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The scientific study of love underscores the importance of dyadic reciprocity in laying the foundation for infants' social development. While research establishes links between early reciprocity and children's social capacities, some infants appear to benefit from reciprocity more than others. A central feature of reciprocity is its contingent structure, that is, the extent to which maternal behaviors are temporally associated with and contingent upon infants' dynamically changing cues. As such, infants' sensitivity to social contingencies may define the extent to which an infant benefits from maternal reciprocity. The current study examined the role of infants' sensitivity to social contingency (SC) in moderating associations between early maternal reciprocity and subsequent infants' social behavior. The study followed 157 children (47% females), across the first year of life (4, 10, and 12 months) and at preschool age (48 months). Infants' SC at 4 and 10 months moderated the link between early maternal reciprocity and infants' prosocial behavior observed at 12 months. SC at 10 months moderated the link between early reciprocity and reported peer problems at 48 months. Maternal reciprocity predicted more helping behavior in infancy and fewer peer problems at preschool, but only for infants who displayed high SC. Findings highlight the contingent nature of reciprocal mother‐infant interactions revealing that an infant's sensitivity to breaks in social‐contingency moderates the developmental benefit of reciprocity. Future research is necessary to directly test the underlying mechanisms of these processes and better understand the individual characteristics of infants' sensitivity to social contingency and its' role in typical and atypical development. Research Highlights: Individual differences in infants' sensitivity to breaks in social contingencies may moderate the extent to which infants benefit from contingent reciprocal maternal behavior (i.e., maternal reciprocity).Maternal reciprocity predicted more helping behavior in infancy and fewer peer problems at preschool, but only for infants who displayed high sensitivity to breaks in social contingency.Findings highlight the contingent nature of reciprocal mother‐infant interactions revealing that infants' sensitivity to breaks in social‐contingency moderates the developmental benefit of reciprocity.Findings emphasize the need to develop measurement methods and direct empirical attention to the important yet understudied individual characteristic of infants' sensitivity to social contingency and its role in shaping social development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) face an acknowledged challenge: On the one hand, the majority of elastomers only achieve small electroactive deformation (<20%) in the absence of prestretch; on the other hand, rare elastomers capable of showing large electroactive deformation require relatively complicated processing and chemistry. This work addresses this challenge by fabricating an elastomer with a network of large side groups, which achieves a very large electroactive deformation (218%) without pre‐stretch. This elastomer can be rapidly and massively fabricated within a few min, by polymerizing a commercial monomer with a large alkyl side group. The large side groups in the polymer network repel each other and extend the load‐bearing strands, which results in a pronounced strain‐hardening behavior. This behavior helps the elastomer to get rid of electromechanical instability during actuation and hence to exhibit a large electro‐active deformation, a high energy density (>> human muscle), and a large output force (≈500 times self‐weight). the elastomer capable of manufacturing a soft electroactive gripper is demonstrated with large deformation, large force, and rapid response, which enables grasping fragile objects of various complex shapes in an agile away. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chimpanzees and other great apes seem to be much less cooperative than humans overall, yet they nevertheless reliably help others in many instrumental circumstances. Although in many contexts the helping behavior of chimpanzees is quite similar to that of human children, recent studies using both behavioral and psychophysiological paradigms have revealed important differences, specifically, in the underlying motivations for prosocial behavior. Here, we provide both a synthesis of recent empirical work and an evolutionary hypothesis that can account for the differences in chimpanzee and human helping motivations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the existence of an optimal conformation for molecular recognition and bearing in mind that nucleosides exhibit a broad range of pharmaceutical properties, whereby their conformation has a key role in molecular recognition, the tendency of the pseudosugar moiety in carbanucleosides to adopt a boat‐like conformation has been studied on the basis of a bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane system, resulting in versatile drug‐like scaffolds to increase molecular recognition. It is already known that using this system as pseudosugar can fix the conformation in the Northern or Southern geometry, required for biological activity, according to the relative position of the three‐member cycle. By mapping their energy potential surface, we investigate the preference for boat‐like conformers in bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes. DFT is utilized alongside NBO analysis to explore the enhanced stability of boat‐like conformers, also considering the influence of oxygen, sulfur, and selenium heteroatoms. Additionally, charge density distribution analysis using QTAIM identifie key atoms contributing to stability changes. These findings will help to comprehend this behavior in the drug discovery process when conformationally restricted nucleosides are involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Although the presence of early helping behavior has been firmly established, it is unclear to what extent children are willing to adopt costs to help others, as well as how this willingness changes as children get older. Canadian 21‐ to 36‐month‐olds (N = 48) participated in four helping tasks varying in the type and degree of effort required to help (lifting force, cognitive load, the number of steps in a task, and pushing force). When costs were lower, toddlers were not only more likely to help but also provided help more readily and helped in ways that prioritized others’ needs. Importantly, we found that age and how costly helping was to individual children each uniquely predicted high‐cost helping, but not low‐cost helping. Overall, we demonstrate that toddlers’ helping is sensitive to a variety of effortful costs, while simultaneously demonstrating that maturation and individual costs appear to uniquely influence high‐cost helping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bullying and sexual harassment are commonly experienced by secondary students, yet these behaviors are seldom targeted for intervention in high schools. Norms and Bystander Intervention Training (NAB IT!) is a program designed to address bullying and sexual harassment through promoting prosocial norms and helping behaviors among high school students. This mixed methods study examined students' receptivity to and perceptions of the NAB IT! social norms campaign. The campaign was delivered over 7 weeks in a suburban high school (grades 9–12) in the northeastern United States. Twenty‐eight students (60.7% females; 25.0% males; 7.2% genderqueer/gender non‐conforming/transgender) participated in focus group discussions and provided quantitative ratings of the campaign. Participants were White (82.1%), Asian (7.1%), Multiracial (7.1%), and African American (3.6%). Students appreciated the prosocial messaging and believed that the campaign raised awareness of bullying and sexual harassment. Students reported that the campaign elicited greater self‐reflection and discussion about potentially harmful behaviors. Nonetheless, some students doubted the credibility of the messages and noted incongruence between the messages and what they have observed in the school. Students indicated the need for more skills training for themselves and for faculty. Practitioner points: Social norms campaign sparked discussion and reflection among the students, especially with regard to sexual harassment.Students desired more skills‐based training in addition to the messaging.Students expressed a desire for more teacher/administrator involvement in stopping bullying and sexual harassment in school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the relations between career strivings, career self‐management behaviors, and career success. Examining 312 German workers with two measurement waves, Study 1 reveals that career strivings significantly positively relate to engagement in various career behaviors, extending beyond the scope of established motivational variables. Specifically, we observed that self‐enhancement strivings correlate with self‐promotion activities, self‐transcendent strivings with helping behaviors, and personal growth strivings with continuous learning. In Study 2, incorporating three measurement waves and involving 299 German workers, examines how these career strivings differentially relate to objective career success and career satisfaction. Our findings indicate that self‐enhancement strivings are associated with higher leadership positions and workplace status, while self‐transcendent and personal growth strivings are linked to greater career satisfaction. Additionally, self‐enhancement strivings indirectly relate to career satisfaction through increased recognition. In contrast, self‐transcendent and personal growth strivings relate to satisfaction through experiences of meaningful work and personal development. This research underscores the significance of career strivings in influencing career self‐management behaviors and success, providing novel insights into the complex interplay between individual aspirations and professional outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can productivity improve if workers identify more with the skills they use in their work environment? This paper reports the results of an experimental design that was peer‐reviewed prior to collecting data. The research setting is a global manufacturer using a novel smartwatch‐based system for distributing work tasks among factory floor workers. Drawing on the concepts of identification and helping in organizations, we hypothesized that fostering workers' identification with their own skills could serve as a mechanism to enhance helping behavior on the factory floor, which should improve productivity. We designed a compound skill‐fostering treatment consisting of communication, meetings, and exercises regarding individual skills. We treat one large factory area for 2 weeks and keep a similar area in a sister factory as a control group for comparison in a difference‐in‐difference model. The results show that nudging skill identification increases workers' identification with skills, but we do not find evidence for increased helping behavior or increased productivity. Our results help develop theory around multiple sub‐identities and provide guidance for future studies seeking to enhance identification in organizations. Highlights: A 4‐week‐long field intervention was conducted in a digitalized factory aiming to increase workers' identification with their skills.The experimental design was reviewed and accepted by the JOM Editors before data collection.Identification with skills increased and emotional exhaustion decreased.Expected positive effects of the treatment on helping behavior and productivity were not supported.Managers and future studies should try to disentangle identification with skills and machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whereas substantial research portrays gossip as a detrimental behavior, other work observes that gossip performs essential social functions, such as distributing valuable information. Collectively, the literature indicates that gossip has the potential to harm and benefit the relationship between the gossip sender and receiver. Our study brings consensus to this conversation by drawing a distinction between how much gossiping occurs--gossiping extent--and characteristics of that gossip--gossip truthfulness and gossip interestingness. Drawing on social exchange theory and cognitivemotivational-relational theory, we build a within-person theoretical model that proposes gossip truthfulness will strengthen the receiver's perception of the social exchange relationship, whereas gossip interestingness will increase the receiver's state happiness. Ultimately, these proximal reactions will increase the receiver's helping behavior toward the sender. We tested our modelwith a 15-day experience sampling study (Study 1) and an experiment (Study 2). Results showed that gossip truthfulness had a positive effect on the receiver's perception of the social exchange relationship, leading the receiver to provide more helping behavior to the sender. Gossip interestingness had a positive effect on the receiver's state happiness, leading to increased helping behavior toward the sender. Gossip interestingness also had a serial indirect effect on helping behavior, via increased state happiness that increased receiver social exchange perceptions. In contrast, gossiping extent had a negative indirect effect on helping behavior via decreased receiver happiness, as well as a negative serial indirect effect via decreased receiver happiness and social exchange perceptions. Our model provides employees with insights into how gossip impacts the sender-receiver relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research shows that religiosity increases prosocial tendencies such as donating and volunteering. Less is known on whether and how religiosity influences individuals' decision to seek help when needed. The current research tackles this question and shows that religiosity, whether manipulated (Study 2) and measured (Study 1 and Study 3), decreases individuals' tendency to seek help from other people or entities. We further propose that religiosity enhances individuals' sense of control, which makes them rely more on themselves and less likely to seek help when encountering difficulties. Three studies across different contexts (i.e., applying government aid, asking for help from other people, and requesting donations from a crowdfunding platform) support our thesis. Utilizing data from the General Social Survey (Study 1), we first demonstrate that individual‐level religiosity is negatively correlated with the behavior of getting help (i.e., receiving government aid such as welfare and unemployment insurance). Next, we prime religion (vs. control) in Study 2 and show that religious prime decreases people's willingness to seek help. Finally, Study 3 shows that chronic religiosity discourages people from seeking financial assistance on crowdfunding platforms such as Indiegogo. Furthermore, this negative effect is mediated by sense of control. We conclude with a discussion of the theoretical and practical contributions of this research as well as its limitations and future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this work, a novel and model‐based artificial neural network (ANN) training method is developed supported by optimal control theory. The method augments training labels in order to robustly guarantee training loss convergence and improve training convergence rate. Dynamic label augmentation is proposed within the framework of gradient descent training where the convergence of training loss is controlled. First, we capture the training behavior with the help of empirical Neural Tangent Kernels (NTK) and borrow tools from systems and control theory to analyze both the local and global training dynamics (e.g., stability, reachability). Second, we propose to dynamically alter the gradient descent training mechanism via fictitious labels as control inputs and an optimal state feedback policy. In this way, we enforce locally ℋ2$$ {\mathscr{H}}_2 $$ optimal and convergent training behavior. The novel algorithm, Controlled Descent Training (CDT), guarantees local convergence. CDT unleashes new potentials in the analysis, interpretation, and design of ANN architectures. The applicability of the method is demonstrated on standard regression and classification problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reciprocity and pseudo‐reciprocity are two important models for the evolution of cooperation and often considered alternative hypotheses. Reciprocity is typically defined as a scenario where help given causes help received: cooperation is stabilized because each actor's cooperative investments are conditional on the cooperative returns from the receiver. Pseudo‐reciprocity is a scenario where help enables byproduct returns: cooperation is inherently stable because the actor's cooperative investments yield byproduct returns from the receiver's self‐serving behavior. These models are strict alternatives only if reciprocity is defined by the restrictive assumption of zero fitness interdependence, meaning that the helper has no "stake" in the receiver's fitness. Reciprocity and interdependence are, however, not mutually exclusive when helping can increase both reciprocal help and byproduct returns. For instance, helping partners survive can simultaneously increase their willingness to reciprocate, their ability to reciprocate, and byproduct benefits of their existence. Interdependence can "pave the road" to reciprocal helping, and partners who reciprocate help can also become interdependent. However, larger cooperative investments can increase the need for responsiveness to partner returns. Therefore, most long‐term cooperative relationships involve both responsiveness and interdependence. Categorizing these relationships as "reciprocity" can be viewed as ignoring interdependence, but calling them 'pseudo‐reciprocity' is confusing because stability also comes from the cooperative investments being conditional on returns. Rather than conceptualizing cooperation into discrete categories, it is more insightful to imagine a coordinate system with responsiveness and interdependence as continuous dimensions. One can ask: To what degree is helping behavior responsive to the partner's behavior? And to what degree does the helper inherently benefit from the receiver's survival or reproduction? The amounts of responsiveness and interdependence will often be hard to estimate, but both are unlikely to be zero. Identifying their relative importance, and how that changes over time, would greatly clarify the nature of cooperative relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We advance prior work on prosocial behavior by examining the situations in which prosocial motives are more likely to influence helping behavior. Building on the arousal:cost‐reward model and the self‐discrepancy theory, we test the moderating effects of help request framing (benevolent vs. economic) and contextual costs of helping on the relationship between social value orientation (SVO) and helping behavior. In two experimental studies, we found evidence that prosocial individuals are more likely to help than proselfs especially when it is more costly to do so. Similarly, prosocial individuals help more when requests are framed in terms of benevolence but not when they are framed as an exchange. These findings suggest that prosocial motives foster helping when it is more challenging to do so—that is, when help seekers do not have much to offer in return as well as in costly situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) is a widespread and highly effective mechanism of microbial warfare; it confers the ability to efficiently kill susceptible cells within close proximity. Due to its large physical size, complexity, and ballistic basis for intoxication, it has widely been assumed to incur significant growth costs in the absence of improved competitive outcomes. In this study, we precisely examine the fitness costs of constitutive T6SS firing in the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. We find that, contrary to expectations, constitutive expression of the T6SS has a negligible impact on growth, reducing growth fitness by 0.025 ± 0.5% (95% CI) relative to a T6SS− control. Mathematical modeling of microbial populations demonstrates that, due to clonal interference, constitutive expression of the T6SS will often be neutral, with little impact on evolutionary outcomes. Our findings underscore the importance of precisely measuring the fitness costs of microbial social behaviors and help explain the prevalence of the T6SS across Gram‐negative bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Gatekeeper (GK) training is a suicide prevention strategy in which community members learn to identify individuals at risk of suicide and refer them for appropriate help. Despite its widespread use, few studies have investigated its effects, including changes in helping behaviors. Aims: To assess the impact of GK training on participants' knowledge, recognition of the influence of attitudes, perceived self‐efficacy, intention to help and helping behaviors, and to identify variables associated with GK behaviors. Methods: Mixed linear effects and forward stepwise logistic regressions were used to analyze data from 159 participants receiving the Quebec Provincial GK Training program offered by five different suicide prevention centers using pretest, posttest and 6‐month follow‐up questionnaires. Results: Participants' knowledge of the GK role and suicide prevention, intention to help, self‐efficacy, knowledge of services, and recognition of the influence of attitudes significantly increased following training. Most changes decreased at follow‐up but remained higher than at pretest. Lower levels of education and higher intention to help were significant predictors of engaging in helping behaviors in the first 6 months after receiving training. Conclusions: The Quebec GK training appears to be effective in preparing participants for their role but does not appear to significantly increase helping behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigration has played a significant role in human history as people move to new places for economic opportunities, religious freedom, and political refuge. However, asylum seekers are often viewed negatively and falsely portrayed in media, leading to fear and distrust among locals. In the current research, participants read a fictitious news article about an asylum seeker's (Syrian, Ukrainian, or Yemeni) motivation for seeking asylum (seeking safety, seeking financial betterment from a position of relative financial hardship, or seeking financial betterment from a position of extreme financial hardship). Participants then reported their willingness to help that asylum seeker, and their prejudice and empathy toward both that asylum seeker and their group as a whole (e.g., Syrian refugees). Results showed that people were more willing to help asylum seekers whose motivation for seeking asylum was grounded in safety concerns rather than moderate financial concerns (studies 1, 2, and 3). Participants also reported more willingness to help the asylum seeker's group as a whole if the individual asylum seeker's motivation was described as seeking safety rather than financial betterment. Further, describing financial concerns as so severe that they endangered survival generated more willingness to help than moderate financial concerns, demonstrating that severe enough financial concerns may be perceived as safety concerns (study 3). We also found that people were more willing to help Ukrainian refugees than Syrian refugees. Altogether, these findings have both theoretical and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines the effectiveness of moral‐exemplar interventions in the context of recurring oppression and historical trauma. Moral exemplars are individuals who have risked important aspects of their lives to save the lives of members of other social groups. In two experimental studies (total N = 405), we tested the hypothesis that presenting ingroup or outgroup moral exemplars improves intergroup relationships. We also tested the effects of the prototypicality of moral exemplars by manipulating the frequency of helping behavior in the perpetrator group. We used open‐ended questions to qualitatively investigate how participants viewed moral exemplars. We failed to find positive effects of moral‐exemplar interventions. The qualitative analysis confirmed that the in‐group moral exemplar could be used as an "alibi" to justify the in‐group's transgressions, while the outgroup moral exemplar was subtyped. Importantly, our findings do not invalidate, but complement, the moral‐exemplar intervention literature by offering insights into future work with such interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floods cause average annual losses of more than US$30 billion in the US and are estimated to significantly increase due to global change. Flood resilience, which currently differs strongly between socio‐economic groups, needs to be substantially improved by proactive adaptive measures, such as timely purchase of flood insurance. Yet, knowledge about the state and uptake of private adaptation and its drivers is so far scarce and fragmented. Based on interpretable machine learning and large insurance and socio‐economic open data sets covering the whole continental US we reveal that flood insurance purchase is characterized by reactive behavior after severe flood events. However, we observe that the Community Rating System helps overcome this behavior by effectively fostering proactive insurance purchase, irrespective of socio‐economic backgrounds in the communities. Thus, we recommend developing additional targeted measures to help overcome existing inequalities, for example, by providing special incentives to the most vulnerable and exposed communities. Plain Language Summary: Flood resilience of individuals and communities can be improved by bottom‐up strategies, such as insurance purchase, or top‐down measures like the US National Flood Insurance Program's Community Rating System (CRS). Our interpretable machine learning approach shows that flood insurances are mostly purchased reactively, after the occurrence of a flood event. Yet, reactive behaviors are ill‐suited as more extreme events are expected under future climate, also in areas that were not previously flooded. The CRS counteracts this behavior by fostering proactive adaptation across a widespread range of socio‐economic backgrounds. Future risk management including the CRS should support and motivate individuals' proactive adaptation with a particular focus on highly vulnerable social groups to overcome existing inequalities in flood risk. Key Points: Flood insurance purchase in the US is dominated by reactive behavior after severe floodsThe Community Rating System (CRS) fosters proactive insurance adoption irrespective of socio‐economic backgroundThe CRS should further balance existing inequalities by targeting specific population segments [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the various factors affecting creativity and innovation, workspace environment has not been fully considered by most organizations. The literature on innovation shows that few empirical studies have investigated the influence of workspace environment on creativity and innovation. Using Ucommune (i.e., one of the largest makerspaces and entrepreneurial ecosystems in China) as an example, this research explored to what extent workspace environments affect individual and team creativity and innovation in organizations. The main results include that physical and non‐physical environments contribute positively to employees' individual and team behaviors. In addition, individual behavior can help improve employee creativity and enhance team behavior, but the direct impact of individual behavior on innovation is insignificant. Finally, team behavior can enhance organizational innovation. The findings thus provide empirical support for the increasing importance of the impact of workspace environments – especially their physical aspects – on creativity and innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Growth rates and other biomass traits of phytoplankton are strongly affected by temperature. We hypothesized that resulting phenotypes originate from deviating temperature sensitivities of underlying physiological processes.We used membrane‐inlet mass spectrometry to assess photosynthetic and respiratory O2 and CO2 fluxes in response to abrupt temperature changes as well as after acclimation periods in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum.Abrupt temperature changes caused immediate over‐ or undershoots in most physiological processes, that is, photosynthetic oxygen release (PSO2), photosynthetic carbon uptake (PSCO2), and respiratory oxygen release (RO2). Over acclimation timescales, cells were, however, able to re‐adjust their physiology and revert to phenotypic 'sweet spots'.Respiratory CO2 release (RCO2) was generally inhibited under high temperature and stimulated under low‐temperature settings, on abrupt as well as acclimation timescales. Such behavior may help mitochondria to stabilize plastidial ATP : NADPH ratios and thus maximize photosynthetic carbon assimilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Despite much cross‐sectional research linking prosocial behavior and meaning in life, few studies have investigated the longitudinal relationship between these two constructs. The article examines the bidirectional longitudinal association between prosocial behavior and meaning in life among junior high school students. Methods: A prospective design was adopted, incorporating three measurement occasions (with approximately 6‐month intervals, from 2020 to 2021). Data were collected from 764 students (mean age = 12.46, SD = 0.64 years, and 51.4% girls). All participants responded to a questionnaire survey that included the Chinese Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ‐C) and Prosocial Tendencies Measure (PTM‐C). Cross‐lagged panel models were used to analyze the data. Results: (1) Prosocial behavior predicted positively the presence of meaning over time and vice‐versa. (2) There was no bidirectional association between the search for meaning and prosocial behavior. (3) There was no gender difference in the bidirectional relationship between meaning in life and prosocial behavior. Conclusions: These findings suggest that educators should highlight the presence of meaning in adolescent life education from a long‐term perspective and encourage students to engage in more prosocial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two broad views of children's theory of mind. The mentalist view is that it emerges in infancy and is possibly innate. The minimalist view is that it emerges more gradually in childhood and is heavily dependent on learning. According to minimalism, children initially understand behaviors rather than mental states, and they are assisted in doing so by recognizing repeating patterns in behavior. The regularities in behavior allow them to predict future behaviors, succeed on theory‐of‐mind tasks, acquire mental state words, and eventually, understand the mental states underlying behavior. The present study provided the first clear evidence for the plausibility of this view by fitting head cameras to 54 infants aged 6 to 25 months, and recording their view of the world in their daily lives. At 6 and 12 months, infants viewed an average of 146.5 repeated behaviors per hour, a rate consistent with approximately 560,000 repetitions in their first year, and with repetitions correlating with children's acquisition of mental state words, even after controlling for their general vocabulary and a range of variables indexing social interaction. We also recorded infants' view of people searching or searching for and retrieving objects. These were 92 times less common and did not correlate with mental state vocabulary. Overall, the findings indicate that repeated behaviors provide a rich source of information for children that would readily allow them to recognize patterns in behavior and help them acquire mental state words, providing the first clear evidence for this claim of minimalism. Research Highlights: Six‐ to 25‐month‐olds wore head cameras to record home life from infants' point‐of‐view and help adjudicate between nativist and minimalist views of theory‐of‐mind (ToM).Nativists say ToM is too early developing to enable learning, whereas minimalists say infants learn to predict behaviors from behavior patterns in environment.Consistent with minimalism, infants had an incredibly rich exposure (146.5/h, >560,000 in first year) to repeated behaviors (e.g., drinking from a cup repeatedly).Consistent with minimalism, more repeated behaviors correlated with infants' mental state vocabulary, even after controlling for gender, age, searches witnessed and non‐mental state vocabulary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study tested the effect of personal values (motivation) and sustained attention (cognitive ability) on children's helping behavior. Method: Children (N = 162, age range 8–9 years, mean = 8.81, SD = 0.43) completed value ranking and go/no‐go tasks, and their helping behavior was examined. Results: Children who valued self‐transcendence over self‐enhancement helped more than others. Surprisingly, children's lack of sustained attention was associated with more helping among those who valued self‐transcendence over self‐enhancement or openness‐to‐change over conservation values. Valuing both self‐transcendence and openness‐to‐change was also associated with more helping. Conclusions: Children are more likely to help others if they value self‐transcendence and openness to change. Notably, children's tendency to act upon these values may be facilitated (rather than obstructed by) low attention skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do infants and toddlers prefer helpers? Four experiments (conducted from 2019–2022; n = 136, 66% White, 15% Asian, 4% Black, 2% Hispanic/Latino, 13% multiracial, majority USA) investigated whether infants and toddlers favor agents whose actions allow others to achieve their goals. In the key experiment, 8‐month‐old infants and 15‐month‐old toddlers viewed a protagonist who tried and failed to open a box that contained a toy while two other agents (helpers) observed; then the toys were exchanged and the helpers opened different boxes. Infants and toddlers differently evaluated the two helpers, consistent with their developing means‐end understanding. Together, the present four experiments connect infants' and toddlers' evaluations of helping to their understanding of goal‐directed behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The KINEROS2 model was utilized for runoff simulation in the Dehgin catchment situated in the Hormozgan province of Iran. A parameter allocation procedure was used in lieu of parameter optimization. After parameter allocation, the model was able to adequately simulate hydrographs associated with high‐magnitude peak discharge events with the efficiency values between 0.011–0.83 for Nash–Sutcliffe and 0.36–0.98 for Kling–Gupta, but the model did not accurately simulate hydrographs corresponding to low‐magnitude peak discharge events. Although calibration after parameter allocation improved model performance with respect to the simulation of low‐magnitude discharge events, numerical values of the hydraulic conductivity and net capillary pressure as the most sensitive model parameters did not agree with parameters known to be reasonable in the region. So that the value of hydraulic conductivity was decreased from 61 to 55 mm/h in channels and from 3.7 to 1.7 mm/h in planes. The new values are physically reasonable but are not approximately the same as physical values associated with the regional and environmental context of the Dehgin catchment. In this case, the values of the evaluation criteria were obtained between −2.5 and 0.78 for Nash–Sutcliffe and 0.17 and 0.98 for Kling–Gupta. The results of using the HydroPSO package in R to automated calibration of the model, with the value of Nash–Sutcliffe between −0.63 and 0.43, indicated that autocalibration without intelligent and deliberate selection of parameters cannot accurately represent hydrological processes, and therefore should be avoided. Also, the results show that an understanding of the catchment environmental conditions and appropriate allocation of parameters is initially more effective as a first step of the modeling process and thereby contributes to a first‐order characterization of environmental conditions in the catchment. Recommendations for Resource Managers: A better understanding of the catchment and model behavior helps the resource managers to have a better simulation of the hydrologic system and to achieve a better water resources management of the study area.Although parameter calibration is often unavoidable while working with some models, it should be minimized, and only conducted after parameter allocation. Some minimal calibration or adjustments after parameter allocation may lead to a better simulation of the hydrologic system, which will be beneficial for management purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nest defense behavior helps ground‐nesting birds improve their breeding success. Among such behaviors, injury feigning behavior (IFB) is one of the better ways to attract predators and protect birds' nests. IFB is generally associated with shorebirds in general and plovers in particular, however, through field observation, it has been found this behavior is also exhibited in bunting species when they facing the risk of predation. We attempt to explore the detailed description of this behavior in buntings and the factors that affect this behavior. Based on video‐recordings of the nest defense behavior by the ground‐nesting bird Godlewski's bunting (Emberiza godlewskii) against nest invaders, we explored the characteristic of IFB and differences in nest defense behavior during their brooding seasons. The results showed that female buntings had a distinct IFB: the wings of buntings incited within 60°–90° of the body, ran and called rapidly, pretending to be injured and unable to fly. The nest stage had significant and extremely significant effects on IFB and movement distance (MD), respectively. And IFB was more likely to occur in brooding (34.62%) than incubation period (16.42%). This indicates that there are significant differences in the IFB of buntings at different breeding stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental health disclosures increasingly occur on online platforms. In a moderated‐mediation analysis, we assessed an adapted Corrigan's attribution model (2003) including factors such as the sincerity of online disclosure and support self‐efficacy to predict helping intentions on social media. Participants (N = 177) were randomly allocated to one of three conditions and presented with a social media vignette experimentally manipulating controllability attributions (low, high, neutral controllability). Participants completed controllability, sincerity, sympathy, self‐efficacy, and helping intentions questionnaires. While preliminary exploratory analyses revealed that the proposed model significantly explained helping intentions, the proposed mechanisms of serial‐mediation via sincerity of disclosure and sympathy was not supported, nor was this dependent on self‐efficacy. Nonetheless, sympathy and self‐efficacy uniquely and significantly explained helping intentions. Thus, an intervention that upskills individuals in online support provision offers promise in terms of accessible, online, community‐based treatment initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several training programs and forums for mental health peer support have been developed, and perceptions of costs and benefits affecting peer supporters' helping behaviors have been investigated. To investigate the most efficient ways to motivate people to provide mental health peer support, we conducted a series of cross‐sectional network analyses that (a) visualized the network structures of the perceived costs and benefits of helping or not helping peers with depression; and (b) identified the most central component in each network. Participants were 297 Japanese undergraduates (mean age = 19.27 years) who rated how much they cared about items related to the costs/benefits of helping/not helping using a Likert scale. A series of psychological networks consisting of nodes (components) connected by edges (regularized partial correlations) were estimated, and the most central component judged on the basis of high scores for strength, closeness, and betweenness indexes was identified in each network (e.g., "loss of energy" in the Costs of Helping network). Discussion focuses on these identified central components as targets for intervention within the larger networks of perceived costs and benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hurricanes, wildfires, pandemics, and other disasters have taken millions of lives in the past few years and caused substantial economic losses. To tackle these extraordinary circumstances, governments, organizations, and companies seek assistance from both humans and high‐technology machines such as robots. This research report documents how highlighting robots' (vs. humans') helping behaviors in disaster response can affect consumers' prosociality, explores driving mechanisms, and tests solutions. Study 1 found that consumers donated fewer items of clothing after watching news highlighting robots' (vs. humans') assistance in a mudslide disaster. Featuring the COVID‐19 pandemic, Study 2 further showed that this decrease in prosociality occurred because reading about robots' assistance felt less encouraging/inspiring to consumers. Studies 3A‐3C (and a supplemental study) explored multiple mechanisms and identified a key driver for the backfire effect—a lower perception of courage in disaster response robots. Accordingly, Study 4 tested three theory‐driven solutions to raise the perceived courage in robots to increase consumer prosociality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several training programs and forums for mental health peer support have been developed, and perceptions of costs and benefits affecting peer supporters' helping behaviors have been investigated. To investigate the most efficient ways to motivate people to provide mental health peer support, we conducted a series of cross‐sectional network analyses that (a) visualized the network structures of the perceived costs and benefits of helping or not helping peers with depression; and (b) identified the most central component in each network. Participants were 297 Japanese undergraduates (mean age = 19.27 years) who rated how much they cared about items related to the costs/benefits of helping/not helping using a Likert scale. A series of psychological networks consisting of nodes (components) connected by edges (regularized partial correlations) were estimated, and the most central component judged on the basis of high scores for strength, closeness, and betweenness indexes was identified in each network (e.g., "loss of energy" in the Costs of Helping network). Discussion focuses on these identified central components as targets for intervention within the larger networks of perceived costs and benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shallow 1971 MW 6.6 San Fernando, California earthquake involved a complex rupture process on an immature thrust fault with a non‐planar geometry, and is notable for having a higher component of left‐lateral surface slip than expected from seismic source models. We extract its 3‐D coseismic surface displacement field from aerial stereo photographs and document the amount and width of the vertical and fault trace‐parallel components of distributed deformation along strike. The results confirm the significant left‐lateral surface offsets, suggesting a slip vector rotation at shallow depths. Comparing our offsets against field measurements of fault slip, we observe that most of the offset was accommodated in the damage zone, with off‐fault deformation averaging 69% in both the fault trace‐parallel and vertical components. However, the magnitude and width of off‐fault deformation behave differently between the vertical and fault trace‐parallel components, which, along with the rotation in rake near the surface, can be explained by dynamic rupture effects. Plain Language Summary: The 1971 San Fernando, California earthquake is infamous for its strong ground motions and large lateral fault offsets measured in the field, despite the compressional tectonic stresses that triggered the earthquake. We produce maps of the 3‐D surface deformation that occurred during the earthquake by comparing pre‐earthquake and post‐earthquake aerial photographs of this area. The results confirm the presence of important lateral and compression‐driven deformation at the surface. This surface deformation was distributed over a wide zone, and as such, previously reported field measurements did not capture the total slip that occurred at the surface. Understanding controls on the width of the deformation zone provides insight into earthquake behavior and helps improve our estimates of seismic hazard. Our results show that during the San Fernando earthquake, lateral and compression‐driven deformation behaved differently within the fault zone, which may suggest that the two slip components were affected by different factors and damage generation mechanisms. Key Points: Correlation of aerial photographs reveals significant left‐lateral surface deformation in the 1971 San Fernando earthquakeOff‐fault deformation is partitioned between the fault trace‐parallel and vertical components of deformationPrimary controls of off‐fault deformation may be different for the fault trace‐parallel and vertical components [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, prosociality has been conceptualized in terms of the interpersonal domain, for example, helping behavior. Nevertheless, people can be prosocial in terms of ideological domains, for example, social policies they support. The present study examined the utility of distinguishing interpersonal and ideological prosocial values as predictors of well‐being and social capital. Data from nine European Social Surveys were combined. The Universalism and Benevolence values of Schwartz's basic human values were treated as measures of ideological and interpersonal prosocial values. Relationships between Universalism and Benevolence and well‐being and social capital were examined with multilevel models, persons nested with rounds, rounds nested within countries. Respondent sex, age, and education were included as covariates. These analyses found that Benevolence was positively related to satisfaction with life and happiness, whereas Universalism was negatively related to satisfaction with life and happiness. Although endorsing both values was positively related to attitudinal measures of social capital (e.g., people can be trusted), Universalism was negatively related to self‐reports of social activity, whereas Benevolence was either positively related or unrelated to self‐reports of social activity. Being ideologically prosocial appears to be associated with reduced well‐being. Future research is needed to explain the mechanisms responsible for this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study draws on conservation of resource theory to propose a research model in which forgiveness climate mediates the influence of abusive supervision on employees' voice behaviour, helping behaviour, and customer‐centric organisational citizen behaviour (OCB). Data gathered from hotel employees and their co‐workers in Nigeria were used to assess the hypothesised associations. These relationships were assessed using structural equation modelling. The results indicated that abusive supervision reduces employees' perception of forgiveness climate, helping behaviour, and customer‐centric OCB and fosters voice behaviour. On the other hand, forgiveness climate erodes voice behaviour and heightens helping behaviour and customer‐centric OCB. This study explains the theoretical and practical contribution of the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using two studies and four samples, we introduce new forms of assimilative and contrastive affective organizational commitment (AOC) from a social comparison perspective and examine their distinctiveness from traditional AOC. We further explore the interplay among assimilative and contrastive AOCs and the self‐concept in predicting specific performance outcomes. Study 1 used two samples (Ns = 181 and 655) aimed at developing the measures of assimilative and contrastive AOC and found them to be distinct from traditional AC. Study 2 tested the idea that the self‐concept (collective vs. individual) would influence how strongly assimilative versus contrastive AOC would predict helping behavior versus task proficiency as performance outcomes. Using two samples (Sample 1 N = 192; Sample 2 N = 246) with multisource data from subordinates and supervisors, Study 2 found that controlling for traditional AOC, the relationship between assimilative AOC and employee helping behavior was stronger and positive at high levels of the collective self‐concept (Sample 1) and that the relationship between contrastive AOC and employee task proficiency was marginally stronger and positive at high levels of the individual self‐concept (Sample 2). Our findings bear implications for theory and practice and present openings for future research. Practitioner points: We developed new measures of affective organizational commitment from a social comparison perspective indicating that employees assess their level of commitment relatively to that of coworkers.The new measures of comparative affective commitment uniquely predict reduced turnover intention.The new forms of comparative affective commitment predicted different dimensions of work performance depending on whether employees prioritized collective goals versus individual goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In complex food systems, bacteria live in heterogeneous microstructures, and the population displays phenotypic heterogeneities at the single‐cell level. This review provides an overview of spatiotemporal drivers of phenotypic heterogeneity of bacterial pathogens in food matrices at three levels. The first level is the genotypic heterogeneity due to the possibility for various strains of a given species to contaminate food, each of them having specific genetic features. Then, physiological heterogeneities are induced within the same strain, due to specific microenvironments and heterogeneous adaptative responses to the food microstructure. The third level of phenotypic heterogeneity is related to cellular heterogeneity of the same strain in a specific microenvironment. Finally, we consider how these phenotypic heterogeneities at the single‐cell level could be implemented in mathematical models to predict bacterial behavior and help ensure microbiological food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unethical prosocial behaviour (UPB) refers to acts where people violate widely held moral rules to benefit others. In light of previous research on the association between immoral behaviours and dehumanization, we examined whether and how engaging in UPB would impact the tendency to self-dehumanize. Across four studies (valid N = 1640), we found that UPB led to less self-dehumanization than unethical proself behaviour, which was mediated sequentially by social connectedness and perceived morality (Studies 2-4). Moreover, the comparison between UPB and ethical prosocial behaviour indicated that UPB did not necessarily lead to more self-dehumanization than ethical prosocial behaviour (Study 4). Although UPB was rated as less moral, it was associated with similar levels of social connectedness as ethical prosocial behaviour. These results have significant implications for research on morality and dehumanization and highlight the role of social connectedness in reducing dehumanization., (© 2024 British Psychological Society.)

Intergroup help contributes to the solution of global issues in particular. However, whether to teach an outgroup how to address their problem permanently, or to directly help them solve the current problem? Collective narcissism might play a crucial role in this process. Based on the core characteristics of collective narcissism, this research explored whether and how collective narcissism would affect people's willingness to give different types of intergroup help. Study 1 examined the correlation between collective narcissism and intergroup help. Studies 2 and 3 investigated the impacts of outgroup threat and ingroup image on the relationship between collective narcissism and intergroup help respectively. In Study 4, the interaction between outgroup threat and ingroup image was further examined. The results showed that collective narcissism reduced participants' willingness to offer intergroup help, especially autonomy-oriented help. For low-threat outgroups, collective narcissism increased participants' willingness to give dependency-oriented help. In contrast, collective narcissism increased participants' willingness to give autonomy-oriented help when refusal to intergroup help tarnished the ingroup image. For high-threat outgroups, collective narcissism did not predict participants' willingness to give intergroup help. These findings suggest that collective narcissists' preferences for intergroup help change with outgroup threat and ingroup image., (© 2024 British Psychological Society.)

Strategic interactions, where an individual's payoff depends on the decisions of multiple intelligent agents, are ubiquitous among social animals. They span a variety of important social behaviors such as competition, cooperation, coordination, and communication, and often involve complex, intertwining cognitive operations ranging from basic reward processing to higher‐order mentalization. Here, we review the progress and challenges in probing the neural and cognitive mechanisms of strategic behavior of interacting individuals, drawing an analogy to recent developments in studies of reward‐seeking behavior, in particular, how research focuses in the field of strategic behavior have been expanded from adaptive behavior based on trial‐and‐error to flexible decisions based on limited prior experience. We highlight two important research questions in the field of strategic behavior: (i) How does the brain exploit past experience for learning to behave strategically? and (ii) How does the brain decide what to do in novel strategic situations in the absence of direct experience? For the former, we discuss the utility of learning models that have effectively connected various types of neural data with strategic learning behavior and helped elucidate the interplay among multiple learning processes. For the latter, we review the recent evidence and propose a neural generative mechanism by which the brain makes novel strategic choices through simulating others' goal‐directed actions according to rational or bounded‐rational principles obtained through indirect social knowledge. This article is categorized under:Economics > Interactive Decision‐MakingPsychology > Reasoning and Decision MakingNeuroscience > Cognition [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A considerable body of research has documented the emergence of what appears to be instrumental helping behavior in early childhood. The current study tested the hypothesis that one basic psychological mechanism motivating this behavior is a preference for completing unfinished actions. To test this, a paradigm was implemented in which 2‐year‐olds (n = 34, 16 females/18 males, mostly White middle‐class children) could continue an adult's action when the adult no longer wanted to complete the action. The results showed that children continued the adult's actions more often when the goal had been abandoned than when it had been reached (OR = 2.37). This supports the hypothesis that apparent helping behavior in 2‐year‐olds is motivated by a preference for completing unfinished actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can perceptual experiences be states of uncertainty? We might expect them to be, if the perceptual processes from which they are generated, and the behaviors they help produce, take account of probabilistic information. Yet, it has long been presumed that perceptual experiences purport to tell us about our environment, without hedging or qualifying. Against this long‐standing view, I argue that perceptual experiences may well occasionally be states of uncertainty, but that they are never probabilistically structured. I criticize a powerful line of reasoning that we should expect perceptual experience to be probabilistic, given their interfaces with unconscious probabilistic information, with behavior responsive to it, and with credences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study interviewed 1,511 consumers using an online questionnaire to understand consumer behavior on reduced‐sodium products and the buying interest for processed cheese with low sodium content. Likert scale techniques were applied, which was assessed by analyzing factors (49.38%), Cronbach's alpha (0.694) and KMO (0.703), which conferred reliability to the applied test, and word association and completion task, which were evaluated chi‐square and chi‐square per cell, respectively showing X2 = 799,635 and X2 = 6,428.59 (positive and negative stimuli), and X2 = 652.55 (purchase condition stimulus) for p <.0001. The consumer understands the problem of high sodium consumption, understands the use of products reduced in sodium, and recognizes the need to reduce the sodium content in cheeses, associates the purchase condition with the high cost and potential health benefits. However, the lack of technical knowledge about the product negatively influences the decision. Practical applications: Sensory analysis techniques helps to elucidate the behavior of consumers towards a specific niche of products, clearly understand positive and negative points that directly influence the buying attitude, and clarify the limits of consumers' knowledge about products reduced in sodium, specifically evaluating the perception, behavior and purchase an interest in the face of a new product developed. The study takes on great relevance when it diagnoses the lack of information about salt, sodium, cheese technology processed by the consumer and demonstrates important points that interfere with safety and how it affects the purchase decision. It also highlights the need for greater transparency of the dairy industries with the consuming public when it comes to better information about the product, both related to the components and the applied technology. The work also provides information that aggregates both in research with consumers and offers a way of approximation between industry and consumer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unethical pro‐organizational behavior (UPB) is often visible to co‐workers; however, reactions to UPB are rarely considered in empirical research in spite of their importance to the social dynamics in the workplace. Drawing upon appraisal theory of emotion and the behavioral ethics literature, we predict that observing UPB would lead third parties to experience admiration due to the pro‐organizational nature of UPB; these third parties would in turn be motivated to display more helping behavior towards the UPB actor. Conversely, we predict that observing UPB would lead third parties to experience disgust due to the unethical nature of UPB; these third parties would dis‐identify themselves from the UPB actor by instigating incivility. Meanwhile, they would disengage themselves from the UPB actor by avoiding them in subsequent interactions. In addition, the observing employees might also engage in action‐oriented behavior such as whistle‐blowing behavior to sanction the UPB actor. Across an experience‐sampling study with three daily assessments as well as an experimental study, we find support for these predictions. Furthermore, we find that third parties' moral attentiveness moderates the link between observed UPB and disgust, such that observed UPB leads to heightened feelings of disgust only when third parties have high levels of moral attentiveness. We conclude by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of our work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the presence of early helping behavior has been firmly established, it is unclear to what extent children are willing to adopt costs to help others, as well as how this willingness changes as children get older. Canadian 21- to 36-month-olds (N = 48) participated in four helping tasks varying in the type and degree of effort required to help (lifting force, cognitive load, the number of steps in a task, and pushing force). When costs were lower, toddlers were not only more likely to help but also provided help more readily and helped in ways that prioritized others' needs. Importantly, we found that age and how costly helping was to individual children each uniquely predicted high-cost helping, but not low-cost helping. Overall, we demonstrate that toddlers' helping is sensitive to a variety of effortful costs, while simultaneously demonstrating that maturation and individual costs appear to uniquely influence high-cost helping., (© 2024 The Author(s). Developmental Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: We aimed to identify groups demonstrating different long‐term trajectories of fatigue among people with rheumatoid arthritis and determine baseline predictors for these trajectories. Methods: Our study included 2741 people aged 18 to 75 years who were independent in daily living. Data were collected from the Swedish Rheumatology Quality Register and questionnaires at baseline, 14 months, and 26 months. Fatigue was rated on a 100‐mm visual analog scale. K‐means cluster analysis was used to identify fatigue trajectories. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for potential predictors of trajectory membership. Results: The mean age was 60 years, 73% of participants were female, and the mean baseline fatigue level was 39. Three distinct fatigue trajectories were identified, representing mild (mean 15, n = 1024), moderate (mean 41, n = 986), and severe (mean 71, n = 731) fatigue. Consistent patterns indicated that poorer health perception (ORs 1.68‐18.40), more pain (ORs 1.38‐5.04), anxiety/depression (ORs 0.85‐6.19), and activity limitation (ORs 1.43‐7.39) were associated with more severe fatigue. Those in the severe fatigue group, compared with those in the mild fatigue group, were more likely to be college educated than university educated (OR 1.56) and less likely to maintain physical activity (OR 0.54). Those in the severe fatigue group, compared with those in both the moderate (OR 0.67) and mild (OR 0.59) fatigue groups, were less likely to have one additional adult in the household. Conclusion: This study identified stable fatigue trajectories, predicted by health perception, pain, anxiety/depression, activity limitation, educational level, maintained physical activity, and household composition. Interventions aimed at reducing these disabilities and supporting physical activity behaviors may help reduce fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on individual behaviors can help to reveal the processes and mechanisms that mediate an animal's habits and interactions with the environment. Importantly, individual behaviors arise as outcomes of genetic programs, morphogenesis, physiological processes, and neural functions; thus, behavioral analyses can be used to detect disorders in these processes. Planarians belong to an early branching bilateral group of organisms that possess a simple central nervous system. Furthermore, planarians display various behavioral responses to the environment via their nervous system. Planarians also have remarkable regenerative abilities, including whole‐brain regeneration. Therefore, the combination of planarians' phylogenetic position, behavioral properties, regenerative ability, and genetic accessibility provides a unique opportunity to understand the basic mechanisms underlying the anatomical properties of neural morphogenesis and the dynamic physiological processes and neural function. Here, we describe a step‐by‐step protocol for conducting simple behavioral analyses in planarians with the aim of helping to introduce researchers to the utility of performing behavioral analyses in planarians. Since the conditions of planarians impact experimental results and reproducibility, this protocol begins with a method for maintaining planarians. Next, we introduce the behavioral tests as well as the methods for quantifying them using minimal and cost‐effective equipment and materials. Finally, we present a unique RNAi technique that enables conditional silencing of neural activity in the brain of planarians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research on cyberbullying has primarily focused on adolescents in cross‐sectional survey studies, with less research focusing on college students or employed adults over longer periods of time. To extend this literature, the current study examined new predictors and outcomes of cyberbullying perpetration (CP) and victimization (CV) among college students from two different universities that were followed across two time points. Risk factors were measured in line with previous theoretical models, including biological or personality‐related variables (e.g., low self‐control, dark‐side personality traits, empathy) and environmental variables (e.g., perceived social support, lack of rule clarity, and internet use). Additionally, we examined several possible outcomes of CV and CP. Results from path analyses revealed that involvement with traditional bullying (either as a perpetrator or a victim) as well as Machiavellianism significantly predicted CV and CP. With regard to the cross‐lagged associations between CV and CP, we found that Time 1 CV predicted time 2 CP, but Time 1 CP did not predict Time 2 CV. That is, being a victim of cyberbullying during the Fall semester predicted involvement as a perpetrator in the Spring semester. However, being a perpetrator during the Fall semester did not predict being a victim during the Spring semester. Regarding outcomes, we found that CV significantly predicted anxiety, depression, and helping behavior, and CP significantly predicted deviant behavior, but not GPA nor alcohol consumption. These findings have practical implications for college students as well as university student support services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]