Search

For the purpose of enhancing the performance of interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) sensorless control, a flux observer based on a third‐order generalized integrator with enhanced frequency‐locked loop (TOGI‐EFLL) is introduced in this paper. Compared with the traditional second‐order generalized integrator with frequency‐locked loop (SOGI‐FLL), the proposed TOGI‐EFLL can effectively mitigate the direct current (DC) bias stemming from non‐ideal factors, such as the inverter non‐linearities and detection errors, without introducing additional parameters. Initially, the active flux observer model and the limitations of the conventional SOGI‐FLL are presented. Subsequently, the proposed flux observer based on TOGI‐EFLL has been intensively investigated. Furthermore, the design of the damping factor and the digital implementation of the algorithm are developed to ensure seamless integration into digital systems. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed sensorless control strategy is validated through the comprehensive experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 is a greenhouse gas that contributes to environmental deterioration; however, it can also be utilized as an abundant C1 resource for the production of valuable chemicals. Solar‐driven photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) CO2 utilization represents an advanced technology for the resourcing of CO2. The key to achieving PEC CO2 utilization lies in high‐performance semiconductor photoelectrodes. Si‐based photoelectrodes have attracted increasing attention in the field of PEC CO2 utilization due to their suitable band gap (1.1 eV), high carrier mobility, low cost, and abundance on Earth. There are two pathways to PEC CO2 utilization using Si‐based photoelectrodes: direct reduction of CO2 into small molecule fuels and chemicals, and fixation of CO2 with organic substrates to generate high‐value chemicals. The efficiency and product selectivity of PEC CO2 utilization depends on the structures of the photoelectrodes as well as the composition, morphology, and size of the catalysts. In recent years, significant and influential progress has been made in utilizing Si‐based photoelectrodes for PEC CO2 utilization. This review summarizes the latest research achievements in Si‐based PEC CO2 utilization, with a particular emphasis on the mechanistic understanding of CO2 reduction and fixation, which will inspire future developments in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using 22‐year ground observations on meteorological variables, we conducted a statistical analysis to reveal fog characteristics at Shanghai Pudong International Airport (SPIA). Fog events were classified by fog types using an objective method. Two types of advection fogs are dominant in fog events at SPIA, followed by radiation fogs. Different fogs have evident annual and monthly variations in frequency. Advection fog mostly appear from February to April, while radiation fog is mainly between November and February. Six synoptic patterns associated with fogs were determine by a self‐organizing maps cluster method, two of which, namely 'west of marine high pressure' and 'inverted trough', are most favourable for the formation of advection fogs, whereas 'bottom of weak cold high‐pressure' is favourable for radiation fogs. The frequency of advection fog occurrence exhibits temporal fluctuations with distinct peaks occurring 2–3 h after sunset, around midnight, and 1–2 h before sunrise, while almost all radiation fog occur in the second half of the night, and favourable conditions for fog onset become more effective with the length of the night. Radiation fog exhibits a longer duration than advection fog and tends to result in lower visibility. The prevalent wind direction for the formation of advection fog is generally from the east to the southeast, whereas radiation fog is typically associated with westerly winds. The temperature and air pressure during the formation of both advection and radiation fogs follow a normal distribution in most seasons. More fog characteristics were categorized by fog types and seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence on the influence of programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression on the efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKIs) in EGFR‐mutant non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients is at variance. Methods: A single‐center retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the influence of PD‐L1 expression on the efficacy of EGFR‐TKIs for NSCLC patients with EGFR mutation. Clinical information was retrieved from electronic medical records. The patients were divided into three subgroups according to PD‐L1 expression level: PD‐L1 < 1% (negative), PD‐L1 1%–49% and PD‐L1 ≥ 50%. The clinicopathological features, overall response rate (ORR), progression‐free survival (PFS) and comutation information were collected and compared between the three subgroups. Results: A total of 117 patients were included. For PD‐L1 < 1%, PD‐L1 1%–49% and PD‐L1 ≥ 50% group, there were 39 (33.3%), 51 (43.5%) and 27 (23.0%) patients respectively, and the ORR was 43.2%, 64.0%, and 51.9%, respectively (p = 0.162), and the median progression‐free survival (mPFS) was 22.0 months (95% CI: 14.0–29.9 months), 15.4 months (95% CI: 8.9–21.8 months) and 13.0 months (95% CI: 10.6–15.3 months), respectively (log‐rank, p = 0.01). The mPFS was negatively correlated with PD‐L1 expression level (r = −0.264, p = 0.041) and PD‐L1 expression was an independent risk factor for worse PFS of EGFR‐TKIs in multivariate Cox regression. Patients with concurrent TP53 mutation had shorter PFS (p = 0.039) and the patients harboring both mutant TP53 and positive PD‐L1 had the shortest PFS (p = 0.006). Conclusions: The efficacy of EGFR‐TKIs was influenced by the baseline PD‐L1 expression. Higher PD‐L1 expression was associated with shorter PFS. The combined indicators of TP53 and PD‐L1 identified subgroups showing divergent benefits from EGFR‐TKIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) coupled with biomass conversion is a sustainable route to produce clean energy H2 and value‐added chemicals simultaneously. Herein, an amorphous Ni−Mo−B−O bifunctional electrocatalyst was synthesized through a facile electrodeposition method and employed as a cathode for HER to produce H2 and as an anode for the conversion of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). Besides leading to the formation of amorphous structures, the introduction of Mo and B can increase the electron density and optimize the electronic structure of the electrocatalyst, thus substantially increasing the catalytic activity of the catalyst. After continuous reaction at a constant potential of 0.58 V vs. Hg/HgO for 8 hours, the conversion of HMF reached 98.86 %, and the selectivity of the target product FDCA was as high as 92.97 %. Finally, a two‐electrolyzer system was constructed using the amorphous Ni−Mo−B−O as both cathode and anode to achieve simultaneous H2 production in the cathode chamber and FDCA production in the anode chamber at a low voltage. This work presents a promising strategy for the design and synthesis of high‐performance non‐noble metal electrocatalysts for efficient and cost‐effective H2 production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dampened peripheral clocks have been linked to osteoarthritis (OA), yet it is unclear whether drugging the clock can ameliorate OA. Given that RORs and REV‐ERBs mediate respectively, positive and negative transcriptional feedback of the master clock gene BMAL1, we investigate whether RORs agonist Nobiletin (NOB) and SR1078, and REV‐ERBs antagonist SR8278 can enhance BMAL1 expression and attenuate cartilage degeneration. NOB and SR8278 promoted BMAL1 expression and elicited mitigating effects against IL‐1β‐induced degeneration of cartilage explants, as evidenced by increased cellular density and collagen synthesis along with alleviated catabolism and collagen denaturation. Despite promoted BMAL1 expression, SR1078 concomitantly suppressed chondrocyte anabolism and catabolism. Consistent with these findings, NOB and SR8278 treatment, but not SR1078, effectively attenuated structural destruction of articular cartilage in surgery‐induced OA mouse models. Notably, the beneficial effects of NOB and SR8278 were evidently observed in IL‐1β‐induced degeneration of human cartilage explants and immortalized human chondrocytes. Moreover, BMAL1 knockdown assays indicated that NOB and SR8278 enhanced clock function and concordantly rendered protection against altered anabolism and catabolism in a BMAL1‐dependent regime. Collectively, our study suggests that targeting RORs and REV‐ERBs to promote the dampened peripheral clocks could be a route taken to apply chronotherapy within the context of OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Senescence is a complex cellular process that is implicated in various physiological and pathological processes. It is characterized by a stable state of cell growth arrest and by a secretome of diverse pro‐inflammatory factors, chemokines and growth factors. In this review, we summarize the context‐dependent role of cellular senescence in ageing and in age‐related diseases, such as cancer. We discuss current approaches to targeting senescence to develop therapeutic strategies to combat cancer and to promote healthy ageing, and we outline our vision for future research directions for senescence‐based interventions in these fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Extensive‐stage small cell lung cancer (ES‐SCLC) is deemed as a fatal malignancy with a poor prognosis. Although immunotherapy has gradually played an important role in the treatment of ES‐SCLC since 2018, ES‐SCLC treatment data and patient outcome before 2018, when chemotherapy served as a fundamental therapeutic strategy, is still meaningful as a summary of the situation regarding previous medical treatment and is a baseline for comparative data. In addition, the prognostic factors of ES‐SCLC have failed to reach a consensus until now. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate survival and identify the prognostic factors in an ES‐SCLC population. Methods: We retrospectively collected the detailed medical records of 358 patients with ES‐SCLC from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2018 in a Chinese top‐level cancer hospital. The prognostic factors were evaluated by Cox univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: The median overall survival (OS) of ES‐SCLC patients (N = 358) was 14.0 months, the one‐ and two‐year OS rates were 56.2% and 21.7%, respectively. Moreover, we identified two demographic characters (age ≥ 70, smoking index ≥ 400), one tumor burden factor (bone multimetastasis), two tumor biomarkers (cyfra211, CA125) and two laboratory indexes (decreased Na, PLR < 76) as independent prognostic factors for OS in this patient population. Progression‐free survival (PFS) data of 238 patients was obtained for further analysis, and the median PFS was 6.2 months, and six‐month and one‐year PFS rates were 51.7% and 14.3%, respectively. Elevated cyfra211, decreased Hb and Na were identified as independent prognostic factors for PFS. Conclusions: This study provides real‐world evidence of the survival and prognosis of ES‐SCLC patients which will enable better evaluation and clinical decision‐making in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visible‐light‐driven photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction is a promising pathway to moderate environmental pollution, in which the development of photocatalysts is pivotal. Herein, three hourglass‐type phosphomolybdate‐based hybrids with the formula of: (H2bpe)3[Zn(H2PO4)][Zn(bpe)(H2O)2]H{Zn[P4Mo6O31H6]2} ⋅ 6H2O (1) Na6[H2bz]2[ZnNa4(H2O)5]{Zn [P4Mo6O31H3]2} ⋅ 2H2O (2) and (H2mbpy) {[Zn(mbpy)(H2O)]2[Zn(H2O)]2}{Zn[P4Mo6O31H6]2} ⋅ 10H2O (3) (bpe=trans‐1,2‐bi(4‐pyridyl)‐ethylene; bz=4,4′‐diaminobiphenyl; mbpy=4,4'‐dimethyl‐2,2'bipyridine) were synthesized under the guidance of the functional organic moiety modification strategy. Structural analysis showed that hybrids 1–3 have similar 2D layer‐like spatial arrangements constructed by {Zn[P4Mo6]2} clusters and organic components with different conjugated degree. With excellent redox properties and wide visible‐light absorption capacities, hybrids 1–3 display favourable photocatalytic activity for Cr(VI) reduction with 79%, 70% and 64% reduction rates, which are superior to that of only inorganic {Zn[P4Mo6]2} itself (21%). The investigation of organic components on photocatalytic performance of hybrids 1–3 suggested that the organic counter cations (bpe, bz and mbpy) can effectively affect the visible‐light absorption, as well as the recombination of photogenerated carriers stemmed from {Zn[P4Mo6]2} clusters, further promoting their photocatalytic performances towards Cr(VI) reduction. This work provides an experimental basis for the design of functionalized photocatalysts via the modification of organic species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of a combination of paclitaxel and cisplatin/carboplatin for the treatment of advanced thymic carcinoma. Thirty-seven patients (23 men and 14 women, median age 47 years, performance status score ≤2) with pathologically or cytologically diagnosed advanced thymic carcinoma were recruited. Patients received 175 mg/m2 paclitaxel on day 1 and 75 mg/m2 cisplatin or 300 mg/m2 carboplatin on day 2 of a 21 day cycle for at least two cycles to evaluate efficacy and adverse events. No complete response ( CR) was observed; 11 patients had a partial response ( PR), 16 patients had no change ( NC), and 10 had progressive disease, resulting in an overall response rate of 29.7%, a stable rate of 43.2%, and a disease control rate ( CR + PR + NC) of 72.9%. Grade I/ II and III/ IV neutropenia were observed in 21 (56.7%) and 13 (35.1%) patients, respectively. Four (10.8%) patients developed grade I/ II thrombocytopenia. Grade I/ II and III/ IV nausea and vomiting were observed in 19 (51.2%) and five (13.5%) patients, respectively. Grade I/ II liver dysfunction was observed in seven (18.9%) patients. Two patients with grade III liver dysfunction recovered after hepatoprotective treatment. The combination of paclitaxel and platinum was effective and well tolerated in patients with advanced thymic carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background To compare the overall survival ( OS) of patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma in China before and after the approved use of gefitinib, and analyze clinical factors that may affect OS. Methods Clinical data of 558 patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma who received chemotherapy from January 2002 to December 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the matched-pair case-control study design, 255 patients who only received chemotherapy and 255 patients who received gefitinib treatment after its approval were stringently matched by age, gender, and smoking history and enrolled in the study. Clinical factors including age, gender, smoking history, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group ( ECOG) performance status ( PS), tumor stage, organ metastasis, and the number of prior chemotherapies were analyzed to determine their correlations with OS. Results The median survival time ( MST) of the 510 enrolled patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma was 22.8 months. The MST of the patients who received gefitinib treatment was significantly longer than that of patients who did not receive gefitinib treatment (33.5 vs. 14.1 months, P < 0.001). The OS in patients who received gefitinib treatment was significantly longer than in patients who did not receive gefitinib treatment in almost all clinical factor-based subgroups, including age, gender, smoking history, ECOG PS 0-1, tumor stage, the presence or absence of lung, pleural, bone, brain, adrenal gland and liver metastasis, and the number of prior chemotherapies (all P < 0.001), except in the ECOG PS ≥2 subgroup. Conclusions Gefitinib treatment significantly improved the survival of patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like-4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase ( EML4- ALK) fusion gene defines a novel molecular subset of non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC). However, the clinicopathological features of patients with the EML4- ALK fusion gene have not been defined completely. Methods Clinicopathological data of 200 Chinese patients with advanced NSCLC were analyzed retrospectively to explore their possible correlations with EML4- ALK fusions. Results The EML4- ALK fusion gene was detected in 56 (28.0%) of the 200 NSCLC patients, and undetected in 22 (11.0%) patients because of an insufficient amount of pathological tissue. The median age of the patients with positive and negative EML4- ALK was 48 and 55 years, respectively. Patients with the EML4- ALK fusion gene were significantly younger ( P < 0.001). The detection rate of the EML4- ALK fusion gene in patients who received primary tumor or metastatic lymph node resection was significantly higher than in patients who received fine-needle biopsy ( P = 0.003). The detection rate of the EML4- ALK fusion gene in patients with a time lag from obtainment of the pathological tissue to EML4- ALK fusion gene detection ≤48 months was significantly higher than in patients >48 months ( P = 0.020). The occurrence of the EML4- ALK fusion gene in patients with wild-type epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR) was significantly higher than in patients with mutant-type EGFR (42.5% [37/87] vs. 6.3% [1/16], P = 0.005). Conclusions Younger age and wild-type EGFR were identified as clinicopathological characteristics of patients with advanced NSCLC who harbored the EML4- ALK fusion gene. The optimal time lag from the obtainment of the pathological tissue to the time of EML4- ALK fusion gene detection is ≤48 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Resveratrol (RSV), a polyphenol in red wine, exhibits cardioprotective effects in vitro, such as inhibition of angiotensin II- or phenylephrine-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in rat neonatal myocyte cultures and suppression of cardiac fibroblast proliferation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of RSV against monocrotaline (MCT)-induced right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy in rats. 2. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given a single injection of MCT (50 mg/kg, s.c.) and were then treated with either vehicle (normal saline) or RSV (10 and 30 mg/kg, i.g., twice daily) for 21 days. A separate group of control rats were not injected with MCT and were treated with normal saline for 21 days. At the end of the treatment period, all rats were subjected to echocardiography and haemodynamic measurements. In addition, after rats had been killed, the hearts were subjected to histopathological, untrastructural and immunohistochemical analyses. 3. In vehicle-treated rats, MCT injection resulted in 33% mortality, whereas mortality in RSV-treated MCT-injected rats was 0%. In vehicle-treated rats, MCT increased RV free wall thickness and RV systolic pressure and decreased pulmonary arterial acceleration time at the end of the experimental period. These dynamic changes were ameliorated by RSV in a dose-dependent manner. Histologically, MCT injection resulted in RV hypertrophy, swollen mitochrondria and cardiomyocyte apoptosis; all these morphological changes were dose-dependently improved in rats treated with RSV. 4. In conclusion, RSV inhibits the RV hypertrophy induced by MCT in rats and this effect is mediated by both a direct effect of RSV on cardiomyocytes and an indirect effect mediated via a reduction in pulmonary hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barium strontium titanate is a promising material for microwave-phased array applications. 1,2 In this study, highly dense and fine-grained Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 ceramics were prepared using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The structure and dielectric tunable properties of the samples were investigated. The “distorted nano-region” emerged in the interior of the grains of SPS samples, and resulted in the deterioration of the dielectric tunable properties of Ba xSr1− xTiO3. This phenomenon indirectly testified to the assumption of the “polar nano-region” mechanism. After the SPS samples were annealed, the “distorted nano-region” disappeared and better dielectric tunable properties were obtained. The dielectric constant was decreased to 1048, and the K value (Commutation Quality Factor) reached 7089. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Although the importance of elevated circulating plasma catecholamines on cardiac structural and functional remodelling of hypertension is well documented, it is unclear whether the catecholamine–b-adrenoreceptor (bAR)–cAMP system can predict different cardiovascular events. 2. A total of 601 identified hypertensive patients with baseline and follow-up plasma levels of noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (Adr), lymphocyte bAR density (Bmax) and intralymphocyte cAMP levels in peripheral blood (last examination 60 ± 26 months apart) were followed up for an additional 24 ± 12 months. 3. After the last follow up, a composite end-point of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke occurred in 139 patients (23.1%). In Cox analyses, adjusting for other standard factors as well as treatment effect, NA (hazard ratio 1.22; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17–1.28; P = 0.0008), Adr (hazard ratio 1.53; 95% CI 1.18–2.00; P = 0.002), bAR (hazard ratio 1.12; 95% CI 1.06–1.17; P = 0.007) and cAMP (hazard ratio 1.15; 95% CI 1.09–1.21; P = 0.005) separately predicted cardiovascular mortality. Noradrenaline, Adr, bAR and intralymphocyte cAMP separately predicted fatal/non-fatal MI; NA and Adr predicted fatal/non-fatal stroke, whereas Bmax and intralymphocyte cAMP levels were not a significant predictor of fatal/non-fatal stroke. When stratifying the study population by NA or Adr (median 4 nmol/L), Bmax (median 600 fmol/107 cells) and cAMP (median 5.0 pmol/mg protein) above and below the median values in both parameters categories, patients above the median had composite cardiovascular end-point (all P < 0.001) and high cardiovascular death (all P < 0.01, log-rank test). 4. These results suggest that plasma NA and Adr are significant predictors of cardiovascular mortality, MI and stroke. The Bmax and intralymphocyte cAMP levels are significant predictors of cardiovascular mortality and MI, but not stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY1. We investigated the ion currents responsible for repolarization of guinea-pig isolated myocytes (ICa) and rat hippocampal CA1 neurons (IA and IK) by means of the whole-cell holding technique. 2. The rat hypertrophied heart, induced by levothyroxin, caused exaggerated cardiac arrhythmias after coronary ischaemia–reperfusion. 3. We found an enhanced ICa in guinea-pig isolated myocytes and decreased IA and IK in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons following levothyroxin treatment. Blockade of the outward K+ current and an increment in inward Ca2+ current by chronic levothyroxin treatment contributed to the delayed repolarization and aggravated cardiac arrhythmias. 4. Animals treated with chronic levothyroxin may serve as pathological models for the investigation of the pattern of ion channel disorders with regard to impaired repolarization and aggravated cardiac arrhythmias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Patients and Methods Results Conclusion Dacomitinib is a second‐generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) which is superior to first‐generation EGFR TKI in ARCHER 1050. However, the activity of dacomitinib in the central nervous system (CNS) is not known as ARCHER 1050 did not include patients with baseline brain metastases. This study aimed to describe dacomitinib's activity in the CNS in a real‐world setting.Thirty‐two patients who were receiving dacomitinib for advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with EGFR mutations and brain metastasis were included in this study. Patients who received prior EGFR TKIs were excluded from this trial. Case report forms were collected to determine treatment outcomes.Among 32 patients with EGFR‐mutated NSCLC and brain disease, eight were included in the CNS evaluable for response group. The intracranial objective response rate (iORR) was 87.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 47.3–99.7%) and the intracranial disease control rate (iDCR) was 100% (95% CI 63.1–100%). In 30 evaluable patients with measurable or nonmeasurable brain lesions, the iORR was 66.7% (95% CI 47.2–82.7%) and the iDCR was 100% (95% CI 88.4–100%). Median intracranial duration of response (iDoR) and intracranial progression‐free survival (iPFS) were not reached, with a one‐year iDoR rate of 72.2% (95% CI 48.7–95.7%) and a 1‐year iPFS rate of 71.2% (95% CI 51.0–91.4%), respectively. The majority of patients experienced low‐grade (G1/2) toxicities, which are reversible.This study suggests that dacomitinib demonstrated CNS efficacy in patients with EGFR TKI‐naïve EGFR‐mutated NSCLC in the real‐world setting. The safety profile was tolerable and manageable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the effect of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation or EBV reactivation with dexamethasone (DXM) in patients with adverse drug reactions (ADRs) through evaluating the levels of monocyte, macrophage M2/M1, and cytokines, and investigating whether expression of EBV receptor EphA2 could specifically influence EBV activation in ADRs. We performed a prospective longitudinal study to analyze the monocytes, macrophages, M2/M1 ratio, and cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, IFN-β, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)9, and CXCL10, in patients with maculopapular exanthema (MPE) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN), and control groups after disease onset. Skin biopsy samples from these patients were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining to examine tissue architecture and inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNA (EBER) staining to detect the presence of EBV within the skin lesions. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from these patients were co-cultured with EBV or EBV combined with DXM to assess the impact on monocytes, macrophages, the M2/M1 ratio, and the associated cytokine profile. Furthermore, we sought to identify which cytokines might be crucial in mediating the interaction between the M2/M1 ratio and EBV. EPhA2 expression was evaluated to determine its role in the reactivation of EBV and its correlation with increased viral load in MPE and SJS/TEN patients. Selective depletion of macrophages occurred during the acute stage of SJS/TEN, while a shift towards M2 macrophages was observed in MPE. Both IFN-β and CXCL9 levels were elevated in MPE and SJS/TEN. Additionally, our study demonstrated the presence of EBV in the skin lesions of SJS/TEN and MPE patients through H&E and EBER staining, confirming EBV's involvement in these conditions. Activation of EBV and EBV combined with DXM led to a shift from M1 to M2 macrophages, accompanied by increased levels of IL-4, IFN-γ, and CXCL9 in MPE and SJS/TEN, compared to healthy individuals. Specifically, EBV combined with DXM primarily drove IFN-γ and IL-4 expansions in MPE, while CXCL9 was predominantly elevated in SJS/TEN. The increased IL-4 levels were associated with the relative rise in EBV viral loads after EBV combined with DXM stimulation. Furthermore, EphA2 expression in monocytes was significantly higher in SJS/TEN and MPE patients compared to controls, with further increases on EBV stimulation. This elevation in EPhA2 correlated with increased EBV viral load, particularly in MPE and SJS/TEN patients. The gradual shift from M1 to M2 cell development observed during the clinical course of MPE and SJS/TEN is mediated by the predominance of EBV and EBV with DXM at the acute stage, leading to elevated IL-4, IFN-γ, and CXCL9 levels, which may exacerbate allergic reactions. The elevation in EPhA2 correlated with increased EBV viral load, particularly in MPE and SJS/TEN patients, suggesting that adverse drug reactions may induce EPhA2 expression, facilitating EBV replication and activation. EphA2 could thus serve as an indicator of EBV activation and a marker for assessing the risk of EBV in patients with adverse drug reactions., (© 2024 Japanese Dermatological Association.)