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Dynamics of rapid changes of intensity and structure in an eyewall replacement cycle of tropical cyclones remain an open question. To clarify the dynamics of the inner eyewall decaying, a quantitative estimation of inner‐core wind fields based on highly frequent observation images with 2.5‐min temporal resolution in the Himawari‐8 satellite is applied to Typhoon Trami (2018) which had a clear concentric eyewall structure. A high tangential wind of 50 m s−1 is estimated at a radius of 30 km, which is located in the inner edge of the inner eyewall, during an active stage of the inner eyewall. During the decaying stage of the inner eyewall, the estimated tangential wind rapidly decreases to about 20 m s−1 at a radius of 24 km. The satellite‐based tangential winds are validated with dropsondes around the inner core by an aircraft. Vorticity field retrieved by the satellite‐based tangential winds during the decaying stage exhibits a rapid decrease in an outer part of the eye and the inner eyewall, and a slow decrease near the storm center. Examination on an absolute angular momentum coordinate indicates that the rapidly slow‐down rotation in the outer edge of the eye and inner eyewall is faster than a slow‐down rotation explained by surface friction. It suggests that asymmetric eddies transport angular momentum across the moat in the inner eyewall dissipation. This study is the first examination of dynamical contributions of asymmetric eddies to the inner‐eyewall dissipation based on satellite‐estimated tangential winds. Plain Language Summary: Intense tropical cyclones often have the concentric secondary eyewall outside the original (primary) eyewall enclosing the eye (i.e., concentric eyewalls; CEs). The primary eyewall tends to decay after the secondary eyewall formation (i.e., eyewall replacement cycle; ERC). Dynamics of rapid changes of intensity and structure in an ERC remain an open question. To clarify the dynamics of the inner eyewall decaying, a quantitative estimation of tangential winds is applied to Typhoon Trami (2018) with CEs. The estimation is based on tracking of cloud motions associated with the tangential winds, using 2.5‐min images in the Himawari‐8 satellite. A high tangential wind of 50 m s−1 is estimated in the inner edge of the inner eyewall in Trami during an active stage of the inner eyewall. During the decaying stage of the inner eyewall, the estimated tangential wind rapidly decreases to about 20 m s−1 at a radius of 24 km. The satellite‐based tangential winds are validated with dropsondes by an aircraft. Our results highlight that the tangential winds during the inner‐eyewall decaying stage is mainly decelerated due to eddies superposed on annular cyclonic circulations in the inner eyewall. The process can be best illustrated on an absolute momentum coordinate. Key Points: Himawari8‐based tangential winds in Typhoon Trami (2018) showed decreases of vorticity in the eye and inner eyewall in a replacement cycleAn examination of the potential radius clarified the rapid (slow) slowdown of the rotation in the inner eyewall (near the storm center)The rapid (slow) slowdown can be mainly explained by angular momentum transport associated with asymmetric eddies (surface friction) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planetary‐scale waves are thought to play a role in powering the yet unexplained atmospheric superrotation of Venus. Puzzlingly, while Kelvin, Rossby, and stationary waves manifest at the upper clouds (65–70 km), no planetary‐scale waves or stationary patterns have been reported in the intervening level of the lower clouds (48–55 km), although the latter are probably Lee waves. Using observations by the Akatsuki orbiter and ground‐based telescopes, we show that the lower clouds follow a regular cycle punctuated between 30°N and 40°S by a sharp discontinuity or disruption with potential implications to Venus's general circulation and thermal structure. This disruption exhibits a westward rotation period of ∼4.9 days faster than winds at this level (∼6‐day period), alters clouds' properties and aerosols, and remains coherent during weeks. Past observations reveal its recurrent nature since at least 1983, and numerical simulations show that a nonlinear Kelvin wave reproduces many of its properties. Plain Language Summary: One of the biggest mysteries of Venus is its atmospheric superrotation that allows the atmosphere to rotate 60 times faster than the solid planet. Atmospheric waves are among one of the possible mechanisms thought to feed this superrotation by pushing energy to different locations of the atmosphere. In fact, the upper clouds of Venus located at 65–70 km exhibit varied giant waves, like the so‐called Y feature or the more recently discovered bow‐shaped wave that keeps "stationary" over Aphrodite mountains. In contrast, these planetary‐scale waves are missing at the deeper lower clouds (48–55 km). This is especially puzzling in the case of the stationary waves since the lower clouds are located between the upper clouds and the surface, where they are thought to be generated. Thanks to the high‐quality observations of Venus from JAXA's space mission Akatsuki and NASA's IRTF telescope, we discovered at the lower clouds an intriguing sharp discontinuity that propagates to the west faster than the winds while altering the clouds' properties and suffering little distortions during weeks. A reanalysis of past observations revealed that this is a recurrent phenomenon that has gone unnoticed since at least the year 1983. Numerical simulations evidence that an atmospheric wave generated below the clouds and probably pumping energy to the upper clouds can explain many of its properties. Key Points: Discovery of an equatorial cloud discontinuity at the middle and lower clouds of Venus, where no planetary wave had been found beforeThis disruption propagates to the West faster than the winds, keeps coherent for weeks, and alters clouds' properties and aerosolsPast observations confirm its existence since 1983; numerical simulations suggest a physical origin as a nonlinear Kelvin wave [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Longwave Infrared Camera (LIR) on board Akatsuki first revealed the global structure of the thermal tides in the upper cloud layer of Venus. The data were acquired over three Venusian years, and the analysis was done over the areas from the equator to the midlatitudes in both hemispheres and over the whole local time. Thermal tides at two vertical levels were analyzed by comparing data at two different emission angles. Dynamical wave modes consisting of tides were identified; the diurnal tide consisted mainly of Rossby‐wave and gravity‐wave modes, while the semidiurnal tide predominantly consisted of a gravity‐wave mode. The revealed vertical structures were roughly consistent with the above wave modes, but some discrepancy remained if the waves were supposed to be monochromatic. In turn, the heating profile that excites the tidal waves can be constrained to match this discrepancy, which would greatly advance the understanding of the Venusian atmosphere. Plain Language Summary: On Venus, the atmosphere circulates 60 times faster than the solid body of Venus; this phenomenon is called "superrotation," and it is one of the mysteries of the Venusian atmosphere. To maintain the fast circulation, thermal tides, which are global‐scale atmospheric waves excited by solar heating, have been considered a very important candidate because they have the ability of accelerating the atmosphere through propagating. A midinfrared camera onboard the Japanese Venus orbiter, Akatsuki, can capture temperature perturbations due to the thermal tides in the upper cloud level (60‐ to 70‐km altitude), and it revealed their global and vertical structures with a long‐term observation (more than three Venusian years) for the first time. Interestingly, we found that the location of the maximum temperature at the cloud top level was different from noon where solar energy input is at a maximum. In addition, the location was shifted toward the morning side as the sensing altitude increased. This finding is an evidence of the vertical traveling of the thermal tides, indicating the wave's atmospheric acceleration. Key Points: Akatsuki/LIR revealed the global structures of thermal tides across the equator in the upper cloud layer of Venus for the first timeUsing the emission angle dependence of LIR's sensing altitude, upward propagation of the semidiurnal tide was confirmedWave types consisting of the thermal tides were identified [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The existence of large stationary gravity waves was discovered during Akatsuki's first observation sequence in 2015. In this study, the further detection of large stationary gravity waves in brightness temperature images over a 1.5 year period is reported. The waves periodically appeared mostly above four specific highland regions in the low latitudes when these regions were in the local afternoon. The wave amplitudes attenuated after the wave locations passed beyond the evening terminator, and the locations of the waves tended to slowly drift eastward over their lifetimes. The appearances of stationary waves depend not only on surface topography but also on latitude and local time, suggesting that solar heating during the daytime and atmospheric structure affected by solar heating may control the excitation and propagation of stationary waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EP34.09: The characteristics of ultrasound findings during surgery in cases with placenta accreta spectrum disorders using superb-microvascular imaging Results As for preoperative observations, criteria #1 was positive in all cases with PAS and non-PAS and criteria #2 was detected only in 1 case with PAS. To test the feasibility of intraoperative (OP) ultrasonographic diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum disorders (PAS) using superb-microvascular imaging (SMI). [Extracted from the article]

Conclusions Microvascular endometrial blood flow decreased from ovulation to implantation phase, and EBFs at ovulation were related to endometrial thickness, possibly reflecting the localised hormonal circumstances of the endometrial tissue. EP47.03: Physiological microvascular blood flow profile of the endometrium during the menstrual cycle described using superb-microvascular imaging To describe the physiological changes of the endometrial blood flow (EBF) on the menstrual cycle, using superb microvascular imaging (SMI). [Extracted from the article]

An abstract of the article "Difficulty of predicting pre and postnatal course for the fetuses with 2:1 atrioventricular block with normal cardiac anatomy" by Y. Maeno and others is presented.

1 The present study was carried out to pharmacologically identify theβ-adrenoceptor subtype that mediates isoprenaline-elicited relaxation in the isolated guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle, to answer the question whether it isβ1- orβ2-subtype?2 Isoprenaline as well as salbutamol, a well-knownβ2-selective adrenoceptor agonist, produced a concentration-dependent relaxation with a pD2 value of 8.12vs.7.54 for salbutamol.3 Isoprenaline-elicited relaxation was not affected byβ1-selective antagonists, atenolol and CGP-20,712A, within the concentration ranges supposed to antagonizeβ1-subtype: atenolol,≤10−6 m; CGP-20,712A,≤10−8 m.4 By contrast, the concentration–response curves for isoprenaline as well as salbutamol were shifted rightwards in a competitive fashion by atenolol at the concentrations≥3 × 10−6 m. However, pA2 values of atenolol against isoprenaline (5.86) and salbutamol (5.71) were consistent with the value corresponding toβ2- but not toβ1-subtype (around 7.00), and these values were not significantly different from each other.5 Competitive antagonism of the relaxations to isoprenaline and salbutamol were also obtained withβ2-selective antagonists, butoxamine and ICI-118,551. Against isoprenaline and salbutamol, the pA2 values of butoxamine (6.51vs.6.81) and ICI-118,551 (8.83vs.8.90) were substantially identical. Thus the primary mediation ofβ2-receptor in the relaxations was strongly supported.6 The present findings provide evidence that theβ-adrenoceptor which mediates isoprenaline-elicited relaxation of guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle is essentiallyβ2- but notβ1-subtype. The present study also indicates the importance of using multiple receptor antagonists with different pA2 values to pharmacologically identify the responsible receptor subtype in smooth muscle mechanical responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1 The agonistic and antagonistic effects of labetalol, the α[sub 1]- and β-adrenoceptor antagonist, were studied on β[sub 3]-adrenoceptors in the guinea-pig gastric fundus. 2 Labetalol caused a concentration-dependent relaxation with a pD[sub 2] value of 5.58 ± 0.09 and an intrinsic activity of 0.64 ± 0.06, which was not affected by pretreatment with both the selective β[sub 1]-adrenoceptor antagonist, (±)-atenolol (100 µM), and the selective β[sub 2]-adrenoceptor antagonist, (±)-butoxamine (100 µM). 3 However, the non-selective β[sub 1]-, β[sub 2]- and β[sub 3]-adrenoceptor antagonist, (±)-bupranolol (3-30 µM), shifted the concentration-response curve of labetalol to the right (pA[sub 2] value = 5.97 ± 0.08). 4 In the presence of (±)-atenolol (100 µM) and (±)-butoxamine (100 µM), relaxations to catecholamines [(-)-isoprenaline, (-)-noradrenaline and (-)-adrenaline], to the selective β[sub 3]-adrenoceptor agonist, BRL37344, and to the non-conventional partial β[sub 3]-adrenoceptor agonist, (±)-CGP12177A, were weakly antagonized by labetalol (10 µM). 5 These results indicate that labetalol, the arylethanolamine, acts as a partial agonist on β[sub 3]-adrenoceptors in the guinea-pig gastric fundus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the functional identification of beta[sub s]-adrenoceptors in the guinea-pig ileum using non-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist (...)-bupranol. Inducement of concentration-dependent relaxations of pre-contracted strips; Rightward shifts of the concentration-response curves; Presence of beta[sub 3]-adrenoceptors on pigs.

Superb microvascular imaging (SMI) is a new technology for observing low blood flow and high-resolution Doppler images. We report a case of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in which peculiar blood flow profiles were shown in placental chorionic villous vessels. [Extracted from the article]

OP01.04: The characteristics of the physiological development of chorionic villous vessels between 19 and 38 weeks described using super microvascular imaging We aimed to analyze the characteristics of the physiological development of placental chorionic villous vessels (CVVs) using SMI. Among the CVVs, one branching vessel clearly delineated from primary to tertiary CVVs was sampled, and the length of each CVV was measured. [Extracted from the article]

The purpose of this study was to establish a simple method to differentiate PVC from PAC using systemic artery pulse Doppler waves by way of fetal echocardiograms. This simple method has the potential to become an effective screening method to select the fetuses with PVC requiring further assessment at the fetal cardiac centre. [Extracted from the article]

An abstract of the article "Perinatal course of the fetuses diagnosed to isolated persistent left superior vena cava," by Y. Maeno and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the article "Myocardial damage in the fetus with complete atrioventricular block caused by maternal anti- SSA antibody" by Y. Maeno and others is presented.

ABSTRACT Urinary bladder smooth muscle (UBSM) exhibits spontaneous contraction. This spontaneous mechanical activity is myogenic and can be closely related to the UBSM cell action potential to facilitate Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. In the present study, to know whether this membrane electrical event is the exclusive mechanism to trigger spontaneous smooth muscle contraction, we compared the inhibitory effects of Ca2+ channel blockers on the spontaneous action potential and mechanical activity in the isolated guinea-pig UBSM. Both action potential and rhythmic contraction were generated spontaneously in the presence of atropine (1 µ M), phentolamine (1 µ M), propranolol (1 µ M), suramin (10 µ M) and tetrodotoxin (1 µ M), which suggest that both phenomena were myogenic in origin. Nisoldipine (100 nM) and diltiazem (10 µ M) completely eliminated the generation of action potential whereas its frequency was dramatically increased by a dihydropyridine Ca2+ agonist, BayK 8644 (1 µ M). In contrast to disappearance of action potential in the presence of Ca2+ channel blockers, spontaneous contraction of UBSM was inhibited only partly by nisoldipine or diltiazem and most of the mechanical components persisted in these channel blockers. These results indicate that spontaneous action potential in UBSM cell is generated through the activation of L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. The subsequent elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations during a burst of action potentials can be partly responsible for the induction of UBSM mechanical activity. In addition, the present study provides evidence that UBSM spontaneous mechanical activity is also attributable to the mechanism(s) other than the generation of Ca2+ spike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gitelman syndrome (GS) is a rare, autosomal recessive, salt-losing tubulopathy caused by loss of function in the SLC12A3 gene (NM&#95;000339.2), which encodes the natrium chloride cotransporter. The detection of homozygous or compound heterozygous SLC12A3 variants is expected in GS, but 18%-40% of patients with clinical GS carry only one mutant allele. Previous reports identified some pathogenic deep intronic variants in SLC12A3. Here, we report the screening of SLC12A3 deep intronic variants in 13 patients with suspected GS carrying one mutated SLC12A3 allele. Variant screening used the HaloPlex Target Enrichment System Kit capturing whole introns and the promotor region of SLC12A3, followed by SureCall variant analysis. Rare intronic variants (<1% frequency) were identified, and pathogenicity evaluated by the minigene system. Deep intronic variant screening detected seven rare SLC12A3 variants from six patients. Only one variant showed pathogenicity in the minigene system (c.602-16G>A, intron 4) through activation of a cryptic acceptor site. No variants were detected in the promotor region. Deep intronic screening identified only one pathogenic variant in patients with suspected GS carrying monoallelic SLC12A3 variants. Our results suggest that deep intronic variants partially explain the cause of monoallelic variants in patients with GS., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

1. The beta-adrenoceptor is currently classified into beta(1), beta(2) and beta(3) subtypes and all three subtypes are expressed in smooth muscle. Each beta-adrenoceptor subtype exhibits tissue-specific distribution patterns, which may be a determinant controlling the mechanical functions of corresponding smooth muscle. Airway and uterine smooth muscles abundantly express the beta(2)-adrenoceptor, the physiological significance of which is established as a fundamental regulator of the mechanical activities of these muscles. Recent pharmacomechanical and molecular approaches have revealed roles for the beta(3)-adrenoceptor in the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder smooth muscle. 2. The beta-adrenoceptor is a G(s)-protein-coupled receptor and its activation elevates smooth muscle cAMP. A substantial role for a cAMP-dependent mechanism(s) is generally believed to be the key trigger for eliciting beta-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation of smooth muscle. Downstream effectors activated via a cAMP-dependent mechanism(s) include plasma membrane K(+) channels, such as the large-conductance, Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (MaxiK) channel. 3. Beta-Adrenoceptor-mediated relaxant mechanisms also include cAMP-independent signalling pathways. This view is supported by numerous pharmacological and electrophysiological lines of evidence. In airway smooth muscle, direct activation of the MaxiK channel by G(s)alpha is a mechanism by which stimulation of beta(2)-adrenoceptors elicits muscle relaxation independently of the elevation of cAMP. 4. The cAMP-independent mechanism(s) is also substantial in beta(3)-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation of gastrointestinal tract smooth muscle. However, in the case of the beta(3)-adrenoceptor, a delayed rectified K(+) channel rather than the MaxiK channel seems to mediate, in part, cAMP-independent relaxant mechanisms. 5. In the present article, we review the distribution of beta-adrenoceptor subtypes in smooth muscle tissues and discuss the molecular mechanisms by which each subtype elicits muscle relaxation, focusing on the roles of cAMP and plasma membrane K(+) channels.