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Achieving reversible O‐redox through the formation of electron–holes on O could hold the key to a new generation of high energy density Na‐ion cathodes. However, to date, it has only been demonstrated in a small handful of cathode materials and none of these materials exploit the dual benefit of high voltage transition metal redox and O‐redox, instead relying on Mn3+/4+ capacity close to 2 V vs Na+/Na. Here, a new Na‐ion cathode exhibiting electron–holes on O is demonstrated, P2‐type Na0.67Li0.1Ni0.3Mn0.6O2, which also utilizes the high voltage Ni3+/4+ redox couple to deliver the highest reported energy density among this class of compound. By employing a low Li content and avoiding honeycomb ordering within the transition metal layer, it is possible to stabilize the hole states, and the high voltage plateau is preserved in Na0.67Li0.1Ni0.3Mn0.6O2 over cycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid‐state lithium batteries may provide increased energy density and improved safety compared with Li‐ion technology. However, in a solid‐state composite cathode, mechanical degradation due to repeated cathode volume changes during cycling may occur, which may be partially mitigated by applying a significant, but often impractical, uniaxial stack pressure. Herein, we compare the behavior of composite electrodes based on Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) (negligible volume change) and Nb2O5 (+4% expansion) cycled at different stack pressures. The initial LTO capacity and retention are not affected by pressure but for Nb2O5, they are significantly lower when a stack pressure of <2 MPa is applied, due to inter‐particle cracking and solid‐solid contact loss because of cyclic volume changes. This work confirms the importance of cathode mechanical stability and the stack pressures for long‐term cyclability for solid‐state batteries. This suggests that low volume‐change cathode materials or a proper buffer layer are required for solid‐state batteries, especially at low stack pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered oxides for Na‐ion batteries containing Fe have attracted strong interest mainly due to their low cost. However, full oxidation of Fe3+ to Fe4+ is rarely seen before O‐redox sets in and is typically accompanied by voltage and capacity fade on cycling. On charging P2‐Na0.67[Fe0.5Mn0.5]O2, Fe3+ is oxidized to only ≈Fe3.3+ before the onset of O‐redox. O‐redox occurs when the Na content is sufficiently low (Na ≈0.3) to permit the transition from P‐type to O‐type stacking, thus enabling Fe3+ migration to the Na layer. Fe3+ migration generates cation vacancies in the transition metal layer, forming □‐O‐□ configurations, which trigger the onset of O‐redox. In contrast, doping this material with Mg2+ to form P2‐Na0.67[Fe0.25Mn0.6Mg0.15]O2 allows full oxidation of Fe3+ to Fe4+ before the Na content is low enough to favor O‐type stacking. During O‐redox, Mg2+ is displaced into the Na layers instead of Fe. Mg substitution enables greater reversibility of the Fe3+/Fe4+ redox couple and significantly suppresses Fe migration, which is responsible for the voltage and capacity fade observed for P2‐Na0.67Fe0.5Mn0.5O2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium‐rich transition metal cathodes can deliver higher capacities than stoichiometric materials by exploiting redox reactions on oxygen. However, oxidation of O2− on charging often results in loss of oxygen from the lattice. In the case of Li2MnO3 all the capacity arises from oxygen loss, whereas doping with Ni and/or Co leads to the archetypal O‐redox cathodes Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2 and Li[Li0.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54]O2, which exhibit much reduced oxygen loss. Understanding the factors that determine the degree of reversible O‐redox versus irreversible O‐loss is important if Li‐rich cathodes are to be exploited in next generation lithium‐ion batteries. Here it is shown that the almost complete eradication of O‐loss with Ni substitution is due to the presence of a less Li‐rich, more Ni‐rich (nearer stoichiometric) rocksalt shell at the surface of the particles compared with the bulk, which acts as a self‐protecting layer against O‐loss. In the case of Ni and Co co‐substitution, a thinner rocksalt shell forms, and the O‐loss is more abundant. In contrast, Co doping does not result in a surface shell yet it still suppresses O‐loss, although less so than Ni and Ni/Co doping, indicating that doping without shell formation is effective and that two mechanisms exist for O‐loss suppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Unhealthy alcohol use predisposes to multiple conditions that frequently result in critical illness and is present in up to one-third of patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit (ICU). We sought to determine the baseline readiness to change in medical ICU patients with unhealthy alcohol use and hypothesized that the severity of acute illness would be independently associated with higher scores on readiness to change scales. We further sought to determine whether this effect is modified by the severity of unhealthy alcohol use. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional observational study of current regular drinkers in 3 medical ICUs. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test was used to differentiate low-risk and unhealthy alcohol use and further categorize patients into risky alcohol use or an alcohol use disorder. The severity of a patient's acute illness was assessed by calculating the Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score at the time of admission to the medical ICU. Readiness to change was assessed using standardized questionnaires. Results: Of 101 medical ICU patients who were enrolled, 65 met the criteria for unhealthy alcohol use. The association between the severity of acute illness and readiness to change depended on the instrument used. A higher severity of illness measured by APACHE II score was an independent predictor of readiness to change as assessed by the Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (Taking Action scale; p < 0.01). When a visual analog scale was used to assess readiness to change, there was a significant association with severity of acute illness ( p < 0.01) that was modified by the severity of unhealthy alcohol use ( p = 0.04 for interaction term). Conclusions: Medical ICU patients represent a population where brief interventions require further study. Studies of brief intervention should account for the severity of acute illness and the severity of unhealthy alcohol use as potential effect modifiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are associated with an increased susceptibility to a variety of common and devastating pulmonary diseases including community- and hospital-acquired pneumonias, as well as the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Alveolar macrophages play an important role in preventing the development of these disorders through maintaining lung sterility and resolving lung inflammation. Although alcohol exposure has been associated with aberrant alveolar macrophage function in animal models, the clinical relevance of these observations in humans is not established. Therefore, we sought to determine the effects of AUDs on human alveolar macrophage gene expression. Whole genome microarray analysis was performed on alveolar macrophages obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage from a test cohort of subjects with AUDs ( n = 7), and controls ( n = 7) who were pair-matched on age, gender, and smoking. Probe set expression differences in this cohort were validated by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT RT-PCR). Functional analysis with web-based bioinformatics tools was utilized with microarray data to assess differentially expressed candidate genes ( p < 0.01) based on alcohol consumption. Alveolar macrophage mRNA samples from a second cohort of subjects with AUDs ( n = 7) and controls ( n = 7) were used to confirm gene expression differences related to AUDs. In both the test and the confirmatory cohorts, AUDs were associated with upregulation of alveolar macrophage gene expression related to apoptosis, including perforin-1, granzyme A, and CXCR4 (fusin). Pathways governing the regulation of progression through cell cycle and immune response were also affected, as was upregulation of gene expression for mitochondrial superoxide dismutase. Overall, 12 genes' expression was affected by AUDs independent of smoking. Alcohol use disorders are associated with unique changes in human alveolar macrophage gene expression. Novel therapies targeting alveolar macrophage gene expression in the setting of AUDs may prove to be clinically useful in limiting susceptibility for pulmonary disorders in these individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le projet GLOBE est décrit dans cet article, avec ses bases conceptuelle et méthodologique. Une introduction est indispensable puisque les travaux pr&aecute;sentés dans ce numéro relèvent de ce projet qui est une étude exceptionnelle de 61 pays sous divers aspects et à partir de plusieurs méthodes; il porte sur la vaste question de la culture, du leadership et des pratiques organisationnelles. Plus de 150 spécialistes du management et des sciences sociales des 61 pays y ont contribué. L'objectif global du projet est le développement d'une théorie empirique destinée à décrire, comprendre et prédire l'impact de variables culturelles spécifiques sur le leadership, les processus organisationnels et leur efficience. L'article survole différents aspects de ce projet et peut être utilisé pour se repérer dans les autres contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to update an earlier review by two of the authors dealing with the empirical validity of expectancy theory. In the earlier review, 14 studies were discussed and analyzed in light of an integrative model proposed by the authors. In less than two years since the publication of the earlier review the volume of studies dealing with expectancy theory has more than doubled--indicating the great attention given to this theory.

Wetland protection is an issue of ongoing debate. Although it is widely agreed that wetland loss to agriculture has been declining in recent decades, the role of policy remains contentious. We analyze the effect of changes in wetland delineation rules that were proposed but rejected by Congress during the 1996 farm bill debate. Our research combines detailed, site-specific information on wetlands with a broader model of the agricultural economy. Using site-specific data, we analyze the potential agricultural profitability of a representative sample of actual wetlands. We estimate wetland acreage that would have been exempted from swampbuster and Section 404 of the Clean Water Act under the proposed delineation changes, the acreage of exempted wetland that could be profitably converted to crop production, and the associated commodity price, crop acreage, and farm income effects. We find that up to 82.7 million wetland acres would be exempted under the proposed delineation changes, of which as many as 12 million acres could be profitably converted to crop production. This conversion would have a dampening effect on commodity price and farm income. We conclude that (a accurately estimating the effect of resource policy depends critically on detailed information on resource quality and (b) commodity price and farm income effects imply that all agriculture producers—not only those who could expand cropland acreage through wetland drainage—have a stake in wetland policy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper reports on research into the impact of alternative market aggregation systems on the accuracy of transportation costing in distribution planning. Several alternative market aggregation schemes are discussed and then evaluated across several different types of products and shipment size distribution profiles. The results from experiments with multiple redistribution point configurations are presented. The paper concludes with some specific recommendations relative to the number of markets required for accurate distribution planning in the consumer goods sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information based on a computer-based models have become a popular management tool in the analysis of distribution activities. This article reports on a major survey of computer models in use in industry. The survey revealed that the models in use were of a considerably different nature than might be expected. Comparative information on computer models is useful for two reasons. A detailed comparative data are helpful in establishing benchmarks for future modeling efforts. Information on model development costs and developmental time requirements would prove useful to managers who are called on to evaluate and approve model building projects. Data on model size (CPU requirements), programming languages used, activities modeled, and model building techniques employed can provide a relatively accurate and detailed characterization of computer models without revealing proprietary information. Descriptive information is also useful in refining existing models and defining the scope of models under consideration.

In 1959, Herzberg, Mausner and Snyderman reported research findings that suggested that man has two sets of needs: his need as an animal to avoid pain, and his need as a human to grow psychologically. These findings led them to advance a "dual factor" theory of motivation. Since that time, the theory has caught the attention of both industrial managers and psychologists. Management training and work-motivation programs have been installed on the basis of the dual-factor theory. Psychologists have both advanced criticisms and conducted substantial research relevant to the dual-factor theory. The purpose of this paper is to review the theory, the criticisms, and the empiric investigations reported to date, in an effort to assess the validity of the theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines key issues relevant to leadership effectiveness and T-Group education. The T-Group training is not only capable of inducing anxiety, but that the anxiety is an intended part of the training. Such induced anxiety may have the very unrewarding effect of unsettling, upsetting, and frustrating those subjected to it. The method may also have the intended effect of inducing more consideration for subordinates, less dependence on others, less demand for subservience from others, and better communication through more adequate and objective listening.

This article reviews selected studies concerned with managerial reaction to leader-centered and to student-centered methods of instruction. It also presents a report of a study that compares managerial reaction to these two methods immediately after completion of a management training program. Based on an exhaustive review of educational research, Anderson (1959) reported that 49 experimental studies concerning authoritarian and democratic leadership, when viewed collectively, yielded inconclusive results concerning knowledge and attitudinal effects. Bennett (1956) conducted an experiment concerned with supervisory enthusiasm for lectures that were based exclusively on authoritative sources. Filley and Reighard (1962) asked manufacturing managers of 300 companies to choose between a method which is centered around authoritative discussion by a lecturer or conference leader or a method which is centered around discussion by the group attending the conference, led by a qualified discussion leader. Mann and Mann (1959) found that attempts to produce personality and behavior changes were more successful for a task-directed study group than for a free-discussion group. Also, in 1959, Page and McGinnis studied an adult discussion group and found members of the group to prefer a directive approach. House (1962) found the use of leader-centered techniques to be useful for gaining acceptance of management training efforts. Based on above mentioned studies which, if summarized, were concerned with the effects of various teaching methods on attitudes and knowledge change, the present study, again by House (1963), advanced the proposition that the ideal method of instruction is a combination of leader-centered and student-centered methods, involving initial leader-centered presentation of main points, followed by discussion for purposes of clarification and elaboration.

Achieving reversible O‐redox through the formation of electron–holes on O could hold the key to a new generation of high energy density Na‐ion cathodes. However, to date, it has only been demonstrated in a small handful of cathode materials and none of these materials exploit the dual benefit of high voltage transition metal redox and O‐redox, instead relying on Mn3+/4+ capacity close to 2 V vs Na+/Na. Here, a new Na‐ion cathode exhibiting electron–holes on O is demonstrated, P2‐type Na0.67Li0.1Ni0.3Mn0.6O2, which also utilizes the high voltage Ni3+/4+ redox couple to deliver the highest reported energy density among this class of compound. By employing a low Li content and avoiding honeycomb ordering within the transition metal layer, it is possible to stabilize the hole states, and the high voltage plateau is preserved in Na0.67Li0.1Ni0.3Mn0.6O2 over cycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY A case of metastatic renal cell carcinoma within an intracranial meningioma is presented. The pathological and radiological findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Two cases of colo-rectal carcinoma with prominent nodular lymphoid hyperplasia in adjacent bowel are presented. The normal incidence and associated conditions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Two cases of small bowel perforation without free intraperitoneal gas are presented. The association of small bowel ileus with hollow viscus perforation is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a welcome note for the participants in the 1947-1948 Groves conferences on conservation of marriage and the family held in Durham, North Carolina.