxidative stress. Emerging evidences have shown that, as the key homeostatic cells in CNS, astrocytes are deeply involved in multiple aspects of CNS function including oxidative stress regulation. Besides, the redox level in CNS can in turn affect astrocytes in morphology and function. The complex and multiple roles of astrocytes indicate that their correct performance is crucial for the normal functioning of the CNS, and its dysfunction may result in the occurrence and progression of various neurological disorders. To date, the influence of astrocytes in CNS oxidative stress is rarely reviewed. Therefore, in this review we sum up the roles of astrocytes in redox regulation and the corresponding mechanisms under both normal and different pathological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal carbides (TMCs) have been used extensively as catalysts for hydrogenation reactions. However, TMC catalysts suffer from low activity for H2 activation, which is vital to their hydrogenation performance. Herein, we report a feasible strategy to improve the ability of TMCs (e. g. Mo2C) for H2 activation by modulation of the metal‐support interaction (MSI). The MSI can be tuned by introducing N element into carbon supports. Specifically, N can modulate the orbital structure of Mo to promote H2 activation. Experimental and theoretical results reveal that H2 activation ability of the metal sites can be altered by loading them onto carbon supports, and optimized by doping N into the corresponding carbon matrices. Consequently, N‐doped carbon‐supported Mo2C (Mo2C/NC) catalyst, possessing improved H2 activation ability, displays remarkably enhanced catalytic hydrogenation performance for the reduction of nitro compounds. The conversion and selectivity over Mo2C/NC are nearly 100 % under mild conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We conducted a first‐in‐human study to evaluate the bioactivity and safety of B7‐H3‐targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) autologous T cells for treating recurrent anaplastic meningioma. Methods: Tumor tissues from a patient with recurrent anaplastic meningioma were evaluated for B7‐H3 expression. B7‐H3‐targeted CAR‐T cells were delivered into the intracranial tumor resection cavity using an Ommaya device at a maximum dose of 1.5 × 107 cells. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) screening and multiple serum indexes were regularly monitored. The patient received surgical intervention after three‐cycle infusions, allowing analysis for CAR‐T‐cell infiltration and target antigen expression in post‐CAR‐T therapy tumor tissues. Results: Immunochemical analysis demonstrated high and homogeneous B7‐H3 expression in tumor samples. MRI results indicated that the tumor near the delivery device was relatively stable compared with the rapid progression of tumors distant from the device. We found CAR‐T‐cell trafficking to regions of B7‐H3+ tumor tissues near the device, but not to tumor tissues distant from the device. Decreased B7‐H3 expression was observed near the region of CAR‐T‐cell infiltration after therapy. The intracavitary delivery of B7‐H3‐targeted CAR‐T cells was well‐tolerated and not associated with any toxic effects of grade 3 or higher. Conclusion: Our results suggested that although intracavitary administration of B7‐H3‐targeted CAR‐T cells was safe and resulted in local bioactivity, addressing antigen loss and CAR‐T‐cell trafficking may further enhance the applications of B7‐H3‐targeted CAR‐T‐cell therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their tailored porosity, high catalytic activity and excellent chemical/thermal stability, porous organic polymers and their metal complexes hold promising potential in CO2 capture and conversion. In this work, two kinds of melamine‐based porous polymers (TPAMP and TPBMP) and their zinc complexes (Zn‐TPAMP and Zn‐TPBMP) were synthesized. Zn‐TPAMP and Zn‐TPBMP present high CO2 uptake of 11.7 wt.‐% and 16.8 wt.‐% at 273 K and 1 bar, respectively. In particular, Zn‐TPAMP demonstrates high catalytic activity for the cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides (TOF: 1383 h–1). The high CO2 uptake can be contributed to the dominant microporosity and N‐containing groups; while the high catalytic activity can be ascribed to the considerable mesopores and the introduction of zinc ions. In addition, the steric configuration of the two different building blocks leads to a significant difference in the porosity of the prepared polymers, which endow them with different performance for CO2 uptake and conversion. Our finding provides a new approach to the synthesis of metal‐chelating porous polymers for efficient CO2 capture and conversion. Two kinds of melamine‐based porous polymers and their metal complexes were synthesized. The polymers and zinc complexes exhibit enhanced capacity of CO2 uptake and superior catalytic activity for the cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides. This work provides a new approach to the synthesis of metal‐chelating porous polymers for highly efficient CO2 capture and conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hollow BiVO4 microspheres are prepared in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) through a hydrothermal method, and used as a template for the fabrication of Ag-nanoparticle-decorated BiVO4 (BiVO4/Ag) composite microspheres. The morphology and structure are characterized by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It is found that EDTA plays an important role in the formation of the hollow microspheres, and the possible formation mechanism is discussed. UV/visible spectrometry analysis shows that the BiVO4/Ag composite microspheres exhibit a distinct surface plasmon absorption band compared with pure BiVO4 microspheres. The photocatalytic activities of the BiVO4/Ag composite microspheres are examined by studying the degradation of rhodamine 6G (R6G) solutions under visible-light irradiation (>400 nm). The results show clearly that the BiVO4/Ag composite microspheres possess a much higher photocatalytic activity than pure BiVO4 microspheres and P25. In addition, Raman analyses show that the BiVO4/Ag composite microspheres exhibit an excellent surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]