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We have developed a highly efficient, ligand‐free Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling protocol employing our lab‐prepared air and moisture‐stable Pd‐PEPPSI catalysts. The reaction of ethyl 2‐{4‐[(6‐chloroquinoxalin‐2‐yl)oxy]phenoxy}propionate (Assure) with various boronic acids afforded both traditional and decarbonylative coupling products in high yields. The catalyst's steric influence was assessed computationally using %Vbur calculations. The decarbonylative coupling pathway proved more efficient than the traditional Suzuki–Miyaura coupling under these conditions. Additionally, regioselectivity studies have been conducted on a variety of Assure analogues. This method excels in efficiency, requiring minimal catalyst, moderate temperatures, and rapid reaction completion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aberrant mitochondrial fission/fusion dynamics are frequently associated with pathologies, including cancer. We show that alternative splice variants of the fission protein Drp1 (DNM1L) contribute to the complexity of mitochondrial fission/fusion regulation in tumor cells. High tumor expression of the Drp1 alternative splice variant lacking exon 16 relative to other transcripts is associated with poor outcome in ovarian cancer patients. Lack of exon 16 results in Drp1 localization to microtubules and decreased association with mitochondrial fission sites, culminating in fused mitochondrial networks, enhanced respiration, changes in metabolism, and enhanced pro-tumorigenic phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. These effects are inhibited by siRNAs designed to specifically target the endogenously expressed transcript lacking exon 16. Moreover, lack of exon 16 abrogates mitochondrial fission in response to pro-apoptotic stimuli and leads to decreased sensitivity to chemotherapeutics. These data emphasize the pathophysiological importance of Drp1 alternative splicing, highlight the divergent functions and consequences of changing the relative expression of Drp1 splice variants in tumor cells, and strongly warrant consideration of alternative splicing in future studies focused on Drp1. Synopsis: Alternative splice variants of the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 are aberrantly expressed in ovarian cancer. Exon 16 splicing in the variable domain leads to dampened mitochondrial fission, improved mitochondrial function and increased tumorigenicity and chemoresistance. High expression of the Drp1 alternative splice variant lacking exon 16 relative to other transcripts is associated with poor outcome in ovarian cancer patients. Lack of exon 16 results in association of Drp1 with microtubules, decreased localization to mitochondrial fission sites, fused mitochondrial networks, enhanced respiration, and altered tumor metabolism. The Drp1 variant lacking exon 16 enhances proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo and decreases sensitivity to chemotherapeutics. Changing the relative expression ratios of Drp1 splice variants affects mitochondrial morphology, metabolism, and tumor cell function. Alternative splice variants of the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 are aberrantly expressed in ovarian cancer. Exon 16 splicing in the variable domain leads to dampened mitochondrial fission, improved mitochondrial function and increased tumorigenicity and chemoresistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐nickel layered cathodes exhibit great promise in advancing high‐energy‐density batteries owing to their significant advantages in high energy capacity and low cost, but they suffer severe structural and interfacial deterioration during cycling, resulting in safety risk and reduced cycle life. Herein, drawing inspiration from the low melting point infusion capability of Sb2Se3, a three‐pronged strategy aimed at simultaneously achieving coating on primary and secondary particles surface, Sb doping and elongated and slimed primary particle morphology is proposed and developed to fortify the structural and interfacial stability of high‐nickel LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2 (NCM90) cathode. The "melted and infused" Sb2Se3 plays a beneficial role in the defensive effect on primary and secondary particle's surfaces, mitigating the interfacial deterioration. In addition, the enhanced structural stability is achieved by both Sb5+ doping and regulated primary particle morphology, contributing to the alleviated particle breakage and ultimately reinforced cycling stability. Consequently, the Sb2Se3‐NCM90 electrodes significantly improve cycling performance, which maintain higher capacity retentions of 96.6% at 4.3 V after 100 cycles and 80.2% at 1C/5C after 500 cycles. The proposed coating‐doping‐microstructure regulation three‐in‐one strategy for improving the cycling stability of high‐nickel NCM cathodes offers innovative ideas for the design and advancement of high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alkylation of arenes is one of the most fundamental transformations in synthetic chemistry and the transition‐metal‐catalyzed direct C−H alkylation represents a straightforward and attractive approach from both atom and step‐economy perspectives. Epoxides, the smallest three‐membered saturated O‐heterocycles that can be easily prepared in racemic or enantioenriched forms, are highly useful building blocks for the synthesis of complex organic molecules. Owing to their inherent high ring‐strain, epoxides readily undergo ring‐opening reactions and have been used as alkylating reagents for C−H alkylation catalyzed by transition metals. This review summarizes recent advances in utilizing epoxides as alkylating reagents in transition‐metal‐catalyzed C−H alkylation as well as their synthetic applications in organic synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) often experience worries related to travel due to frequent bowel movements. However, there is currently limited research focusing on the travel worries of patients with IBD. The aim of this study was to assess the level of worry regarding out‐of‐home activities in patients with IBD and identify factors associated with worry. Methods: This study included patients with IBD who visited the outpatient clinics between September 2020 and March 2022, during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Participants completed a self‐designed questionnaire, providing general clinical data and indicating their level of worry for out‐of‐home activities. Results: A total of 529 patients with IBD completed the questionnaire. Patients with Crohn's disease (CD) had a higher proportion of individuals under 40 years old and males compared to patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Regarding out‐of‐home activities, patients with UC expressed greater worry about going out and taking buses than patients with CD. However, there were no significant differences observed between the two groups in terms of travel worries and worries about finding public washrooms. A significant majority (85.4%) of patients with clinically active IBD expressed worries about not finding public washrooms when going out, while 46.7% of patients in clinical remission had similar worries. Moreover, the worry about finding public washrooms was higher in patients with UC compared to those with CD, both during the clinical activity and remission. Conclusion: This survey conducted during the COVID‐19 pandemic reported worries among patients with IBD about out‐of‐home activities. The patients with clinically active IBD, especially UC, expressed worries about not finding public washrooms when going out. We highlight the actual psychological and quality of life challenges faced by patients with IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Necrosis in solid tumors is commonly associated with poor prognostic but how these lesions expand remains unclear. Studies have found that neutrophils associate with and contribute to necrosis development in glioblastoma by inducing tumor cell ferroptosis through transferring myeloperoxidase-containing granules. However, the mechanism of neutrophilic granule transfer remains elusive. We performed an unbiased small molecule screen and found that statins inhibit neutrophil-induced tumor cell death by blocking the neutrophilic granule transfer. Further, we identified a novel process wherein neutrophils are engulfed by tumor cells before releasing myeloperoxidase-containing contents into tumor cells. This neutrophil engulfment is initiated by integrin-mediated adhesion, and further mediated by LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), which can be blocked by inhibiting the Vps34-UVRAG-RUBCN-containing PI3K complex. Myeloperoxidase inhibition or Vps34 depletion resulted in reduced necrosis formation and prolonged mouse survival in an orthotopic glioblastoma mouse model. Thus, our study unveils a critical role for LAP-mediated neutrophil internalization in facilitating the transfer of neutrophilic granules, which in turn triggers tumor cell death and necrosis expansion. Targeting this process holds promise for improving glioblastoma prognosis. Synopsis: Neutrophils induce ferroptosis in glioblastoma, thus promoting necrosis during early tumor progression but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, neutrophil engulfment by tumor cells is uncovered as a critical step facilitating the transfer of neutrophilic granules and tumor cell ferroptosis. Statins inhibit neutrophil-induced tumor cell death by blocking neutrophilic granule transfer. Integrin-mediated cell adhesion is required for tumor cell killing by neutrophils. Neutrophils are engulfed by tumor cells before releasing myeloperoxidase-containing contents into tumor cells. LC3-associated phagocytosis is responsible for neutrophil internalization by tumor cells. Myeloperoxidase inhibition or Vps34 depletion reduces necrosis in glioblastomas and prolongs survival of tumor-bearing mice. Neutrophil engulfment by tumor cells facilitates transfer of neutrophilic granules and ferroptosis in brain cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of frunexian (formerly known as EP‐7041 and HSK36273) injection, a small molecule inhibitor of activated coagulation factor XI (FXIa), in healthy Chinese adult volunteers. This study was a randomized, placebo‐ and positive‐controlled, sequential, ascending‐dose (0.3/0.6/1.0/1.5/2.25 mg/kg/h) study of 5‐day continuous intravenous infusions of frunexian. Frunexian administration exhibited an acceptable safety profile with no bleeding events. Steady state was rapidly reached with a median time ranging from 1.02 to 1.50 h. The mean half‐life ranged from 1.15 to 1.43 h. Frunexian plasma concentration at a steady state and area under the concentration–time curve exhibited dose‐proportional increases. The dose‐escalation study of frunexian demonstrated its progressively enhanced capacities to prolong activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and inhibit FXIa activity. The correlations between PK and PD biomarkers (aPTT/baseline and FXI clotting activity/baseline) were described by the two Emax models, with the EC50 values of 8940 and 1300 ng/mL, respectively. Frunexian exhibits good safety and PK/PD properties, suggesting it is a promising candidate for anticoagulant drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report an asymmetric two-component alkenyl Catellani reaction for the construction of C--N axial chirality through a palladium/chiral norbornene cooperative catalysis and an axial-to-axial chirality transfer process. Various partially aromatic iodinated 2-pyridones, quinolones, coumarin and uracil substrates react with 2,6-disubstituted aryl bromides with a tethered amide group, to afford a wide variety of polycyclic C--N atropisomers (38 examples, up to 97% e.e.). The obtained C--N axial chirality originates from the preformed transient C--C axial chirality with high fidelity. The synthetic utility of this chemistry is demonstrated by facile preparation of complex quinoline and pyridine based C--N atropisomers through a N-deprotection and aromatization sequence. In addition, a remote axial-to-central diastereoinduction process dictated by C--N axial chirality is observed with excellent diastereocontrol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high‐voltage induced undesirable surface passivation bilayer (cathode/electrolyte interface and cation‐densified surface phase) of LiCoO2 inevitably leads to battery degradation. Herein, a continual/uniform enamel‐like olivine layer on LiCoO2 surface is fabricated by employing a high‐speed mechanical fusion method. The enamel‐like layer suppresses interfacial side reactions by tuning EC dehydrogenation, contributing to an ultrathin and stable cathode/electrolyte interface. The strong bonding affinity between LiCoO2 and enamel‐like layer restrains both lattice oxygen loss and associated layered‐to‐spinel structural distortion. Moreover, the thermal stability of highly delithiated LiCoO2 is improved, as both the onset temperatures of layered‐to‐spinel transition and O2 evolution are simultaneously postponed. Stable operation of LiCoO2 at 4.6 V high‐voltage and 55 °C elevated temperature (both >85% capacity retention after 200 cycles) is achieved. This facile and scalable high‐speed solid‐phase coating strategy establishes a technical paradigm to enhance surface/interface stability of high‐energy‐density cathode candidates by constructing an ideal enamel‐like surface layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrolyte engineering is a fascinating choice to improve the performance of Li‐rich layered oxide cathodes (LRLO) for high‐energy lithium‐ion batteries. However, many existing electrolyte designs and adjustment principles tend to overlook the unique challenges posed by LRLO, particularly the nucleophilic attack. Here, we introduce an electrolyte modification by locally replacing carbonate solvents in traditional electrolytes with a fluoro‐ether. By benefit of the decomposition of fluoro‐ether under nucleophilic O‐related attacks, which delivers an excellent passivation layer with LiF and polymers, possessing rigidity and flexibility on the LRLO surface. More importantly, the fluoro‐ether acts as "sutures", ensuring the integrity and stability of both interfacial and bulk structures, which contributed to suppressing severe polarization and enhancing the cycling capacity retention from 39 % to 78 % after 300 cycles for the 4.8 V‐class LRLO. This key electrolyte strategy with comprehensive analysis, provides new insights into addressing nucleophilic challenge for high‐energy anionic redox related cathode systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Arthroscopic surgery has been established as an efficacious intervention for the treatment of rotator cuff tears. The primary aim of this study was to analyze the modifications in the lateral acromial angle (LAA) subsequent to rotator cuff repair surgery using single‐row rivet fixation and double‐row rivet fixation techniques. Furthermore, we sought to investigate the influence of LAA on the prognosis of rotator cuff repair surgery. Method: This observational study retrospectively enrolled 105 patients diagnosed with degenerative rotator cuff tears who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair between 2016 and 2019. Following the exclusion of two patients with subscapularis or superior labrum anterior and posterior (SLAP) tears, as well as three patients who were lost to follow‐up, a cohort of 100 patients was included for clinical and imaging evaluation. Among these individuals, 50 were assigned to the double‐row repair group, whereas the remaining 50 comprised the single‐row repair group. Bilateral shoulder magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were conducted no less than 24 months post‐surgery. Experienced arthroscopic surgeons, blinded to the LAA measurements, assessed the rotator interval (RI) using a control MRI. Functional assessment was performed using the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) quick disability of the shoulder and arm, shoulder and hand (qDASH) score. The Wilcoxon signed‐rank test for dependent samples was employed to compare data between the pre‐ and post‐intervention groups. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate the relationship between different parameters. Results: The study population consisted of 73 female patients and 27 male patients, with a mean age of 58.32 ± 5.29 years and a mean follow‐up duration of 25.88 ± 8.11 months. Preoperatively, the mean LAA was 75.81° ± 11.28°, RI was 4.78 ± 0.62, UCLA score was 17.54 ± 2.44, and qDASH score was 2.45 ± 0.25. The average tear size was 8.95 ± 2.11 mm. A statistically significant difference in LAA was observed between the preoperative and postoperative measurements, with the double‐row repair group exhibiting a greater LAA than the single‐row repair group. Finally, a significant correlation was identified between LAA, RI, and qDASH scores after a 24‐month follow‐up period. Conclusion: According to our findings, the utilization of double‐row rivet fixation has a greater LAA angle than single‐row rivet fixation. Moreover, this preservation of LAA is significantly associated with the functional recovery of the shoulder joint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing interest in high‐tech metals (e.g., rare earth elements and yttrium, REY) has triggered extensive research on the enrichment of these metals in pelagic sediments. In the sediments collected worldwide, Ca‐phosphate and Fe‐Mn (oxyhydr)oxides are targeted as the two most important REY carriers based on multiple geochemical and mineralogical analyses. However, the formation of the REY‐rich stratum remains enigmatic as the influences of diagenesis and the local restrictions of different oceanic basins are complex, which require further investigation. In our study, we analyzed four sediment cores from the Western, Central North, and Eastern South Pacific (WP, CNP, and ESP), which are three of the most promising REY‐rich regions in global oceans. Sequential leaching quantifies the dominance of Ca‐phosphate by controlling ∼73.9%–93.3% of ΣREY and the secondary role of Fe‐Mn (oxyhydr)oxides by holding up to ∼97.8% of Ce and ∼4.82%–13.9% of ΣREY. The shallowly and deeply buried sediments show similar features regarding the REY proportions hosted by different phases, which indicates that the REY accumulation by Ca‐phosphate might majorly occur on the seawater‐sediment interface. The geochemistry of the studied sediment cores reveals that (a) REY enrichment in ESP is affected by hydrothermal Fe‐Mn (oxyhydr)oxides which can promote adsorptions of P and REY. (b) The Fe and Mn contents in WP sediments show an inverse relationship against REY enrichment which might be explained by the dust input from Central Asia. (c) The slow sedimentation rate of CNP enables the extraordinary REY‐uptake by Ca‐phosphate, but the low flux of phosphorus constrains the formation of high‐grade REY deposits. Plain Language Summary: Rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) are useful for geological studies and valuable materials for cutting‐edge technologies. Recently, scientists found high REY contents in deep‐sea sediments, which could be future resources. However, its enriching mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we analyze the geochemistry of four sediment cores across the Pacific. The samples were sequentially leached with chemical solutions to separate different mineral phases. The results reveal that Ca‐phosphate (e.g., fish fossils) is the main carrier holding ∼73.9%–93.3% of REY, and Fe‐Mn (oxyhydr)oxides (e.g., small Fe‐Mn nodules) hold ∼4.82%–13.9%. The proportions of REY hosted by the carriers are similar among the layers ranging from the surface to 8‐m depth. This indicates that the REY accumulation mostly happens on the seafloor surface. Additionally, this study reveals that the REY‐rich sediments in the Eastern South Pacific are likely related to underwater hot vents that release more Fe and Mn to accumulate P and REY. In the Western Pacific, the levels of REY seem to be affected by dust coming from Central Asia. In the Central North Pacific with slow sedimentation rates, fish fossils can take up high REY, but their low amount limits the formation of high‐quality REY deposits. Key Points: The rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) held by Ca‐phosphate and Fe‐Mn (oxyhydr)oxides in pelagic sediments are quantified by sequential extractionCa‐phosphate mainly scavenges REY at the seawater‐sediment interface on the seafloorLocal constraints on REY‐rich sediments from different pelagic basins relate to their material sources (e.g., eolian dust and hydrothermal vent) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drugs for acute postoperative pain and breakthrough cancer pain are still urgent in clinical. LPM3480392 is a G‐protein‐biased ligand at the μ‐opioid receptor and showed potent analgesia in nonclinical studies. Two phase I studies of LPM3480392 were conducted in healthy Chinese male volunteers to explore its tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics under single ascending doses (Study I 0.1–3.0 mg, 30 min) and different infusion times (Study II, 0.6–1.0 mg, 2–15 min). There was one serious adverse event (AE) observed in Study II, and the rest AEs were mild or moderate in severity and resolved by the end of the study. Plasma LPM3480392 maximum concentration (Cmax) (under lower infusion rate) and area under the plasma concentration‐time curve (AUCs) were generally increased with dose. Moreover, LPM3480392 at a dose of 0.6 mg under a 2 min infusion rate elicited effective analgesia as the peak effect within 10–30 min, which was measured by cold pain test and pupillometry. These findings suggest that LPM3480392 could be a potential treatment for acute pain management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have shown previously that expression of R345W‐Fibulin‐3 induces epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. The purpose of the current study was to determine if extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from RPE cells expressing R345W‐Fibulin‐3 mutation are sufficient to induce EMT in recipient cells. ARPE‐19 cells were infected with luciferase‐tagged wild‐type (WT)‐ Fibulin‐3 or luciferase‐tagged R345W‐Fibulin‐3 (R345W) using lentiviruses. EVs were isolated from the media by ultracentrifugation or density gradient ultracentrifugation. Transmission electron microscopy and cryogenic electron microscopy were performed to study the morphology of the EVs. The size distribution of EVs were determined by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). EV cargo was analysed using LC‐MS/MS based proteomics. EV‐associated transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) protein was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The capacity of EVs to stimulate RPE migration was evaluated by treating recipient cells with WT‐ or R345W‐EVs. The role of EV‐bound TGFβ was determined by pre‐incubation of EVs with a pan‐TGFβ blocking antibody or IgG control. EM imaging revealed spherical vesicles with two subpopulations of EVs: a group with diameters around 30 nm and a group with diameters over 100 nm, confirmed by NTA analysis. Pathway analysis revealed that members of the sonic hedgehog pathway were less abundant in R345W‐ EVs, while EMT drivers were enriched. Additionally, R345W‐EVs had higher concentrations of TGFβ1 compared to control. Critically, treatment with R345W‐EVs was sufficient to increase EMT marker expression, as well as cell migration in recipient cells. This EV‐increased cell migration was significantly inhibited by pre‐incubation of EVs with pan‐TGFβ‐neutralising antibody. In conclusion, the expression of R345W‐Fibulin‐3 alters the size and cargo of EVs, which are sufficient to enhance the rate of cell migration in a TGFβ dependent manner. These results suggest that EV‐bound TGFβ plays a critical role in the induction of EMT in RPE cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Traditional preoperative reminding services have been applied to enhance the quality of bowel preparation for colonoscopy. In this study we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an automated electronic reminder system (E‐reminder) on improving bowel preparation and the quality of preoperative education before colonoscopy. Methods: From August 2021 to March 2022, 833 outpatients aged 50–75 years who underwent colonoscopy were included and randomly assigned to the E‐reminder group and the control group. While the control group received routine preoperative education. The E‐reminder group received automatic phone call, text message reminders and web services regarding the details of bowel preparation before the colonoscopic examination. The quality of bowel preparation was evaluated by the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) score and the previously validated objective evaluation scale of automatic BBPS (e‐BBPS). Results: In manual assessment, the rate of adequate bowel preparation was improved in the E‐reminder group of intention‐to‐treat population using BBPS (60.7% vs 54.5%, P = 0.01). The percentage of objective evaluated adequate bowel preparation using e‐BBPS in the E‐reminder group of per‐protocol population was significantly higher than that in the control group (76.9% vs 69.2%, P = 0.02). Conclusions: E‐reminder was an effective tool to improve the quality of bowel preparation and compliance with medical instructions. It may be regarded as an efficient and convenient education tool, improving the quality of medical service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), the low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) is commonly induced by irreversible phase conversion and difficult desodiation, especially on transition metal compounds (TMCs). Yet the underlying physicochemical mechanism of poor reaction reversibility is still a controversial issue. Herein, by using in situ transmission electron microscopy and in situ X‐ray diffraction, we demonstrate the irreversible conversion of NiCoP@C is caused by the rapid migration of P in carbon layer and preferential formation of isolated Na3P during discharge. By modifying the carbon coating layer, the migration of Ni/Co/P atoms is inhibited, thus the improvement of ICE and cycle stability is realized. The inhibiting of fast atom migration which induces component separation and rapid performance degradation might be applied to a wide range of electrode materials, and guides the development of advanced SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A metal‐free and oxidant‐free electrochemically enabled strategy for C‐3 formylation of imidazopyridines using trimethylamine as a one‐carbon source has been established. This conversion has high functional group compatibility under mild conditions and ensures late‐stage functionalization of pharmaceutical molecules. Furthermore, unexpected hexafluoroisopropoxylation products have been observed in some cases. Mechanistic studies using cyclic voltammetry and control experiments reveal the key intermediate of the formylation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detrimental shuttle of soluble species from cathode to anode inside battery, is a critical thorn limiting stability and reversibility of rechargeable battery. Herein, an ordered pore‐window of zeolite molecular sieve is employed to effectively block shuttle of soluble matters, and prepared zeolite powder into thin zeolite layer (5 µm thick) coated on celgard separator (zeolite@celgard) with flexible and grid‐scale fabrication features. External pressure is applied to press zeolite@celgard to reduce existed interparticle gaps among zeolite particles. The separation function toward soluble species and attached H2O scavenger role of zeolite@celgard are demonstrated via 1H/19F Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectra, Inductive Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer and X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy results collected from Li/LiMn2O4 battery, time‐dependent in situ Raman tests in Li/S battery, and penetration experiments of redox mediator shuttle in Li/O2 battery. Replacing typically‐used celgard/glassfiber separators, a series of side reactions (active material outflowing, low coulombic efficiency, and anode corrosion) induced via shuttle of soluble species are addressed, resulting in battery performance improvement of Li/LiMn2O4, Li/S, and Li/O2 batteries. Both scientific hypothesis of utilizing pore‐size effect of zeolite for physically block soluble species, and cost‐effective, grid‐scale, and flexible zeolite‐based separators can be extended to other rechargeable battery systems based on flowing/soluble species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-short pile composite foundation (PC-LSPCF) composed of part-screw pile and cement-soil compaction pile is a new railway foundation treatment method, which has been widely used in high-speed railway construction projects in China. To explore the dynamic characteristics and deformation characteristics of railway PC-LSPCF under long-term train loads, the dynamic characteristics of long piles, short piles, and soil between piles under long-term train loads are tested by an indoor dynamic model test. The dynamic amplification of pile and soil under dynamic load and the temporal and spatial distribution of peak response are analyzed, and the stress and deformation development mechanism of PC-LSPCF under cyclic loading of large-cycle trains is revealed. The results show that the neutral point of the long pile is at 1/2 of the pile length and that of the short pile is at 3/8 of the pile length. The part-screw pile has a certain absorption effect on vibration energy. The deformation of a long-short pile composite foundation under long-term train loads can be divided into three stages: extreme growth, transition, and stability. The train speed is negatively correlated with the cumulative settlement of the long-short pile composite foundation. The higher the train speed, the smaller the cumulative settlement, and the smaller the number of cycles of the N-S curve entering the gentle period. As the number of train cyclic loads increases, the load-sharing relationship of the long pile-short pile-soil system will be redistributed. The research results have important reference significance for the optimization design of high-speed railway foundation treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We herein report a modular one‐step three‐component protocol for the assembly of isochromans, which involved a Catellani/oxa‐Michael addition cascade. This approach features readily available starting materials, mild reaction conditions, low palladium catalyst loading, good scalability as well as high step‐ and atom‐economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A significant variation in RNA interference (RNAi) efficiency hinders further functional gene studies and pest control application in many insects. The available double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules introduced into the target cells are regarded as the crucial factor for efficient RNAi response. However, numerous studies have only focused on dsRNA stability in vivo; it is uncertain whether different dsRNA storage conditions in vitro play a role in variable RNAi efficiency among insects. Results: A marker gene cardinal, which leads to white eyes when knocked‐down in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, was used to evaluate the effects of RNAi efficiency under different dsRNA storage conditions. We demonstrated that the dsRNA molecule is very stable under typical cryopreservation temperatures (−80 and −20 °C) within 180 days, and RNAi efficiency shows no significant differences under either low temperature. Unexpectedly, while dsRNA molecules were treated with multiple freeze–thaw cycles up to 50 times between −80/−20 °C and room temperature, we discovered that dsRNA integrity and RNAi efficiency were comparable with fresh dsRNA. Finally, when the stability of dsRNA was further measured under refrigerated storage conditions (4 °C), we surprisingly found that dsRNA is still stable within 180 days and can induce an efficient RNAi response as that of initial dsRNA. Conclusion: Our results indicate that dsRNA is extraordinarily stable under various temperature storage conditions that did not significantly impact RNAi efficiency in vivo insects. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A deep understanding on the crucial factors of the enhanced macroscopic second harmonic generation (SHG) in some deep‐ultraviolet nonlinear optical (NLO) materials is needed to design new NLO materials. Since an optical process relates to the electron excitation and polarization simultaneously, the instantaneous dipole moments and their structures in excitation should be seriously taken account to seek the principal factor in SHG response. In this work, we study the Ba4B11O20F (BBOF), a NLO material, by using the orbital projection technique. From the projected SHG of our theoretic calculation, we recognize the principal dipole moment of the dominant influence on SHG and the relevant atom groups between which the dipole moment is accommodated. With the conclusion that the dipole moment with the most significant influence on SHG is the one between the oxygen–boron polyhedral anion group and barium cation, we predict that Ba4Al11O20F (BAOF) has a comparable SHG response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Cepharanthine (CEP) is an active alkaloid isolated from Stephania Cepharantha Hayata. It is reported that the anti‐inflammatory properties of CEP could be employed to treat a variety of diseases. In this study, we first found that CEP ameliorates ulcerative colitis (UC) induced by DSS. The effect of CEP on gut microbiota was further evaluated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, antibiotic pretreatment and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Results showed that the abundances of gut microbiota, such as Romboutsia, Turicibacter and Escherichia‐Shigella (especially Romboutsia), were significantly reduced after CEP treatment. Additionally, we explored the mechanisms of CEP by a strategy integrating transcriptomics with network pharmacology. The transcriptome data confirmed that CEP functioned through cytokine and cytokine receptor pathways. The expression levels of 10 pro‐inflammatory hub genes (such as CXCL1, CXCL9, CCL7) were positively correlated with the abundance of Romboutsia. Our data identified Romboutsia as a potential pathobiont in UC. Collectively, we confirmed that CEP relieved colon inflammation by modulating gut microbiota and pro‐inflammatory cytokine expression. CEP can be adopted to design novel effective therapeutic strategies for UC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1,3‐trans‐Disubstituted tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) is a common heterocyclic structural unit of naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids. The assembly of this structural unit is not trivial, which constitutes a substantial challenge in the total synthesis of naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids and related pharmaceuticals. Herein, we report a modular and convergent method for the rapid assembly of 1,3‐trans‐disubstituted THIQ frameworks through a three‐component Catellani reaction and a AuI‐catalyzed cyclization/reduction cascade. With widely available simple aryl iodides, aziridines and (triisopropylsilyl)acetylene as the building blocks, this method paves a practical way for the diversity‐oriented synthesis of 1,3‐trans‐disubstituted THIQs. Based on this new method, concise syntheses of an analogue of the new drug mevidalen and four naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids have been accomplished, demonstrating the broad synthetic utility of this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphology and active site engineering of electrocatalysts is an efficient strategy to improve the intrinsic activity and selectivity of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. Here the ultralong and thin Bi nanobelts (Bi‐NBs) are fabricated, which feature a high edge‐to‐facet ratio and high‐degree connectivity is inherited from the ultrahigh‐aspect‐ratio crystalline bismuth−organic hybrid nanobelts, through a cathodically in situ reconstruction process. The unique nanostructure of Bi‐NBs leads to a significantly enhanced performance for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction with a near‐unity formate selectivity and high formate partial current density, which is far superior to those of the discrete Bi counterparts with low edge‐to‐facet ratios. Notably, Bi‐NBs perform ultrahigh formate selectivity over a broad potential window with a high current density reaching 400 mA cm−2 for formate production in a flow cell. Moreover, it is ultrastable to continuous electrolysis for nearly 23 h at 200 mA cm−2 without compromising the selectivity. Based on calculations, the enhanced performance is closely related to the high edge‐to‐facet ratio of Bi‐NBs, since the rich edge sites are conducive to the stabilization of the key *OCHO intermediate for formate production. In addition, the ultralong and interconnected Bi‐NBs provide "expressways" for electron transfer during CO2 electroreduction, further contributing to the improved performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A protocol for the acid‐catalyzed synthesis of phosphorylated dihydrodibenzoxa‐/thiazepine derivatives from dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxa‐/thiazepines has been established. The reaction appears compatible with a range of functional groups in both the dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxa‐/thiazepine, H‐phosphonate and especially diarylphosphine oxide phosphorylation partners, affording moderate to excellent yields of the corresponding products. The present method further expands the utility of Pudovik reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the clinical efficacy of posterior percutaneous endoscopic unilateral laminotomy (PPEUL) and anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF) in the treatment of single‐segment spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). Methods: This is a retrospective research, from January 2017 to December 2019, 30 cases were included in the PPEUL group and 32 cases were included in the ACDF group. The operative duration, blood loss, length of stay, complications, Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, MacNab classification and imaging data were collected preoperatively, postoperative 1‐week, final follow‐up and statistically analyzed. Results: The surgery was completed successfully on all patients, and there were no serious complications, such as nerve or spinal cord injury or infection. In the PPEUL and ACDF groups, the operative duration were 56.63 ± 1.40 and 65.21 ± 2.45 min, the intraoperative blood loss were 51.69 ± 3.23 and 50.51 ± 5.48 mL, and the hospitalization duration was 5.75 ± 1.43 and 6.38 ± 2.16 days. The follow‐up period in the PPEUL and ACDF groups was 24.96 ± 1.12 months and 25.65 ± 1.45 months, respectively. There was no significant difference in intraoperative blood loss between the two groups, but the hospitalization and operative durations in the PPEUL group were significantly shorter than those in the ACDF group (P < 0.05). The VAS scores at postoperative 1 week and final follow‐up were significantly improved compared with those before surgery. The JOA scores at postoperative 1 week and final follow‐up were significantly improved compared with those before surgery, but there was no significant difference between the two groups at the last follow‐up. The intervertebral disc height of the adjacent segment at the last follow‐up was significantly lower in the ACDF group than in the PPEUL group (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups in the intervertebral disc height of the surgical segment (P > 0.05). The rate of excellent and good results was 90.0% and 87.5%, respectively. Postoperative cervical CT and MRI showed that the spinal canal was fully decompressed and spinal cord compression was relieved. Conclusion: PPEUL has the advantages of reduced trauma, rapid recovery and remarkable curative efficacy, so it is a new choice for the treatment of CSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kondo transport associated with the magnetic field in parallel‐coupled double quantum dots (PDQDs) is theoretically investigated using the hierarchical‐equation‐of‐motion approach (HEOM). In this system, the interdot tunneling induces an effective antiferromagnetic interaction; thus, its ground state is an orbital singlet associated with approximately zero differential conductance. When an appropriate large magnetic field is applied, the two spins of the two dots have a possibility with a parallel arrangement, and thus the singlet and one of the triplets are degenerated. At the degenerate point, a distinct zero‐energy resonance peak appears, associated with significant differential conductance. The Kondo scale behavior at the degenerate point and the total and spin resolved spectral functions around the degenerate point are examined. The results confirm the spin‐1/2 Kondo resonance near the singlet‐triplet transition point. The differential conductance phase diagram, as well as thermoelectric transport, is also quantitatively presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most antiangiogenic inhibitors targeting endothelium‐dependent vessels cannot inhibit tumor growth but promote tumor invasion and metastasis in some patients. Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) employs mechanisms that differ from those used to construct endothelium‐dependent vessels. Inhibiting VM may be a novel antiangiogenic strategy against alternative tumor vascularization. In this paper, myricetin was selected from among several flavonoid compounds as an effective PAR1 antagonist. In two different hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines high‐expressed PAR1, myricetin inhibited cell migration, invasion and VM formation and reversed the expression of epithelial–endothelial transition (EET) markers by inhibiting PAR1 activation. Knockout of PAR1 inhibited HCC cell invasion and metastasis and weakened the inhibitory effect of myricetin on HCC cells. The migration, invasion and tube formation ability of PLC‐PRF‐5 cells were enhanced after PAR1 overexpression, and the inhibitory effect of myricetin was enhanced. A docking assay revealed that myricetin binds to Leu258 and Thr261 in the PAR1 activity pocket. Mutation of Leu258 and Thr261 inhibited the antitumor effect of myricetin in vitro and in vivo. In summary, myricetin reverses PAR1‐mediated EET and inhibits HCC cell invasion, metastasis, VM formation and angiogenesis by targeting PAR1, and Leu258 and Thr261 of PAR1 participate in VM and angiogenesis in HCC tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Flavones and isoflavones are recognized as privileged heterocyclic scaffolds for the preparation of bioactive compounds. Efficient methods to access these heterocycles are in urgent need. Herein, we report diversity‐oriented synthesis of flavones and isoflavones from 3‐iodochromones via palladium/norbornene cooperative catalysis. The success of this research relies on the use of a unique bridge‐head ester modified norbornene derivative as the mediator. Salient features of this include readily available starting materials regarding 3‐iodochromones, ortho‐C—H arylating and alkylating reagents and ipso‐terminating reagents, broad substrate scope, good chemoselectivity, good step‐economy and scalability. A large number of structurally diversified flavones, isoflavones and 2,3‐diarylated chromones can be quickly prepared in a predictable manner. As showcased by the efficient formal synthesis of umbralisib, this chemistry can be treated as another valuable addition to the toolbox of medicinal chemists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selective alkylation of 2‐indolylmethanols with 2‐methyl‐N‐heteroaromatics in the presence of perfluorooctanoic acid is herein demonstrated. This protocol features high regioselectivity, easy availability of raw materials and well tolerance of functional groups. This approach allows the formation of a range of hindered quaternary centers. More importantly, the present method offers efficient ways to introduce biologically important indole and quinoline skeleton into highly complex molecular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tadalafil is an effective, reversible, and competitive phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor mainly used to treat erectile dysfunction. This study investigated the bioequivalence of generic and marketed formulations of 10‐mg tadalafil tablets under fasted and fed conditions. This open‐label, randomized, single‐dose, 2‐period crossover study included 53 healthy Chinese men (aged 20‐43 years). Plasma samples were collected from 0.5 hours before treatment to 72 hours after each dose and analyzed using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis. Safety assessments were performed throughout the study. For the fasted state, the 90% confidence intervals of the geometric mean ratios between the generic and marketed formulations were 86.1% to 99.1% for the maximum plasma concentration and 88.4% to 100.3% for the area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to infinity, and the corresponding values under the fed state were and 99.9% to 108.4% and 95.7% to 104.3%, respectively. All data were within the accepted bioequivalence range of 80% to 125%. After consuming high‐fat, high‐calorie meals in the fed condition, the time to the maximum plasma concentration was similar between the formulations, and area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to infinity and maximum plasma concentration were 10.2% and 6.55% higher, respectively, for the marketed formulation. Thus, food had no clinically relevant effect on tadalafil exposure following a single oral dose in healthy Chinese men. No serious adverse reactions were reported. These results indicated that the analyzed generic and marketed tadalafil tablets were bioequivalent with similar safety profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yb(OTf)3 catalyzed synthesis of pyrazoles by cyclization of 1,3‐diarylpropynones with carbazates was reported. In the presence of K2S2O8/TBAI as catalyst, α,β‐alkynic hydrazone was obtained through the reactions from the same starting materials in up to 97% yields. Mechanistic studies indicated that propargyl hydrazone was not involved in pyrazole formation. The aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics of the pyrazoles were explored, demonstrating potential applications in the luminophoric materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a powerful tool for chemical compositional analyses, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) can reveal an abundance of information regarding the atomic‐level electron state in a variety of materials, including the elemental types as well as their valence and concentration distributions, and the structure‐related atom radial distribution. Benefiting from its unique capabilities and the newly developed advanced transmission electron microscope (TEM) configurations (i.e., in situ bias, in situ heating, cryo‐TEM, etc.), EELS has facilitated the battery studies in various aspects. Here, a brief introduction of EELS is provided. Thereafter, a description of the recent progress in studying battery materials using EELS is provided, and finally a look ahead on the future development of EELS techniques and their applications in battery studies is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenotypic plasticity is observed in many animal species and it is effective for them to cope with many types of environmental threats. The multicolored Asian ladybird Harmonia axyridis shows a cuticular pigmentation plasticity that can be rapidly induced by temperature changes, and in the form of changeable melanin spot patterns to adjust heat‐absorbing. Here, H. axyridis with thermal stimulation were selected for determining the molecular regulations behind it. First, we confirmed the melanin level changes of H. axyridis pupa could be induced by temperature, and then screened the efficient time window for thermal sensing of H. axyridis pre‐pupa; it is suggested that the late stage of pre‐pupa (late stage of 4th instar larva) is the critical period to sense thermal signals and adjust its pupal melanin spot area size to adapt to upcoming thermal conditions. The Ha‐ADC (aspartate decarboxylase) and Ha‐ebony (NBAD synthase) of aspartate‐β‐alanine‐NBAD pathway were then proved in regulation of cuticular melanization for pupa through RNA interference experiments; knockdown of these two genes enlarged the melanin spot size. Finally, we designed a random injection of Ha–ADC at different pre‐pupal stages, to further study the regulation window during this process. Combined with all evidence observed, we suggested the spot size determination can be regulated very close to the time point of pupation, and genes of the aspartate‐β‐alanine‐NBAD pathway play an important role at the molecular level. In brief, H. axyridis exhibits a flexible active physiological regulation through transcriptional modification to thermal changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an investigation on nonlinear forced vibration characteristics of a spinning shaft‐disk assembly resting on sliding bearing supports. Based on the Timoshenko beam theory and Kirchhoff plate theory, the coupled model of the rotor is established. The present model is validated through comparison with the experiment results for different structure parameters. Considering the gyroscopic effect and nonlinear oil film force, the equations of motion are derived by employing the Lagrange equation. Then, the modal synthesis method and the Runge‐Kutta method are adopted to obtain forced vibration responses of the spinning assembly. Special attention is paid to examine the effect of spinning speed on the nonlinear vibration behaviors of the shaft‐disk rotor system, which can play an especially important role in an actual project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stock selection for effective investment decisions is a valuable and attractive research interest for many years. Owing to the uncertainty and complexity of the stock market, many fuzzy multicriteria decision‐making (MCDM) methods were proposed to solve stock selection problems. However, these methods have difficulty in characterizing unreliable information, which is widespread in the stock market, and handling the non‐compensation among multiple criteria. In this paper, an innovative method is developed from the perspectives of information reliability and criterion non‐compensation to manage stock selection problems. First, the Z‐number, which is a powerful tool for describing real‐life information and identifying information reliability, is introduced to depict stock evaluation information. Second, the outranking degree of Z‐numbers is defined based on the fuzzy and probability information. Subsequently, some outranking aggregation and exploitation procedures are presented based on the idea of Elimination and Choice Translating Reality (ELECTRE) I to handle the non‐compensation among stock evaluation criteria. By integrating the above studies, a Z‐number ELECTRE I MCDM method is developed. Finally, a stock investment object selection problem is solved, and some discussions and analyses are conducted to testify the applicability and validity of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar‐driven water evaporation and valuable fuel generation is an environmentally friendly and sustainable way for clean water and energy production. However, a few bottlenecks for practical applications are high‐cost, low productivity, and severe sunlight angle dependence. Herein, solar evaporation with enhanced photocatalytic capacity that is light direction insensitive and of efficiency breakthrough by virtue of a three‐dimensional (3D) photothermal catalytic spherical isotopic evaporator is demonstrated. A homogeneous layer of microfluidic blow spun polyamide nanofibers loaded with efficient light absorber of polypyrrole nanoparticles conformally wraps onto a lightweight, thermal insulating plastic sphere, featuring favorable interfacial solar heating and efficient water transportation. The 3D spherical geometry not only guarantees the omnidirectional solar absorbance by the light‐facing hemisphere, but also keeps the other hemisphere under shadow to harvest energy from the warmer environment. As a result, the light‐to‐vapor efficiency exceeds the theoretical limit, reaching 217% and 156% under 1 and 2 sun, respectively. Simultaneously, CO2 photoreduction with generated steam reveals a favorable clean fuels production rate using photocatalytic spherical evaporator by secondary growth of Cu2O nanoparticles. Finally, an outdoor demonstration manifests a high evaporation rate and easy‐to‐perform construction on‐site, providing a promising opportunity for efficient and decentralized water and clean fuel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil temperature observations in permafrost regions are sparse, which limits our understanding and ability to map permafrost conditions at high spatial resolutions. In this study, we measured near‐surface soil temperatures (Tnss) at 107 sites from August 2016 to August 2017 in northern boreal and tundra areas in northwestern Canada. Active‐layer thickness (ALT), soil and vegetation conditions were also measured at these sites. Our observations show large variations in Tnss and ALT across an area with a similar climate. This high degree of spatial heterogeneity illustrates the importance of high‐resolution mapping of permafrost for infrastructure planning and understanding the impacts of permafrost thaw. Annual mean Tnss varied by 5–6°C among observation sites, which was mainly due to differences in Tnss in winter and spring, indicating the importance of snow conditions on determining landscape‐scale variation in near‐surface ground temperatures. ALT varied from about 30 cm to more than 120 cm. The variation in ALT among sites did not correlate with thawing season Tnss, but was associated with variation in soil conditions, especially the surface organic layer thickness. Freezing n‐factors varied significantly from site to site and among ecotypes, while thawing n‐factors were similar among sites, except bare soils. This study shows that ecotypes can be used to map ALT and Tnss at landscape scales in tundra areas, but the method is not as effective in the northern boreal region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The light–matter interaction not only is ubiquitous in nature but also can be simulated in various artificial systems. Besides the tunability of artificial quantum systems, the experimental access to the ultra‐strong and even deep‐strong couplings has brought a regime with novel phenomenology. Theoretically the finding of the integrability for the quantum Rabi model (QRM) has attracted tremendous attention to the study of the QRM and its extensions which are fundamental models of the light–matter interaction. With the continuing enhancements of coupling strengths, a most fascinating phenomenon of these light–matter models is that they can exhibit few‐body quantum phase transitions (QPTs), while a full understanding of these QPTs is a challenge. The polaron picture is a method capable of analyzing these fundamental models in the entire coupling regime and extracting the essential physics behind the QPTs. A review of its extensive applications on the fundamental light–matter models is presented, with discussions on the phase diagrams and QPT‐related features. The universality of critical exponent of the anisotropic QRM as well as the possibility of QPTs in A2 terms are also addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ladybird Harmonia axyridis is an insect that exhibits pupal attachment to plants, which facilitates development and environmental adaptation. The cremaster is highly specialized for this behavior. However, the underlying molecular regulation of the cremaster remains unclear; therefore, we performed experiments to investigate the transcriptional regulation of cremaster development. First, we examined the morphological structure of the cremaster to reveal its function in pupal attachment of H. axyridis. Next, we analyzed the Hox gene Ha‐Abd‐B using RNA interference (RNAi) to determine its function in regulating cremaster formation; Ha‐Abd‐B up‐regulation promoted effective pupal attachment, whereas successful RNAi caused severe down‐regulation of this gene, and pupae were unable to attach. Furthermore, successful RNAi and subsequent Ha‐Abd‐B down‐regulation caused phenotypic changes in cremaster structure, including its complete disappearance from some individuals. Finally, we observed unique development of the cremaster and dynamic expression of Ha‐Abd‐B during pre‐pupal development; consequently, we hypothesized that there was specific pre‐pupal development of the cremaster. Overall, based on these results, the specialized cremasteric structure located on the posterior side of H. axyridis was determined to be a key organ for pupal attachment. Cremaster identification in H. axyridis is regulated by Ha‐Abd‐B and exhibits preferential development. Pupal attachment of H. axyridis reveals an environmental adaptation of this species; thus, this study and future molecular studies will help determine the role of Hox genes in regulation of insect attachment and further our understanding of the multiple functions of Hox genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid phase electron microscopy (TEM) is used to track the formation of In2O3 ultrathin nanosheet in solution at atomic scale. This observation reveals that the formation of few atomic layer nanosheet goes through a complicated phase transition process from InCl3.3H2O to In(OH)3 and then to In2O3. Interestingly, the intermediate InCl3.3H2O nanosheet can grow via either layer by layer or the strain‐driven enation growth from precursor solution. Moreover, in situ TEM results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that the oleylamine is responsible for the self‐peeling process. These findings can provide atomic‐level insight for the understanding of how 2D nanomaterial grows and transforms in solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the protective effects of genistein against SH-SY5Y cell damage induced by β-amyloid 25-35 peptide (Aβ25-35 ) and the underlying mechanisms. Aβ-induced neuronal death, apoptosis, glutamate receptor subunit expression, Ca2+ ion concentration, amino acid transmitter concentration, and apoptosis-related factor expression were evaluated to determine the effects of genistein on Aβ-induced neuronal death and apoptosis. The results showed that genistein increased the survival of SH-SY5Y cells and decreased the level of apoptosis induced by Aβ25-35 . In addition, genistein reversed the Aβ25-35 -induced changes in amino acid transmitters, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptors, and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits in SH-SY5Y cells. Aβ25-35 -induced changes in Ca2+ and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) protein and gene levels in cells were also reversed by genistein. Our data suggest that genistein protects against Aβ25-35 -induced damage in SH-SY5Y cells, possibly by regulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and Ca2+ influx through ionotropic glutamate receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein we report a highly enantioselective kinetic resolution of tertiary benzyl alcohols via palladium/chiral norbornene cooperative catalysis. With simple aryl iodides as the resolution reagent, a wide range of readily available racemic tertiary benzyl alcohols are applicable to this method. Both chiral tertiary benzyl alcohols and benzo[c]chromene products are obtained in good to excellent enantioselectivities (selectivity factor up to 544). The appealing synthetic utility of the obtained enantioenriched tertiary alcohols is demonstrated by the facile preparation of several valuable chiral heterocycles. Preliminary mechanism studies include DFT calculations to explain the origin of enantiodiscrimination and control experiments to uncover the formation of a transient axial chirality during the kinetic resolution step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]