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In an effort to find alternatives to paraquat for weed control and basal foliage removal in hops (Hummus lupulus L.), due to regulatory and safety concerns, a study was conducted across Oregon and Washington in 2020 and 2021. The study compared the efficacy of tiafenacil and tolpyralate against a nontreated control and carfentrazone. Applications were made early when hops were 2‐ to 3‐m tall (early), and at over 4 m (late). Tiafenacil showed 55%–85% effectiveness in basal foliage control, slightly higher than carfentrazone, and did not cause crop injury. Tiafenacil at 50 and 100 g a.i. ha−1 controlled Lolium multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot (63%). The mixture of tiafenacil and tolpyralate controlled 80% of L. multiflorum, Cirsium arvense L., and Bassia Scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott. In all cases, control was followed by weed regrowth. No signs of crop injury were observed in any of the studies with tiafenacil. Early applications of tiafenacil reduced yield between 0% and 40% relative to the nontreated control. Late applications of tolpyralate and tiafenacil did not significantly reduce yield. Tolpyralate was as effective as carfentrazone for weed control and basal foliage removal. Early applications of tolpyralate reduced plant height and yield relative to the nontreated control and consistently induced phytochemical injury. Tolpyralate yield reductions ranged from 0% to 84% relative to the nontreated control, depending on the trial. A mixture of tolpyralate and tiafenacil was the most effective treatment tested. We conclude that both tiafenacil and tolpyralate are safe for sucker applications in hops, but careful timing is needed to reduce the risk of injury with tolpyralate. The mixture of tiafenacil and tolpyralate can improve weed control comparable to available options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on exploring the relationship between occupational health, rural industries, and social determinants of health. Topics include the creation of industry-specific databases, disparities in health outcomes between urban and rural areas, and opportunities for collaboration between occupational safety and health (OSH) and rural health communities to address rural worker health issues.

Stream macroinvertebrate assemblages are shaped by natural and human‐related factors that operate through complex hierarchical pathways. Quantifying these relationships can provide additional insights into stream ecological assessment. We applied a structural equation modeling framework to evaluate hypothesized pathways by which watershed, riparian, and in‐stream factors affect benthic macroinvertebrate condition in the Western Mountains (WMT) and Xeric (XER) ecoregions in the United States. We developed a conceptual model grounded in theory, empirical evidence, and expert opinion to evaluate the following hypotheses: (1) macroinvertebrate assemblages are primarily driven by proximal, in‐stream factors (e.g., water quality and physical habitat); (2) anthropogenic land uses affect macroinvertebrates indirectly by altering in‐stream characteristics; and (3) riparian vegetation cover attenuates land use effects. We tested our model separately on three measures of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage condition: ratio of observed‐to‐expected taxonomic richness (O/E); a multimetric index (MMI); and richness of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera taxa (EPT). In the WMT, site‐level riparian cover, in‐stream physical habitat (relative bed stability), and water chemistry (total nitrogen) were the top three predictors of macroinvertebrate assemblages, each having over two times the magnitude of effect on macroinvertebrates compared with watershed‐level predictors. In the arid XER, annual precipitation and stream flow characteristics were top predictors of macroinvertebrate assemblages and had similar magnitudes of effect as in‐stream water chemistry. Path analyses revealed that land use activities in the watershed and at the stream site degraded macroinvertebrate assemblages indirectly by altering relative bed stability, water quality, and riparian cover/complexity. Increased riparian cover was associated with greater macroinvertebrate condition by reducing land use impacts on stream flow, streambed substrate, and water quality, but the pathways differed among ecoregions. In the WMT, site‐level riparian cover affected macroinvertebrate assemblages partly through indirect pathways associated with greater streambed stability and reduced total nitrogen concentrations. In contrast, in the XER, watershed‐level riparian cover affected macroinvertebrate assemblages through greater specific stream power. Identifying the relative effects of and pathways by which natural and anthropogenic factors affect macroinvertebrates can serve as a framework for prioritizing management and conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Channel dimensions (width and depth) at varying flows influence a host of instream ecological processes, as well as habitat and biotic features; they are a major consideration in stream habitat restoration and instream flow assessments. Models of widths and depths are often used to assess climate change vulnerability, develop endangered species recovery plans, and model water quality. However, development and application of such models require specific skillsets and resources. To facilitate acquisition of such estimates, we created a dataset of modeled channel dimensions for perennial stream segments across the conterminous United States. We used random forest models to predict wetted width, thalweg depth, bankfull width, and bankfull depth from several thousand field measurements of the National Rivers and Streams Assessment. Observed channel widths varied from <5 to >2000 m and depths varied from <2 to >125 m. Metrics of watershed area, runoff, slope, land use, and more were used as model predictors. The models had high pseudo R2 values (0.70–0.91) and median absolute errors within ±6% to ±21% of the interquartile range of measured values across 10 stream orders. Predicted channel dimensions can be joined to 1.1 million stream segments of the 1:100 K resolution National Hydrography Dataset Plus (version 2.1). These predictions, combined with a rapidly growing body of nationally available data, will further enhance our ability to study and protect aquatic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, and human health impacts are critical environmental challenges resulting from excess nitrogen and phosphorus in surface waters. Yet we have limited information regarding how wetland characteristics mediate water quality across watershed scales. We developed a large, novel set of spatial variables characterizing hydrological flowpaths from wetlands to streams, that is, "wetland hydrological transport variables," to explore how wetlands statistically explain the variability in total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations across the Upper Mississippi River Basin (UMRB) in the United States. We found that wetland flowpath variables improved landscape‐to‐aquatic nutrient multilinear regression models (from R2 = 0.89 to 0.91 for TN; R2 = 0.53 to 0.84 for TP) and provided insights into potential processes governing how wetlands influence watershed‐scale TN and TP concentrations. Specifically, flowpath variables describing flow‐attenuating environments, for example, subsurface transport compared to overland flowpaths, were related to lower TN and TP concentrations. Frequent hydrological connections from wetlands to streams were also linked to low TP concentrations, which likely suggests a nutrient source limitation in some areas of the UMRB. Consideration of wetland flowpaths could inform management and conservation activities designed to reduce nutrient export to downstream waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Interpersonal hopelessness (IH), as outlined in the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide, is theorized to include two correlated, distinct constructs: hopelessness about one's thwarted belongingness (IH‐TB) and about perceived burdensomeness on others (IH‐PB). Few studies have explored IH, and none have explored its temporal stability or prospective prediction of suicidal desire. Methods: Undergraduates (N = 43) selectively recruited for past‐2‐week suicidal ideation completed five ecological momentary assessment surveys per day for 10‐days. Intraclass correlations, root mean square of successive differences, and multilevel models were used to examine the data and test relationships among predictor variables. Results: IH‐TB and IH‐PB demonstrated greater temporal stability than general hopelessness. IH‐TB, IH‐PB, and their interaction were significant predictors of suicidal desire concurrently and prospectively. IH‐PB was no longer significantly predictive of suicidal desire when adjusting for general hopelessness. Post‐hoc models showed that suicidal desire was not predictive of IH‐TB, IH‐PB, or their interaction suggesting the relationship is not recursive. Conclusion: Results showed that interventions aimed at decreasing one's hopelessness specific to TB and PB may be beneficial for decreasing suicidal desire. Future research should seek to replicate these results in larger and more diverse samples and consider the use of shorter ambulatory assessment intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Method Results Conclusion The development of evidence‐based treatments relies on accurate theoretical frameworks sensitive to the lived realities of the populations from which they are derived. Yet, the perspectives of Black youth are vastly underrepresented in extant theories of suicidal behavior. Cultural Consensus Modeling provides an evidence‐based approach for developing a culturally informed understanding of suicide risk among Black youth.Participants were 50 Black adolescents (Mage = 16.20 years; 76.0% male) who completed Phase 1 of a Cultural Consensus Modeling study. Participants freely listed reasons for suicide and reasons for living among similar peer Black youth. Responses were synthesized and coded for major themes.The most common reasons for suicide were racism (40%), depression (32%), poverty (26%), and bullying (22%). The most common reasons for living were family (58%), having a purpose or goals (36%), friends (30%), and hope for a better future (26%).Responses highlighted issues of racism and social justice, depression, and poverty, as well as the protective role of relationships, living for the future, and contributing to Black empowerment. Future research should utilize Cultural Consensus Modeling to elevate the voices of Black youth, improving extant theories of suicide, and identifying unique mechanisms or opportunities for prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patterns of larval food plant use and immature stage morphology help clarify Neotropical butterfly species diversity, and, in many cases, lineages identified with molecular data are corroborated by morphology and ecology of immature stages. Here, we investigate cryptic species in Adelpha butterflies (Nymphalidae), a group known for challenging adult wing similarity coupled with mimicry, and for its remarkably wide larval food plant breadth. We focus on the Adelpha serpa‐group and in particular Adelpha serpa celerio, whose immatures have been documented feeding on 11 plant families. Our analyses of A. serpa, and among serpa‐group species across the Neotropics, revealed evidence of cryptic species, but the pattern within A. serpa celerio showed relatively weak mtDNA and morphological differences, and no differentiation in food plant use. We conclude that A. serpa should be revised and recognize A. serpa to include the nominate subspecies and recognize A. celerio (revised status) as a geographically widespread species and a larval food plant generalist that contains A. c. celerio (revised status), A. c. duiliae (revised status) and A. c. diadochus (revised status). Four additional species within the serpa‐group show strong evidence of harbouring allopatric cryptic species, and further research should be done to clarify their species limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decision makers need to know the drivers of surface water phosphorus (P) concentrations, the environmental factors that mediate P loading in freshwater systems, and where pollution sources and mediating factors are co‐located to inform water quality restoration efforts. To provide this information, publicly available spatial data sets of P pollution sources and relevant environmental variables, like temperature, precipitation, and agricultural soil erodibility, were matched with >7,000 stream and lake total P observations throughout the conterminous United States. Using three statistical approaches, consisting of (a) correlation, (b) regression, and (c) machine learning techniques, we identified likely drivers of P concentrations. Surface water concentrations in streams were more strongly correlated and effectively predicted by annual fertilizer and manure input rates and agricultural legacy sources compared to that of lakes. This observation suggests that streams may be more immediately responsive to improvements in agricultural nutrient management. In contrast, lake concentrations, though still positively associated with agricultural input and surplus variables, may be more influenced by historic erosional inputs, internal lake recycling, and other environmental factors. Thus, lake TP concentrations may not be as immediately responsive as streams to improvements in phosphorus management. Both stream and lake P concentrations will potentially increase because of warming temperatures and forest recovering from past acidification, putting even further pressure on existing water quality restoration efforts to meet nutrient loading reduction targets. The identified spatial data sets and relationships elucidated in this effort can inform the placement and development of watershed restoration strategies to reduce excess P in aquatic systems. Plain Language Summary: Over the past century, increasing agricultural production and urbanization increased the amount of phosphorus entering lakes and streams across the United States. Increased nutrient inputs have degraded water quality, and substantial effort has been put into decreasing phosphorus loads to surface water. Decision makers need to know the drivers of lake and stream phosphorus concentrations and the environmental factors (e.g., soil characteristics, precipitation, temperature, etc.) that moderate phosphorus loss to surface water to optimize restoration plans and consider future challenges. This work highlights that stream concentrations may be more immediately responsive to improvements in farm nutrient management, but like lakes, the loss of legacy phosphorus from erodible soils may delay or even offset anticipated improvements. Future climate change, particularly increases in air temperature, will likely result in increased phosphorus concentration in lakes and streams thus putting further pressure on rural and urban stakeholders to decrease phosphorus loss. The statistical evidence summarized in this work, combined with the publicly available maps of pollution sources and environmental factors, can help guide watershed managers on where and how to implement watershed restoration plans, communicate expected watershed responses to management actions, and anticipate future challenges in the Anthropocene. Key Points: Three statistical techniques identified major environmental and anthropogenic drivers of lake and stream phosphorus concentrationsStreams may be more responsive to shifts in nutrient inputs, whereas lakes will likely show a lagged response due to internal recyclingWarming temperatures and more intense summertime precipitation will likely increase aquatic phosphorus concentrations in the future [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bereavement during childhood is associated with elevated rates of suicide‐related behaviours among youth. However, no interventions explicitly address suicidal ideation among bereaved youth. The Supporting Grieving Teens (SGT) programme was created as a preventive intervention to reduce suicide risk among bereaved youth. Methods: This preliminary open trial evaluated the feasibility, acceptability and preliminary outcomes of the SGT intervention among a sample of bereaved adolescents. Participants were 32 adolescents, 12–17 years of age (M = 14.44, SD = 1.56; 87.5% female, 31.3% Hispanic, 31.3% African American/Black and 25.0% non‐Hispanic White), seeking bereavement‐related services at a trauma and grief speciality outpatient clinic. Participants completed a two‐session web‐assisted intervention prior to enrolling in standard outpatient therapy. Results: There was a high rate of completion of the intervention, with 93.8% of those who provided assent completing both intervention sessions. Youth reported high levels of satisfaction with the intervention. Preliminary evaluation of outcomes demonstrated that the intervention was associated with small but significant reductions in thwarted belongingness and suicide ideation over the course of treatment and follow‐up. However, reliable change indices indicated reliable improvements for only a subset of participants. Limitations: This study utilised an open trial design without a control group, and so causality cannot be inferred. Additional limitations include the small sample size and limited variability in suicidal ideation in the sample. Conclusions: The intervention shows promise as a brief, web‐assisted psychosocial intervention for activating youths' existing social support networks. Further research is needed to more rigorously evaluate the intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River and stream conservation programs have historically focused on a single spatial scale, for example, a watershed or stream site. Recently, the use of landscape information (e.g., land use and land cover) at multiple spatial scales and over large spatial extents has highlighted the importance of incorporating a landscape perspective into stream protection and restoration activities. Previously, we developed a novel framework that links information about watershed‐, catchment‐, and reach‐scale integrity with stream biological condition using scatterplots and a landscape integrity map. Here we examined an application of this approach for streams in urban and other settings in King County, Washington State, United States, where we related stream macroinvertebrate condition to two indices of landscape integrity, the US Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) nationally available Index of Watershed Integrity (IWI) and Index of Catchment Integrity (ICI). We generated a scatterplot of IWI versus ICI for sample sites, where points represented site macroinvertebrate condition from poor to good. The same data were also visualized as a landscape integrity map that displayed catchments of King County according to the level of watershed and catchment integrity (high or low IWI/ICI). Almost three‐quarters of poor‐condition sites were associated with high‐integrity watersheds and catchments (i.e., underperforming sites), which suggested that either one or both national indicators were insufficient for this area, and that sites underperformed because of local‐scale factors. In response, we used a catchment‐scale indicator related to forest condition (PctForestCat) after examining several GIS‐based dispersal indicators from the National Hydrography Dataset and other candidates from the USEPA's StreamCat dataset. We then compared the results of the scatterplots and maps based on the current and original analyses and found that many of the sites previously classified as underperforming now performed as expected, that is, they were poor‐condition sites in poor‐condition catchments. This analysis demonstrates how results based on a national dataset can be improved by developing an alternative that represents regionally important stressors. The methods used to develop an effective landscape indicator based on StreamCat datasets, and the utility of the multiscale approach, could provide important tools for prioritizing, optimizing, and communicating stream conservation actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) measures the small magnetic fields generated by current flow in neural networks, providing a noninvasive metric of brain function. MEG is well established as a powerful neuroscientific and clinical tool. However, current instrumentation is hampered by cumbersome cryogenic field‐sensing technologies. In contrast, MEG using optically pumped magnetometers (OPM‐MEG) employs small, lightweight, noncryogenic sensors that provide data with higher sensitivity and spatial resolution, a natural scanning environment (including participant movement), and adaptability to any age. However, OPM‐MEG is new and the optimum way to design a system is unknown. Here, we construct a novel, 90‐channel triaxial OPM‐MEG system and use it to map motor function during a naturalistic handwriting task. Results show that high‐precision magnetic field control reduced background fields to ∼200 pT, enabling free participant movement. Our triaxial array offered twice the total measured signal and better interference rejection compared to a conventional (single‐axis) design. We mapped neural oscillatory activity to the sensorimotor network, demonstrating significant differences in motor network activity and connectivity for left‐handed versus right‐handed handwriting. Repeatability across scans showed that we can map electrophysiological activity with an accuracy ∼4 mm. Overall, our study introduces a novel triaxial OPM‐MEG design and confirms its potential for high‐performance functional neuroimaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (ITS) implicates thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness as casually related to suicide desire. The self‐report Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ) is the most commonly used measure to assess belongingness and burdensomeness, including in youth. No parent‐report version of the INQ exists. The current study adapted the ten‐item version of the INQ (INQ‐10) for parent report of youth belongingness and burdensomeness, thereby moving ITS research in youth to a multi‐informant measurement approach, and examined its factor structure and convergent and concurrent validity. Methods: Participants were 168 clinic‐referred youths ages 9–17 years (58.9% female; Mage = 11.91) and their parents. Results: Findings supported a two‐factor structure of the parent INQ. In support of convergent and concurrent validity, parent‐reported belongingness and burdensomeness were significantly associated with youth‐reported belongingness and burdensomeness, suicide ideation, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and impairment. Conclusions: The current study provides initial support the INQ‐parent version as a valid measure to complement youth self‐reports of belongingness and burdensomeness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study describes the prevalence of suicidal ideation (SI) during acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy and investigates the influence of clinical factors and physical symptoms on SI.Methods: The Children's Depressive Inventory (CDI-2) was administered to ALL patients (diagnosed 2012-2017) at start of consolidation, delayed intensification (DI), maintenance cycle 1 (MC1), and maintenance cycle 2 (MC2) in a multi-site study. SI was present if patients endorsed the item "I want to kill myself." Logistic regression models evaluated associations between SI and sociodemographic factors; depressive symptoms; and below average, average, and above average symptom clusters identified using latent class analysis of pain, nausea, fatigue, and sleep.Results: Participants (n = 175) were 51% male, 75% high-/very high-risk disease, with a median age of 11.2 years at diagnosis (range: 7-18 years). Overall, 14.9% of patients (75% under age 12 years) endorsed SI during treatment, including 4% at start of consolidation, 9% at DI, 8% at MC1, and 4% at MC2. Non-Hispanic Other patients were 10.9-times (95% CI: 2.30-53.40) more likely than non-Hispanic Whites to endorse SI (p = 0.003). The frequency of SI was higher in patients experiencing above average (53.3%) compared to below average (4.1%, p = 0.003) symptoms. Depressive symptoms were consistently associated with SI.Conclusions: SI during the initial year of childhood ALL was more prevalent in children under the age of 12 years, from ethnic groups not typically associated with increased risk, and who endorsed increased physical and depressive symptoms. Findings highlight the need for improved screening of mental health problems to mitigate symptoms of distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Existing CBT protocols for internalizing disorders target thoughts and behaviors related to anxiety and/or depression, but do not explicitly target other identified risk factors for suicide ideation, including perceived burdensomeness toward others. The aims of the current study were to (1) develop a novel, brief module (the "Give program") targeting perceived burdensomeness toward others that can be embedded within existing CBT protocols for youth internalizing disorders, (2) evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of the module with an eye toward intervention refinement, and (3) examine reductions in perceived burdensomeness. Methods: Participants were 18 clinic‐referred youths with anxiety or depressive disorders who endorsed burdensomeness. We used a quasi‐experimental interrupted time‐series design to evaluate changes in burdensomeness scores following the administration of the module. Results: The module was clinically feasible and well‐accepted. Youth burdensomeness scores increased in the first half of the CBT protocol and decreased immediately following the administration of the Give program module. Burdensomeness scores were significantly associated with suicide ideation. Conclusion: The current study is the first to develop and evaluate a module targeting burdensomeness in at‐risk youth in an outpatient setting, demonstrating that burdensomeness can be efficiently and effectively targeted within existing evidence‐based treatment protocols for internalizing disorders in youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lake water levels are integral to lake function, but hydrologic changes from land and water management may alter lake fluctuations beyond natural ranges. We constructed a conceptual model of multifaceted drivers of lake water levels and evaporation‐to‐inflow ratio (Evap : Inflow). Using a structural equation modeling framework, we tested our model on (1) a national subset of lakes in the conterminous United States with minimal water management to describe natural drivers of lake hydrology and (2) five ecoregional subsets of lakes to explore regional variation in water management effects. Our model fits the national and ecoregional datasets and explained up to 47% of variation in Evap : Inflow, 38% of vertical water level decline, and 79% of horizontal water level decline (littoral exposure). For lakes with minimal water management, Evap : Inflow was related to lake depth (β = −0.31) and surface inflow (β = −0.44); vertical decline was related to annual climate (e.g., precipitation β = −0.18) and water management (β = −0.21); and horizontal decline was largely related to vertical decline (β = 0.73) and lake morphometry (e.g., depth β = −0.18). Anthropogenic effects varied by ecoregion and likely reflect differences in regional water management and climate. In the West, water management indicators were related to greater vertical decline (β = 0.38), whereas in the Midwest, these indicators were related to more stable and full lake levels (β = −0.22) even during drought conditions. National analyses show how human water use interacts with regional climate resulting in contrasting impacts to lake hydrologic variation in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Politics entails personal costs and benefits, which may differ for youth from different sociocultural backgrounds. The at‐stake hypothesis proposes that politically marginalized youth experience greater costs (e.g., stress, conflict) and benefits (e.g., empowerment) related to politics, whereas the at‐risk hypothesis proposes that politically marginalized youth experience greater costs but lower benefits. In Study 1, we examined the factor structure of a new political costs and benefits measure among youth (N = 1,056, Mage = 15.91 years) and tested mental health and demographic correlates. Consistent with the at‐stake hypothesis, marginalized youth experienced greater political costs and benefits than non‐marginalized youth, although findings were nuanced. In Study 2, a sub‐sample of participants (N = 191, Mage = 16.05 years) were recontacted from Study 1 to provide written explanations for why specific findings emerged. Adolescents' reasons indicated that laws and policies disproportionately affect youth from marginalized populations, thus producing both negative and positive political experiences [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc has the potential for widespread use as an environmentally friendly and cost‐effective anode material pending the resolution of rechargeability issues caused by active material loss and shape change. Here, a self‐assembled Nafion‐coated Celgard 3501 (NC‐Celgard) separator is shown to enable unprecedented cycle life of a Zn anode in alkaline electrolyte at high depth‐of‐discharge (DODZn). Using commercially relevant energy‐dense electrodes with high areal capacities of 60 mAh cm–2, Zn–Ni cells tested at 20% DODZn cells achieve over 200 cycles while 50% DODZn cells achieve over 100 cycles before failure. The 20% and 50% DOD cells deliver an average of 132 and 180 Wh L–1 per cycle over their lifetime respectively. Rechargeability is attributed to the highly selective diffusion properties of the 300 nm thick negatively charged Nafion coating on the separator which prevents shorting by dendrites and inhibits redistribution of the active material. Crossover experiments show that the NC‐Celgard separator is practically impermeable to zincate ([Zn(OH)4]2–), outperforming commercial Celgard, cellophane, Nafion 211 and 212 separators while still allowing hydroxide transport. This work demonstrates the efficacy of selective separators for increasing the cycle life of energy‐dense Zn electrodes without adding significant volume or complexity to the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: As suicide risk screening becomes more common in healthcare settings, geospatial coding of behavioral health data may offer a means for identifying areas of elevated suicide risk for use in public health prevention efforts. The present study demonstrates an analytic approach for using universal suicide risk screening data to identify areas of elevated suicide risk.Method: Data were drawn from standard suicide risk screens recorded in electronic health records of a large pediatric emergency department. A total of 12,400 suicide risk screening responses were recorded, among youth aged 11-19 years (mean = 14.60, SD = 2.16; 57.2% girls, 47.8% Hispanic/Latinx, 72.1% White). A total of 86 unique ZIP codes had at least 50 completed screens, representing 9139 respondents.Results: Rates of positive screens ranged from 6.17% to 31.03% (mean = 18.33, SD = 5.14) for any suicide-related behavior and from 0.0% to 19.61% (mean = 9.14, SD = 3.43) for suicide attempt. Rates of positive screens approximated a normal distribution.Conclusions: Results demonstrated several areas with elevated rates of positive suicide risk screens, within the hospital catchment area. The proposed method capitalizes on large-scale screening data, provides an estimate of areas of relative increased risk, and may be used to inform public health responses to suicide prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study evaluated the factor structure, internal consistency reliability, construct and criterion validity, and measurement invariance of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ) among adolescents. Method: Participants (N = 539) included three distinct samples of youth drawn from two outpatient psychology clinics and an inpatient psychiatric unit. The combined sample was 63.3% female and had a mean age of 14.95 years (SD = 1.31 years). All participants completed the INQ as well as measures of depressive symptoms and suicide ideation. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the removal of three items from the thwarted belongingness subscale of the INQ was needed to achieve acceptable model fit. The resulting combined 12‐item scale demonstrated good factor structure, internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and criterion validity. The modified 12‐item INQ also demonstrated scalar invariance across subgroups defined by sex, race, and age. Conclusions: Findings support the use of this reduced 12‐item version of the INQ among adolescents. Youth may have difficulty accurately responding to changes in item valence; thus, future research with youth should consider using a 12‐item version of the INQ that avoids valence changes within subscales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The current study examines components of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide as mediators of the association between attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and suicide ideation in college students with elevated depressive symptoms. Specifically, indirect effects of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness were simultaneously evaluated on the association between self‐reported ADHD symptoms and suicide ideation, controlling for gender and levels of depression. Method: Participants were 217 college students with elevated depressive symptoms (Mage = 20.72 years old; SD = 3.74) who participated in a larger study on mood and well‐being. The sample was predominantly female (77.9% female) and Hispanic (72.7%). Results: In a multivariate mediation model controlling for gender and depressive symptoms, there were significant indirect effects of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness on the association between self‐reported ADHD symptoms and suicide ideation. Conclusion: Perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness may represent promising targets for preventing suicide ideation in individuals with elevated ADHD symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder (PCBD) Checklist was constructed to facilitate the developmentally sensitive assessment of proposed PCBD criteria in bereaved children and adolescents 8-18 years of age. Initial analyses of the PCBD Checklist provided support for the hypothesized two-factor model. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the measurement invariance of the PCBD Checklist with respect to gender (boys and girls), race/ethnicity (White, Black, and Hispanic youth), and age (school age, preadolescent, and adolescent youth). Participants were 594 youth (50.4% female) aged 7-18 years (M = 11.91, SD = 2.80) who were evaluated as part of standard care at a community-based grief support center. Youth self-identified as Hispanic (n = 184, 30.8%), non-Hispanic white (n = 179, 30.0%), and African American/Black (n = 136, 22.8%). A series of stepwise, multigroup confirmatory factor analyses provided evidence in support of the PCBD Checklist's measurement invariance for all three groups concerning configural invariance, metric invariance, and scalar invariance. These results suggest that PCBD Checklist Criterion B and C scores are measuring similar latent variables, to a similar degree, across gender, race/ethnicity, and age. Establishing the cross-group equivalence of the PCBD Checklist is an important endorsement of its generalizability and clinical utility in that it can be administered to diverse populations with confidence that it is measuring proposed PCBC diagnostic criteria similarly across subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Active Inhibition Scale (AIS; Ayers, Sandler, & Twohey, 1998) is an 11-item, self-report measure of emotional suppression among children and adolescents. Previous research with the AIS has linked emotional suppression to several clinically significant outcomes, such as posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and suicide, among trauma-exposed and bereaved youth; however, there are no published evaluations of its psychometric properties. We examined the factor structure and criterion validity of the AIS in two samples. Sample 1 included youth (M = 12.22 years, SD = 2.96, range: 6-18 years; 55.4% female) referred to an outpatient psychology clinic specializing in childhood trauma and grief. Sample 2 included youth (M = 13.18 years, SD = 2.58, range: 8-18 years; 61.8% female) referred to a community grief counseling center. Confirmatory factor analytic results supported a one-factor solution, Cronbach's α = .94. Additionally, AIS scores correlated positively with PTSS, depression, and maladaptive grief, rs = .43-.64. Evidence of factorial invariance was found across gender, race/ethnicity, and age group. Emotional suppression scores were higher among girls compared to boys, Black and Hispanic youth compared to White youth, and older compared to younger age groups. The magnitude of correlations between AIS and symptom measure scores was comparable across groups. These results support the reliability and criterion validity of the AIS with diverse youth populations and underscore the role that emotional suppression may play in explaining group differences in mental health symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate the first use of Optically Pumped Magnetoencephalography (OP‐MEG) in an epilepsy patient with unrestricted head movement. Current clinical MEG uses a traditional SQUID system, where sensors are cryogenically cooled and housed in a helmet in which the patient's head is fixed. Here, we use a different type of sensor (OPM), which operates at room temperature and can be placed directly on the patient's scalp, permitting free head movement. We performed OP‐MEG recording in a patient with refractory focal epilepsy. OP‐MEG‐identified analogous interictal activity to scalp EEG, and source localized this activity to an appropriate brain region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Childhood bereavement is linked to suicide‐related behaviors in adolescence and adulthood, but candidate mechanisms through which bereavement may lead to suicide‐related behaviors have not been explored. One candidate pathway is that grief reaction arising from bereavement lead to increased perceived burdensomeness and/or thwarted belongingness, resulting in increased suicide ideation. This cross‐sectional study of bereaved adolescents explored indirect effects between grief reactions as distal predictors, perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness as proximal predictors, and suicide ideation. Method: Participants were 58 bereaved youth, 12–17 years of age (mean = 14.21, SD = 1.65; 81.0% female; 51.7% Hispanic, 17.2% African American, and 22.4% Caucasian), and their parents/guardians seeking services at a trauma and grief specialty outpatient clinic. Results: The indirect effect of grief reactions on suicide ideation via thwarted belongingness, but not perceived burdensomeness, was statistically significant. Conclusions: Clinicians may wish to consider signs of thwarted belongingness as possible indicators of suicide risk among bereaved youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of theoretically and empirically supported correlates of suicide ideation is important to improve treatment approaches to suicide. This study sought to examine the association between interpersonal trust (theoretically conceptualized as a distal risk marker) and suicide ideation in adolescence. Specifically, it was hypothesized that interpersonal trust would be negatively associated with suicide ideation via perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness (conceptualized as more proximal risk markers). Data were drawn from a cross-sectional sample of 387 adolescent inpatients between the ages of 12 and 17 years (M = 14.72, SD = 1.49). The sample was 63.6% female, 37.5% Hispanic, 26.9% African American/Black, and 25.8% Caucasian. Adolescents completed a series of self-report measures to assess thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, interpersonal trust, depressive symptoms, and suicide ideation. A structural equation model was fit to the data, and results demonstrated a significant indirect path from interpersonal trust to suicide ideation via perceived burdensomeness, but not thwarted belongingness. Results suggest that interpersonal trust may be a distal risk marker for suicide ideation and that interventions to increase interpersonal trust may help prevent the development of thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and suicide ideation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Being devoid of de novo protein synthesis capacity, red blood cells (RBCs) have evolved to recycle oxidatively damaged proteins via mechanisms that involve methylation of dehydrated and deamidated aspartate and asparagine residues. Here we hypothesize that such mechanisms are relevant to routine storage in the blood bank.Study Design and Methods: Within the framework of the REDS-III RBC-Omics (Recipient Epidemiology Donor Evaluation Study III Red Blood Cell-Omics) study, packed RBC units (n = 599) were stored under blood bank conditions for 10, 23, and 42 days and profiled for oxidative hemolysis and time-dependent metabolic dysregulation of the trans-sulfuration pathway.Results: In these units, methionine consumption positively correlated with storage age and oxidative hemolysis. Mechanistic studies show that this phenomenon is favored by oxidative stress or hyperoxic storage (sulfur dioxide >95%), and prevented by hypoxia or methyltransferase inhibition. Through a combination of proteomics approaches and 13 C-methionine tracing, we observed oxidation-induced increases in both Asn deamidation to Asp and formation of methyl-Asp on key structural proteins and enzymes, including Band 3, hemoglobin, ankyrin, 4.1, spectrin beta, aldolase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, biphosphoglycerate mutase, lactate dehydrogenase and catalase. Methylated regions tended to map proximal to the active site (e.g., N316 of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and/or residues interacting with the N-terminal cytosolic domain of Band 3.Conclusion: While methylation of basic amino acid residues serves as an epigenetic modification in nucleated cells, protein methylation at carboxylate side chains and deamidated asparagines is a nonepigenetic posttranslational sensor of oxidative stress and refrigerated storage in anucleated human RBCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that uses the process of quorum sensing (QS) to coordinate the expression of many virulence genes. During quorum sensing, N‐acyl‐homoserine lactone (AHL) signaling molecules regulate the activity of three LuxR‐type transcription factors, LasR, RhlR and QscR. To better understand P. aeruginosa QS signal reception, we examined the mechanism underlying the response of QscR to synthetic agonists and antagonists using biophysical and structural approaches. The structure of QscR bound to a synthetic agonist reveals a novel mode of ligand binding supporting a general mechanism for agonist activity. In turn, antagonists of QscR with partial agonist activity were found to destabilize and greatly impair QscR dimerization and DNA binding. These results highlight the diversity of LuxR‐type receptor responses to small molecule agonists and antagonists and demonstrate the potential for chemical strategies for the selective targeting of individual QS systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding and mapping the spatial variation in stream biological condition could provide an important tool for conservation, assessment, and restoration of stream ecosystems. The USEPA's 2008-2009 National Rivers and Streams Assessment ( NRSA) summarizes the percentage of stream lengths within the conterminous United States that are in good, fair, or poor biological condition based on a multimetric index of benthic invertebrate assemblages. However, condition is usually summarized at regional or national scales, and these assessments do not provide substantial insight into the spatial distribution of conditions at unsampled locations. We used random forests to model and predict the probable condition of several million kilometers of streams across the conterminous United States based on nearby and upstream landscape features, including human-related alterations to watersheds. To do so, we linked NRSA sample sites to the USEPA's StreamCat Dataset; a database of several hundred landscape metrics for all 1:100,000-scale streams and their associated watersheds within the conterminous United States. The StreamCat data provided geospatial indicators of nearby and upstream land use, land cover, climate, and other landscape features for modeling. Nationally, the model correctly predicted the biological condition class of 75% of NRSA sites. Although model evaluations suggested good discrimination among condition classes, we present maps as predicted probabilities of good condition, given upstream and nearby landscape settings. Inversely, the maps can be interpreted as the probability of a stream being in poor condition, given human-related watershed alterations. These predictions are available for download from the USEPA's StreamCat website. Finally, we illustrate how these predictions could be used to prioritize streams for conservation or restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conceptual model in which the associations between perceived burdensomeness and suicide ideation, and between thwarted belongingness and suicide ideation, are moderated by mindfulness was examined. Participants were 218 undergraduates (mean age = 20.81) with moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms. Mindfulness significantly moderated the association between perceived burdensomeness and suicide ideation; participants with thoughts of burdensomeness experienced lower levels of suicide ideation if they were high, as opposed to low, in mindfulness. Mindfulness did not significantly moderate the association between thwarted belongingness and suicide ideation. Implications for intervention and elaboration of the interpersonal psychological theory of suicide are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diverse radiations of insects are often associated with adaptations to host plants, and well-resolved phylogenetic relationships are required to fully understand them. Palearctic Argynnis and related subgenera, together with North American Speyeria butterflies make up a radiation whose species hypotheses are confounded by shared wing colour patterns between sympatric populations of closely related recognized species. Previous studies of this group indicate that Speyeria is a lineage within Argynnis, but sampling in these studies has either involved too few Speyeria species or incomplete sampling of Argynnis species. Thus, no comprehensive phylogenetic analysis exists for all members that answers the question of monophyly of Speyeria, or other subgeneric taxa, and their relationship to Argynnis species. We completed a phylogenetic analysis of all North American Speyeria species and all but one species within Argynnis, using one mitochondrial ( cytochrome c oxidase I, COI) and four nuclear genes [ elongation factor 1 alpha ( EF1α), wingless ( WG), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH), and ribosomal protein S5 ( RPS5)]. The results indicate three major lineages within Argynnis s.l.: two Palearctic and one containing both Palearctic and Nearctic species. In summary, the phylogenetic analyses suggest the need for reorganization into three natural groups: Argynnis, Fabriciana and Speyeria. Within each of these genera the phylogenetic hypothesis indicates an evolutionary history marked by rapid diversification and potential extinction, followed by ongoing lineage sorting. The position of North American Speyeria is nested within the Palearctic lineages, which indicates that the radiation began in Asia and was fuelled by existing Viola diversity in North America. Dating analyses of Viola and Speyeria corroborate this hypothesis. The current North American Speyeria species are mixed on the tree, indicating a recent and ongoing radiation. These results provide needed clarity on the evolution of this group, which contains species of conservation concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Laboratory technologies have highlighted the progressive accumulation of the so-called "storage lesion," a wide series of alterations to stored red blood cells (RBCs) that may affect the safety and effectiveness of the transfusion therapy. New improvements in the field are awaited to ameliorate this lesion, such as the introduction of washing technologies in the cell processing pipeline. Laboratory studies that have tested such technologies so far rely on observational qualitative or semiquantitative techniques.Study Design and Methods: A state-of-the-art quantitative proteomics approach utilizing quantitative concatamers (QconCAT) was used to simultaneously monitor fluctuations in the abundance of 114 proteins in AS-3 RBC supernatants (n = 5; 11 time points, including before and after leukoreduction, at 3 hours, on Days 1 and 2, and weekly sampling from Day 7 through Day 42).Results: Leukoreduction-dependent depletion of plasma proteins was observed at the earliest time points. A subset of proteins showed very high linear correlation (r(2)  > 0.9) not only with storage time, but also with absolute levels of hemoglobin α1 and β, a proxy for RBC hemolysis and vesiculation. Linear regression was performed to describe the temporal relationship between these proteins. Our findings suggest a role for supernatant glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; peroxiredoxin-1, -2, and -6; carbonic anhydrase-1 and -2; selenium binding protein-1; biliverdin reductase; aminolevulinate dehydratase; and catalase as potential biomarkers of RBC quality during storage.Conclusion: A targeted proteomics technology revealed novel biomarkers of the RBC storage lesion and promises to become a key analytical readout for the development and testing of alternative cell processing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed an extensive database of landscape metrics for ~2.65 million stream segments, and their associated catchments, within the conterminous United States (U.S.): The Stream-Catchment (StreamCat) Dataset. These data are publically available () and greatly reduce the specialized geospatial expertise needed by researchers and managers to acquire landscape information for both catchments (i.e., the nearby landscape flowing directly into streams) and full upstream watersheds of specific stream reaches. When combined with an existing geospatial framework of the Nation's rivers and streams (National Hydrography Dataset Plus Version 2), the distribution of catchment and watershed characteristics can be visualized for the conterminous U.S. In this article, we document the development and main features of this dataset, including the suite of landscape features that were used to develop the data, scripts and algorithms used to accumulate and produce watershed summaries of landscape features, and the quality assurance procedures used to ensure data consistency. The StreamCat Dataset provides an important tool for stream researchers and managers to understand and characterize the Nation's rivers and streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five versions of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire ( INQ), a self-report measure of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness, have been used in recent studies (including 10-, 12-, 15-, 18-, and 25-items). Findings regarding the associations between perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and suicidal ideation using different versions have been mixed, potentially due to differences in measurement scales. This study evaluated factor structure, internal consistency, and concurrent predictive validity of these five versions in three samples. Samples 1 and 2 were comprised of 449 and 218 undergraduates, respectively; Sample 3 included 114 adolescent psychiatric inpatients. All versions demonstrated acceptable internal consistency. The 10-item version and 15-item version demonstrated the best, most consistent model fit in confirmatory factor analyses. Both perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness consistently predicted concurrent suicidal ideation on the 10-item INQ only. Future research should consider using the 15-item or 10-item versions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid diversification is often associated with morphological or ecological adaptations that allow organisms to radiate into novel niches. Neotropical Adelpha butterflies, which comprise over 200 species and subspecies, are characterized by extraordinary breadth in host plant use and wing colour patterns compared to their closest relatives. To examine the relationship between phenotypic and species diversification, we reconstructed the phylogenetic history of Adelpha and its temperate sister genus Limenitis using genomewide restriction-site-associated DNA ( RAD) sequencing. Despite a declining fraction of shared markers with increasing evolutionary distance, the RAD-Seq data consistently generated well-supported trees using a variety of phylogenetic methods. These well-resolved phylogenies allow the identification of an ecologically important relationship with a toxic host plant family, as well as the confirmation of widespread, convergent wing pattern mimicry throughout the genus. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that evolutionary innovations in both larvae and adults have permitted the colonization of novel host plants and fuelled adaptive diversification within this large butterfly radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique optical properties of plasmon resonant nanostructures enable exploration of nanoscale environments using relatively simple optical characterization techniques. For this reason, the field of plasmonics continues to garner the attention of the biosensing community. Biosensors based on propagating surface plasmon resonances ( SPRs) in films are the most well-recognized plasmonic biosensors, but there is great potential for the new, developing technologies to surpass the robustness and popularity of film-based SPR sensing. This review surveys the current plasmonic biosensor landscape with emphasis on the basic operating principles of each plasmonic sensing technique and the practical considerations when developing a sensing platform with the various techniques. The 'gold standard' film SPR technique is reviewed briefly, but special emphasis is devoted to the up-and-coming localized surface plasmon resonance and plasmonically coupled sensor technology. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2015, 7:152-168. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1314 Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article. For further resources related to this article, please visit the . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stream temperature is thought to be a primary determinant of the macro-spatial distribution of stream biota, but we lack temperature data for most streams. Past research often relied on surrogates, such as altitude, latitude, catchment area ( ALCA) and air temperature to study biota-temperature relationships. However, temperature surrogates may not accurately represent the thermal environments experienced by the biota and could thus produce misleading inferences regarding such relationships., In the absence of observations, modelled stream temperature could improve both predictions and interpretations of stream biodiversity patterns. We tested this hypothesis by relating stream benthic invertebrate assemblage structure and composition at 92 reference-quality streams to ALCA, air temperature, modelled stream temperature and measured stream temperature, that is a progression from a coarse surrogate to directly measured water temperature. Modelled stream temperatures were obtained from a U.S.A.-wide model developed previously with data from 569 reference-quality sites. Variation in taxonomic composition, measured with an ordination, was strongly and almost identically associated with both modelled and measured stream temperature, but was less strongly associated with ALCA and air temperature., We also built predictive niche models to assess how choice of thermal metrics affected model performance. Model performance was measured as the precision with which each model predicted the number of taxa at a site (i.e. observed-to-expected taxon ratios). Niche models that contained modelled or measured stream temperature were more precise than those based on air temperature and ALCA. In addition, we compared the predicted probabilities of occurrence using niche models based on both modelled and measured stream temperatures. The two produced predicted probabilities of occurrence that were statistically indistinguishable for most (79%) taxa., Finally, we calculated thermal optima for each taxon as the abundance-weighted average of stream temperature at sites where each taxon occurred. Thermal optima produced with modelled and measured stream temperatures were almost identical., Large-scale models of stream temperature can be sufficiently accurate and precise to detect temperature-driven patterns in stream biodiversity and should be useful in predicting the effects of climate change and other human-caused thermal alterations on stream biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Occupational fatality rates among oil and gas extraction industry and specifically among drilling contractor workers are high compared to the U.S. all-industry average. There is scant literature focused on non-fatal injuries among drilling contractors, some of which have introduced engineering controls to improve rig efficiency and reduce injury risk. Methods We compared injury rates on new and old technology rigs operated by the largest U.S. drilling contractor during 2003-2012, stratifying by job type and grouping outcomes by injury severity and body part affected. Results Six hundred seventy-one injuries were recorded over 77.4 million person-hours. The rate on new rigs was 66% of that on old rigs. Roughnecks had lower injury rates on new rigs, largely through reduced limb injury rates. New rigs had lower rates in each non-fatal injury severity category. Conclusions For this company, new technology rigs appear to provide a safer environment for roughnecks. Future studies could include data from additional companies. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1188-1192, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context The interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide identifies perceived burdensomeness as a primary component of suicidal desire and a possible point of intervention for suicide prevention. A growing literature has explored the relationship between perceived burdensomeness and suicide-related behaviors. Objective The aim of this review is to integrate the evidence, identify critical gaps in the evidence-base, and explore implications for translation to prevention and intervention science. Methods Papers published that reported on the association between perceived burdensomeness and suicide-related behaviors were included. Results The literature indicates (a) significant cross-sectional associations between perceived burdensomeness and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts and (b) that perceived burdensomeness acts as either a moderator or a mediator of the association between risk and protective factors and suicide-related behaviors. Conclusion Research is needed to examine the longitudinal association between perceived burdensomeness and suicide-related behaviors, develop additional measurement approaches, generalize findings to other samples, and begin translating findings to prevention and intervention science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Hazard quotients based on a point-estimate comparison of exposure to a toxicity reference value (TRV) are commonly used to characterize risks for wildlife. Quotients may be appropriate for screening-level assessments but should be avoided in detailed assessments, because they provide little insight regarding the likely magnitude of effects and associated uncertainty. To better characterize risks to wildlife and support more informed decision making, practitioners should make full use of available dose-response data. First, relevant studies should be compiled and data extracted. Data extractions are not trivial-practitioners must evaluate the potential use of each study or its components, extract numerous variables, and in some cases, calculate variables of interest. Second, plots should be used to thoroughly explore the data, especially in the range of doses relevant to a given risk assessment. Plots should be used to understand variation in dose-response among studies, species, and other factors. Finally, quantitative dose-response models should be considered if they are likely to provide an improved basis for decision making. The most common dose-response models are simple models for data from a particular study for a particular species, using generalized linear models or other models appropriate for a given endpoint. Although simple models work well in some instances, they generally do not reflect the full breadth of information in a dose-response data set, because they apply only for particular studies, species, and endpoints. More advanced models are available that explicitly account for variation among studies and species, or that standardize multiple endpoints to a common response variable. Application of these models may be useful in some cases when data are abundant, but there are challenges to implementing and interpreting such models when data are sparse. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:3-11. © 2013 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theoretical model in which perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness were hypothesized to account for the association between sexual orientation and suicidal ideation among college students was tested. Among 198 college students (mean age 21.28 years), gay, lesbian, and bisexual students ( n = 50) reported significantly higher levels of perceived burdensomeness and suicidal ideation than heterosexual students. The relationship between sexual orientation and suicidal ideation was partially accounted for by perceived burdensomeness, but not thwarted belongingness. This indirect effect was stronger at higher levels of perceived or anticipated rejection due to one's sexual orientation. Implications for intervention and prevention science are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine low hedonic responsivity, a facet of hedonic capacity, as a potential explanatory variable in the relationship between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and depressive symptoms. Method: One hundred ninety-eight undergraduate students (mean age = 21.3, standard deviation = 4.6; 59.6% women) from a large, public university completed self-report measures for this cross-sectional study. Results: Results indicated that ADHD symptoms were significantly associated with depressive symptoms, and that low hedonic responsivity partially accounted for this association. This effect was statistically significant for total ADHD symptoms and inattentive symptoms, but not for hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. Conclusions: Findings are consistent with the possibility that impaired hedonic responsiveness may be a common endophenotype for depression and the inattentive symptoms of ADHD. Implications for future research and clinical work are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Factors distinguishing adolescents who experienced a precipitating event in the week preceding a suicidal crisis from those who did not were examined. Among 130 suicidal inpatients (mean age = 15.01 years), those who experienced a precipitating event reported significantly lower depressive symptom scores, better perceived problem solving, less suicidal intent, and a lower rate of prior suicide attempts than those without a precipitating event. Levels of trait impulsivity, suicidal ideation, and current attempt status did not differentiate groups. Findings provide preliminary evidence consistent with at least two possible pathways to a suicidal crisis. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background During the 1990s, Alaskan pilots had one of the most hazardous occupations in the US. In 2000, a multifaceted public health initiative was launched, focusing on Alaskan air taxi/commuter (AT) operations, including risk factor identification, improved weather information, and the formation of an industry-led safety organization. Methods Effectiveness was assessed by comparing rates of crashes using Poisson regression, comparing trends in annual numbers of crashes, and assessing changes in the number and type of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) events. Results The greatest improvements were seen in Alaska fatal AT crashes with a 57% decrease in rates between time periods. While the number of AT crashes in the rest of the US steadily declined during 1990-2009, Alaska only showed significant declines after 2000. CFIT crashes declined but remained more deadly than other crashes. Conclusions This coordinated effort was successful in reducing crashes in the Alaskan AT industry. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:176-186, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The coping strategies used by adolescents to deal with stress may have implications for the development of depression and suicidal ideation. This study examined coping categories and specific coping behaviors used by adolescents to assess the relation of coping to depression and suicidal ideation. In hierarchical regression models, the specific coping behaviors of behavioral disengagement and self-blame were predictive of higher levels of depression; depression and using emotional support were predictive of suicidal ideation. Results suggest that specific behaviors within the broad coping categories of emotion-focused coping (e.g., self-blame) and avoidant coping (e.g., behavioral disengagement) account for these categories’ associations with depression and suicidal ideation. Specific problem-focused coping strategies did not independently predict lower levels of depression or suicidal ideation. It may be beneficial for interventions to focus on eliminating maladaptive coping behaviors in addition to introducing or enhancing positive coping behaviors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

1. We tested how strongly aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa richness and composition were associated with natural variation in both flow regime and stream temperatures across streams of the western United States. 2. We used long-term flow records from 543 minimally impacted gauged streams to quantify 12 streamflow variables thought to be ecologically important. A principal component analysis reduced the dimensionality of the data from 12 variables to seven principal component (PC) factors that characterised statistically independent aspects of streamflow: (1) zero flow days, (2) flow magnitude, (3) predictability, (4) flood duration, (5) seasonality, (6) flashiness and (7) base flow. K-means clustering was used to group streams into 4-8 hydrologically different classes based on these seven factors. 3. We also used empirical models to estimate mean annual, mean summer and mean winter stream temperatures at each stream site. We then used invertebrate data from 63 sites to develop Random Forest models to predict taxa richness and taxon-specific probabilities of capture at a site from flow and temperature. We used the predicted taxon-specific probabilities of capture to estimate how well predicted assemblages matched observed assemblages as measured by RIVPACS-type observed/expected (O/E) indices and Bray-Curtis dissimilarities. 4. Macroinvertebrate taxon richness was only weakly associated with streamflow and temperature variables, implying that other factors more strongly influenced taxa richness. 5. In contrast to taxa richness, taxa composition was strongly associated with streamflow and temperature. Predictions of taxa composition (O/E and Bray-Curtis) were most precise when both temperature and streamflow PC factors were used, although predictions based on either streamflow PC factors or temperature alone were also better than null model predictions. Of the seven aspects of the streamflow regime we examined, variation in baseflow conditions appeared to be most directly associated with invertebrate biotic composition. We were also able to predict assemblage composition from the conditional probabilities of hydrological class membership nearly as well as Random Forests models that were based directly on continuous PC factors. 6. Our results have direct implication for understanding the relative importance of streamflow and temperature in regulating the structure and composition of stream assemblages and for improving the accuracy and precision of biological assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Flight is a key innovation in the evolution of insects that is crucial to their dispersal, migration, territoriality, courtship and predator avoidance. Male butterflies have characteristic territoriality and courtship flight behaviours, and females use a characteristic flight behaviour when searching for host plants. This implies that selection acts on wing morphology to maximize flight performance for conducting important behaviours among sexes. 2. Butterflies in the genus Morpho are obvious components of neotropical forests, and many observations indicate that they show two broad categories of flight behaviour and flight height. Although species can be categorized as using gliding or flapping flight, and flying at either canopy or understorey height, the association of flight behaviour and flight height with wing shape evolution has never been explored. 3. Two clades within Morpho differ in flight behaviour and height. Males and females of one clade inhabit the forest understorey and use flapping flight, whereas in the other clade, males use gliding flight at canopy level and females use flapping flight in both canopy and understorey. 4. We used independent contrasts to answer whether wing shape is associated with flight behaviour and height. Given a single switch to canopy habitation and gliding flight, we compared contrasts for the node at which the switch to canopy flight occurred with the distribution of values in the two focal clades. We found significant changes in wing shape at the transition to canopy flight only in males, and no change in size for either sex. A second node within the canopy clade suggests that other factors may also be involved in wing shape evolution. Our results reinforce the hypothesis that natural selection acts differently on male and female butterfly wing shape and indicate that the transition to canopy flight cannot explain all wing shape diversity in Morpho. 5. This study provides a starting point for characterizing evolution of wing morphology in forest butterflies in the contexts of habitat selection and flight behaviour. Further, these observations suggest that exploring wing shape evolution for canopy and understorey species in other insects may help understand the effects of habitat destruction on biological diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mimicry and extensive geographical subspecies polymorphism combine to make species in the ithomiine butterfly genus Mechanitis (Lepidoptera; Nymphalidae) difficult to determine. We use mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) barcoding, nuclear sequences and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) genotyping to investigate species limits in this genus. Although earlier biosystematic studies based on morphology described only four species, mtDNA barcoding revealed eight well-differentiated haplogroups, suggesting the presence of four new putative ‘cryptic species’. However, AFLP markers supported only one of these four new ‘cryptic species’ as biologically meaningful. We demonstrate that in this genus, deep genetic divisions expected on the basis of mtDNA barcoding are not always reflected in the nuclear genome, and advocate the use of AFLP markers as a check when mtDNA barcoding gives unexpected results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]