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Both alopecia areata (AA) and vitiligo share common pathogenesis involving, interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and interleukin‐15 (IL‐15) signalling pathways that activate cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes. These shared mechanisms may explain why both diseases respond to currently available treatments (e.g. topical/systemic corticosteroid) and emerging treatment modalities. As compared with the speed of re‐pigmentation in vitiligo lesions, the regeneration of pigmented terminal hair follicles in AA lesions appears fast in response to treatments targeting the inhibition of the Janus kinases (JAKs) and other kinases. We summarize the commonalities and differences between AA and vitiligo focusing on the treatment modalities, followed by recent findings associated with hair follicle stem cells (HFSC) in hair bulge (HBg) and melanocyte stem cells (McSC) in HBg and hair germ (HGm). We then discuss how HFSC and HGm‐McSC are involved in the initiation of anagen phase, followed by pigmented terminal hair regrowth in the recovering AA lesions in association with immunology. We also discuss how HBg‐McSC contribute to the migration of fully dendritic mature melanocytes into interfollicular epidermis and the equal distribution of melanin in recovering vitiligo lesions. Finally, we present four hypotheses to elucidate the delayed distribution of melanin by mature melanocytes in depigmented vitiligo lesions from the aspects of stem cell biology, as compared with quick hair recovery in AA: (1) McSC are less abundant than HFSC. (2) McSC require a long travel, whereas HFSC reside close to hair regeneration trigger point. (3) Keratinocyte scaffold to accept melanin is not well preserved, whereas scaffold for hair regrowth is well preserved. (4) Inhibitors targeting JAKs and other kinases have less direct effects on melanocyte proliferation and differentiation in vitiligo than hair regrowth in AA. Our review provides an overview of treatment modalities and bridges the gap between scientific advancement and clinical practice in AA and vitiligo management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Demodex density is known to increase in various immunosuppressive conditions. The relationship between biologic therapy and Demodex density remains unknown. We aimed to investigate whether the density of Demodex mites is higher in psoriasis patients treated with biologic agents compared to treatment‐naive or topically treated patients. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted, comparing psoriasis patients receiving biologic therapy (n = 34) with controls (n = 33). Demodex density was assessed using the standardized skin surface biopsy technique (SSSB). Statistical analysis was performed to compare the densities and prevalence of demodicosis between the two groups. Results: Demodex density was significantly higher in the biologic therapy group compared to the control group on the right cheek (7.29 vs. 0.12/cm2; P = 0.001), left cheek (8.15 vs. 0.24/cm2; P = 0.002), and whole face (average of all four regions: 5.50 vs. 0.80/cm2; P = 0.001). The prevalence of demodicosis was significantly higher in the biologic therapy group on the forehead (35.3% vs. 12.1%; P = 0.043), right cheek (41.2% vs. 0%; P < 0.001), and left cheek (44.1% vs. 0%; P < 0.001). The frequency of cases with demodicosis in at least one localization was higher in the biological therapy group compared to the control group (61.8% vs. 15.2%; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Psoriasis patients receiving biologic therapy had a higher Demodex density and prevalence of demodicosis compared to controls. Biologics may lead to an increase in Demodex density by blocking specific cytokines, such as interleukin‐17 and tumor necrosis factor‐α, which play a role in immunity against Demodex. Further research is needed to explore the impact of different biological agents on Demodex density. Plain Language Summary: "Demodex" mites live in human hair follicles, usually without causing any harm. However, when the immune system is suppressed due to several conditions, the Demodex density (Dd) can increase. "Biological drugs" that suppress some immunity elements are used to treat psoriasis. We aimed to determine if Dd increases in 34 psoriasis patients using biological therapies compared to those who do not. Dd on the face was significantly higher in the biological treatment group compared to the controls. The blockage of certain immune system molecules by biological drugs could explain this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objective Methods Results Conclusion Keratosis pilaris (KP) is a prevalent benign dermatological condition characterized by small bumps at the hair follicles alongside surrounding redness, significantly impacting both aesthetics and mental well‐being.This study investigated the potential benefits of a non‐cross‐linked hyaluronic acid (HA) compound for treating KP.A split‐body, investigator‐blinded, randomized, intraindividual comparative clinical trial was conducted. The non‐cross‐linked HA compound was injected into KP‐affected regions on both upper arms. The treatment was delivered across four sessions scheduled at 4‐week intervals. Blinded physicians and patients assessed differences in erythema, skin roughness, and overall scores between treated and control areas at the final follow‐up visit. At the 12th and 24th weeks post‐treatment, a four‐point scale was utilized to assess subjects' perceived treatment efficacy. Additionally, dermoscopic images, histological alterations, and adverse events were monitored.Physician assessments revealed a significant reduction in roughness and overall scores for treated areas compared to controls. Patient self‐assessments also reflected improvements in roughness, redness, and overall scores for treated sides at the final visit, with 35.71% of patients demonstrating sustained improvement in redness and 71.43% reporting persistent improvements in roughness at 24th weeks post‐treatment. The dermatoscopic examinations revealed a notable enhancement in both the quantity of follicular plugs and the extent of erythema among the subjects in the treatment group. Histopathological outcomes also demonstrated improvement.This study suggests that the non‐cross‐linked HA compound effectively improves skin roughness and promotes hair shaft growth in KP treatment, demonstrating a favorable safety profile. These findings position it as a potentially viable alternative therapy in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Materials and Methods Results Conclusion There is still no certain effective treatment for vitiligo as a common chronic skin disorder characterized by depigmented patches and loss of skin melanocytes.This study evaluates the efficacy of oral silymarin combined with hair follicle transplantation compared to follicle transplantation alone in the treatment of refractory vitiligo.Twenty refractory vitiligo patients were enrolled in this randomized controlled clinical trial, following up for 3 months. One group underwent hair transplantation plus oral silymarin, while the other group underwent follicle transplantation alone. We assessed the progress with Vitiligo Extent Tensity Index (VETI) in both groups and the peri‐follicular pigmentation diameter was estimated monthly. The Friedman test for comparing two groups at the end and the Mann–Whitney test for comparing two groups during each month was used.The mean age was 30.22 (18–59) years, with the male to female ratio of 1:1. The decrease in the VETI and increase in the perifollicular pigmentation was statistically significant between silymarin and another group in monthly follow‐up (p‐value: 0.019, 0.019, and 0.035, respectively). Finally, the re‐pigmentation was notable in silymarin group (p‐value <0.001 vs. 0.029, respectively). In addition, both genders had a significant increase in peri‐follicular re‐pigmentation in the last follow‐up (p‐value: 0.012 and 0.044, respectively); although the improvement was not statistically significant between genders in each month.According to our study, silymarin in combination with hair transplantation could be a potential medical treatment for vitiligo; however, further trials are needed to establish the efficacy of combination therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusion Achieving successful outcomes in hair transplant surgery involves various critical factors, including donor area harvesting, graft survival, and minimizing post‐operative complications. This study investigates the differences in grafts obtained using the rotary and oscillatory punch methods during follicular unit extraction (FUE) surgery.The study involved 15 patients undergoing FUE. Four 4 × 6 cm2 areas in two rows were selected for each patient, with each row utilizing a different punch method (rotary or oscillatory). The grafts were extracted and examined under a microscope, classified into single, double single, double, and triple categories. The total yield rate and average number of hairs per graft were measured and compared.The average number of hair follicles per graft was 2.029 for the rotary method and 2.084 for the oscillatory method, indicating no statistically significant difference. However, the total yield rate was 88.3% for the rotary group and 90.5% for the oscillatory group, with the difference being statistically significant. In selected cases with soft scalps or deeper punch requirements, the oscillatory method showed significantly better results, with an average of 2.078 hairs per graft compared to 1.836 for the rotary method. The total yield rate in these cases was 91% for oscillatory and 86% for rotary.While the overall differences between rotary and oscillatory punches are minimal, the oscillatory punch is significantly more effective in cases with soft scalps or deeper punch requirements. Adhering to a structured guideline before extraction can help reduce the transection rate and increase the number of hairs per graft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Female‐pattern hair loss (FPHL) is characterized by decreased scalp hair density, thinning of hair shafts, and progressive miniaturization of hair follicles. Objective: To compare the safety and efficacy of spironolactone versus bicalutamide in female pattern hair loss [FPHL]. Methods: The study design was retrospective, and all eligible females aged between 18 years and 50 years with FPHL were included. We identified 120 patients from our database who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and patients were then categorized into two groups, Group A comprising patients who were taking 100 mg of spironolactone once daily and Group B comprising patients who were taking 50 mg of bicalutamide once daily along with topical minoxidil 2% in both groups. Patient were analysed at approximately at 24 weeks from the commencement of the treatment. Results: Mean reduction in hair loss severity score on Sinclair scale was 19.51% in spironolactone group compared to 28.20% in bicalutamide group at 24 weeks, which was statistically significant. On global photographic assessment, marked improvement was seen in bicalutamide group compared to spironolactone group (p = 0.139). Conclusions: Our study, though limited by its retrospective design and small sample size, showed that bicalutamide has greater efficacy and better safety profile in comparison to spironolactone in the treatment of FPHL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a case of normolipemic xanthoma associated with folliculotropic mycosis fungoides (fMF), a variant of mycosis fungoides. The patient, a 60-year-old Japanese man, presented with yellowish masses and patchy alopecia on the scalp, as well as follicular papules on the trunk and extremities. Trichoscopy and histological analysis revealed mucin deposition, lymphocyte and eosinophil infiltrations, and dense infiltration of histiocytes mixed with eosinophils and lymphocytes. The article suggests that the tumour microenvironment triggers histiocyte infiltration, which may lead to xanthoma formation. The case highlights the challenges in diagnosing fMF due to excessive granulomatous/xanthomatous components and emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive assessment for a definitive diagnosis. [Extracted from the article]

Acne caused by inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands is a common chronic skin disease. Arctigenin (ATG) is an extract of Arctium lappa L., which has significant anti‐inflammatory effects. However, the effect and mechanism of ATG in cutaneous inflammation mediated by Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) has not been fully evaluated. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect and potential mechanism of ATG in the treatment of acne through network pharmacology and experimental confirmation. An acne model was established by injected live C. acnes into living mice and treated with ATG. Our data showed that ATG effectively improved acne induced by live C. acnes, which was confirmed by determining ear swelling rate, estradiol concentration and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. In addition, ATG inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway in mice ear tissues and reduced the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β to relieve inflammation. The results of network pharmacology and molecular docking confirmed that ATG can regulate 17β‐Estradiol (E2) levels through targeted to CYP19A1, and finally inhibited skin inflammation. Taken together, our results confirmed that ATG regulated E2 secretion by targeting CYP19A1, thereby inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway and improving inflammation levels in acne mice. This study provides a basis for the feasibility of ATG in treating acne in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Pilomatricoma, a rare benign skin tumor arising from hair follicle matrix cells, warrants consideration in the evaluation of subcutaneous nodules or masses, especially when presenting as painless and firm lesions. Accurate diagnosis hinges on histopathological examination, underscoring the significance of clinician vigilance and prompt intervention. Pilomatricoma, also referred to as Pilomatrixomas or Calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe, is a rare benign skin tumor derived from hair follicle matrix cells, presents a diagnostic challenge due to its diverse clinical manifestations. Females are more commonly affected by Pilomatricoma. This condition typically manifests as a painless, firm, and slowly progressive lesion. Histopathological analysis shows characteristic findings, such as basaloid cells at the periphery and shadow cells centrally. Immunohistochemical studies assess the expression of cytokeratin's associated with hair matrix differentiation. Complete surgical excision remains the cornerstone of treatment, ensuring favorable outcomes and minimizing the risk of recurrence. Awareness of this entity among clinicians is essential for timely recognition and appropriate intervention. In this specific case‐study, we present a case of Pilomatricoma situated in the lower left orbital region of a 32‐year‐old male individual who had been noticing swelling in that vicinity over the preceding 7 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the carcinogenic potential of chronic dermal exposure (16 weeks) to sulfuric acid (SA) in immunocompetent mice. Clinical assessments, histopathological analyses, immunohistochemical analyses and biochemical assays were conducted to evaluate skin irritation, oxidative stress biomarkers and the potential carcinogenic effect of SA. Results indicated that prolonged exposure to SA leads to various alterations in skin structure, notably inflammation, preneoplastic and neoplastic proliferation in hair follicles, as well as hyperkeratosis and acanthosis, resulting in an increased epidermal thickness of 98.50 ± 21.6 μm. Immunohistochemistry analysis further corroborates these observations, showcasing elevated nuclear expression of p53 and Ki‐67, with a significant mitotic index of (57.5% ± 2.5%). Moreover, biochemical analyses demonstrate that SA induces lipid peroxidation in the skin, evidenced by a high level of Malondialdehyde and a consequential reduction in catalase activity. These findings suggest that prolonged exposure to SA can induce skin neoplasms, highlighting the need for stringent safety measures in environments where SA is frequently used. This study underscores the potential occupational health risks associated with SA exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair loss affects men and women of all ages. Myokines, which are mainly secreted by skeletal muscles during exercise, have numerous health benefits. VEGF, IGF‐1, FGF and irisin are reprehensive myokines. Although VEGF, IGF‐1 and FGF are positively associated with hair growth, few studies have researched the effects of irisin on hair growth. Here, we investigated whether irisin promotes hair growth using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo patch assays, as well as mouse models. We show that irisin increases proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mitochondrial membrane potential in human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs). Irisin activated the Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway, thereby upregulating Wnt5a, Wnt10b and LEF‐1, which play an important role in hair growth. Moreover, irisin enhanced human hair shaft elongation. In vivo, patch assays revealed that irisin promotes the generation of new hair follicles, accelerates entry into the anagen phase, and significantly increases hair growth in C57BL/6 mice. However, XAV939, a Wnt/β‐catenin signalling inhibitor, suppressed the irisin‐mediated increase in hair shaft and hair growth. These results indicate that irisin increases hair growth via the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway and highlight its therapeutic potential in hair loss treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to assess differences in various scalp parameters between patients with androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and healthy volunteers using 22 MHz ultrasound. Methods: Thirty patients with AGA (AGA group) and 30 healthy volunteers (control group) who visited the Department of Dermatology at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from September 2021 to June 2022 were randomly selected. The patients with AGA met the diagnostic criteria outlined in the Chinese Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia. The severity of alopecia was assessed for males between grades 2 and 4 on the Norwood–Hamilton scale, and for females between stages 2 and 3 on the Ludwig scale. No artificial interventions were conducted at the vertex, and all examination conditions remained consistent. Ultrasound examinations at 22 MHz were performed on the scalp at the vertex in both the AGA and control groups. Seven parameters were measured, namely, epidermis + dermis thickness, entire scalp thickness, subcutaneous tissue thickness, average follicle width, average follicle length, follicle count, and the presence of color flow signals in the subcutaneous tissue. The differences in these parameters were then compared. Results: The AGA group showed reduced thickness of the entire scalp and subcutaneous tissue, narrower average follicle width, shorter average follicle length, lower hair follicle count, and fewer instances of color flow signals in the subcutaneous tissue at the vertex area (p < 0.05). Conclusion: High‐frequency (22 MHz) ultrasonography can be employed to visualize the entrance echo, dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and hair follicles of the scalp, thereby providing imaging for the clinical assessment of hair loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Chronic wounds present a growing challenge in the aging population, resulting in an extended course of treatment and an increased influx of patients with recalcitrant wounds seeking admission to hospitals. Furthermore, the general trend in patient care is toward simple and inexpensive treatment methods, feasible in an outpatient setting with little material costs. This retrospective case study aims to elucidate the operative procedure and outcomes associated with hair follicle unit transplantation utilizing punch grafts from the scalp for the management of hard‐to‐heal wounds. Methods: A cohort of 28 patients, comprising 20 males and eight females, with a mean age of 72.61 years (range: 48−89) and an average wound area of 82.49 cm2, underwent dissection of punch grafts containing hair follicles (2−3 mm in diameter) from the scalp. Subsequently, these grafts were transplanted into the wound bed. The retrospective evaluation of ulcer healing encompassed photo documentation and clinical records, while patient satisfaction was assessed through structured questionnaires. Results: In 78.6% (22) of the cases, a favorable impact on wound healing was observed, characterized by epithelization, and in 57.1% (16) of the patients, complete wound closure was achieved. With the exception of one donor site, all other sites healed without complications. The patient survey indicated that the majority of individuals subjected to the procedure did not perceive it as painful or time‐consuming. Notably, 81% (17) of individuals expressed a willingness to undergo the treatment again. Even in challenging wound conditions, such as pyoderma gangrenosum, our method demonstrated a positive effect on wound healing. Conclusion: Within our cohort, the utilization of hair follicle units in the management of hard‐to‐heal wounds resulted in either complete or partial wound closure for the majority of patients, accompanied by minimal morbidity, reduced operation time, and a low incidence of complications and associated costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aims Methods Results Conclusions Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is common. While topical minoxidil remains the only FDA‐approved therapeutic for AGA, its efficacy is limited in stimulating clinically significant hair regrowth over the longer term. Oral minoxidil, which is used off‐label, is a promising alternative; however, its effectiveness and underlying mechanisms warrant further investigation.To elucidate the site of action and infer the physiological mechanisms underlying therapeutic responses to oral minoxidil in patients with AGA.Forty‐one patients with AGA underwent 6 months of low‐dose oral minoxidil treatment. Minoxidil sulfotransferase (SULT) activity was assayed in plucked scalp hair follicles. The primary outcome was hair growth after low‐dose oral minoxidil treatment for a minimum of 6 months, and the secondary outcome was SULT activity in hair follicles.After 6 months of treatment, 26 (63.4%) patients experienced a clinical improvement in alopecia symptoms. The response rate was higher in men (19/26 [73.1%]) than in women (6/15 [40.0%]). Patients with low hair follicle SULT activity demonstrated a higher minoxidil response rate than those with high enzyme activity (85% vs. 43%, p = 0.009).Our findings indicate that low SULT activity within the hair follicles is associated with a favorable response to oral minoxidil therapy in patients with AGA. Further elucidation of the underlying mechanisms could significantly improve personalized therapeutic approaches through improved patient selection and the rational design of adjuvant treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terms “onychofibroblast” (nail‐specific fibroblast) and onychodermis (nail‐specific dermis) were first introduced in 2006 and 2012, respectively, based on distinctive histologic and immunohistochemical features from the dermis of the surrounding skin and have been demonstrated in multiple studies. Recently, based on molecular research, the definition of onychodermis containing onychofibroblasts has been expanded to encompass the area located between the nail matrix and bed epithelium and periosteum. Single‐cell RNA sequencing and in situ hybridization demonstrated that onychofibroblasts within the onychodermis express the genes including RSPO4, MSX1, WIF‐1, and BMP5, which are implicated in nail formation and/or in disorders with nail phenotype. A mutation in RSPO4, a component of the Wnt signaling pathway, causes anonychia congenita. Nail matrix onychodermis and nail bed onychodermis share many similar characteristics which differ from the surrounding normal dermis of the skin. Comparative spatial transcriptomic and single‐cell analyses of human nail units and hair follicles suggest that onychodermis is the counterpart of follicular dermal papilla, which plays a key role in hair follicle growth and morphogenesis. Onychomatricoma, as a nail‐specific tumor, has been demonstrated to be a mesenchymal tumor that originates from onychofibroblasts and is associated with the upregulation of Wnt signaling. Collectively, the onychodermis and onychofibroblasts play crucial roles in nail development and these specialized nail mesenchymal elements are key components in the pathogenesis of onychomatricoma. The concept of onychodermis containing onychofibroblasts is very important for nail biology and pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marmoset is a fundamental nonhuman primate model for the study of aging, neurobiology, and many other topics. Genetic management of captive marmoset colonies is complicated by frequent chimerism in the blood and other tissues, a lack of tools to enable cost‐effective, genome‐wide interrogation of variation, and historic mergers and migrations of animals between colonies. We implemented genotype‐by‐sequencing (GBS) of hair follicle derived DNA (a minimally chimeric DNA source) of 82 marmosets housed at the Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC). Our primary goals were the genetic characterization of our marmoset population for pedigree verification and colony management and to inform the scientific community of the functional genetic makeup of this valuable resource. We used the GBS data to reconstruct the genetic legacy of recent mergers between colonies, to identify genetically related animals whose relationships were previously unknown due to incomplete pedigree information, and to show that animals in the SNPRC colony appear to exhibit low levels of inbreeding. Of the >99,000 single‐nucleotide variants (SNVs) that we characterized, >9800 are located within gene regions known to harbor pathogenic variants of clinical significance in humans. Overall, we show the combination of low‐resolution (sparse) genotyping using hair follicle DNA is a powerful strategy for the genetic management of captive marmoset colonies and for identifying potential SNVs for the development of biomedical research models. Research Highlights: Genotype‐by‐sequencing of hair follicle DNA allows effective genetic characterization of captive marmosets for colony management.Ancestry analysis of genetic data reflects recent colony mergers and site‐specific genetic characteristics.Genetic data augments pedigree records to reveal previously unknown relationships in a captive population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanocyte stem cells (McSCs) of the hair follicle are a rare cell population within the skin and are notably underrepresented in whole‐skin, single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) datasets. Using a cell enrichment strategy to isolate KIT+/CD45− cells from the telogen skin of adult female C57BL/6J mice, we evaluated the transcriptional landscape of quiescent McSCs (qMcSCs) at high resolution. Through this evaluation, we confirmed existing molecular signatures for qMcCS subpopulations (e.g., Kit+, Cd34+/−, Plp1+, Cd274+/−, Thy1+, Cdh3+/−) and identified novel qMcSC subpopulations, including two that differentially regulate their immune privilege status. Within qMcSC subpopulations, we also predicted melanocyte differentiation potential, neural crest potential, and quiescence depth. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the qMcSC population is heterogeneous and future studies focused on investigating changes in qMcSCs should consider changes in subpopulation composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is one of the most common alopecia among men and women worldwide. It is a nonscarring alopecia that has a characterized pattern. In female pattern AGA, the hairline is stable but general thinning occurs most notably in the frontal region. In male‐pattern AGA, the hairline is receding and the thinning is most notable in the frontotemporal region. AGA has a complex pathogenesis and relation of subcutaneous fat in the scalp region and the miniaturization of terminal hair follicles is vague. In this study, subcutaneous fat in the frontal scalp an important region for AGA is compared to the occipital scalp that is spared in AGA. Method: Our study is a cross‐sectional study that has four groups. Male patient, female patient, male control, female control. Every group has 15 individuals. All of the people in the study are those referred to Rasoul Akram's dermatology clinic. The severity of alopecia is classified by Norwood scaling for male pattern AGA and Ludwig scaling for female pattern AGA. Subcutaneous tissue in the frontal and occipital regions is measured by ultrasonography. For evaluating the effect of aging on subcutaneous fat thickness, we subdivided any group into more than 40 years old and between 20 and 40 years old and compared these two subgroups. Results: The mean age of the three groups of male patient, female patient, and female control is 40 y/o and the mean age of male control is 41 y/o. The mean subcutaneous fat layer thickness in frontal region in male patients group is 6.0 mm (more than 40 y/o = 6.6 mm, between 20 and 40 y/o = 5.5 mm), in female patients group 5.1 mm (more than 40 y/o = 5.7 mm, between 20 and 40 y/o = 4.6 mm), in the male control group is 4.4 mm (more than 40 y/o = 4.7 mm, between 20 and 40 y/o = 4 mm) and in the female control group is 4.1 mm (more than 40 y/o = 4.5 mm, between 20 and 40 y/o = 3.6 mm). The mean subcutaneous fat layer thickness in the occipital region in the male patient's group is 6.4 mm (more than 40 y/o = 6.7 mm, between 20 and 40 y/o = 6 mm), in the female patient's group 6.1 mm (more than 40 y/o = 6.5 mm, between 20 and 40 y/o = 5.7 mm), in the male control group is 6.3 mm (more than 40 y/o = 6.8 mm, between 20 and 40 y/o = 5.7 mm) and in the female control group is 6.2 mm (more than 40 y/o = 6.6 mm, between 20 and 40 y/o = 5.8 mm). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the subcutaneous fat layer in the frontal region in both males and females is thicker in AGA patients than healthy group and the more severe the AGA, the thicker is subcutaneous layer in the frontal region. In the male patients group, the subcutaneous fat layer in the frontal region is thicker than in the female patients group but in the male and female control groups is not so different. The subcutaneous fat layer in the occipital region is thicker in older individuals in both patients and control groups but is not different when compared to AGA patients and control individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, scalp tissues from Korean adults between 20 and 80 without skin disease were used. Scalp tissues were processed, and hair follicles were isolated and cultured with different treatments (including Bioscalp, Ultra Exo Booster, and Ultra S Line Plus) from Ultra V company. Over 12 days, observations and measurements of hair follicle characteristics were recorded at intervals (Days 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12). The study assessed the impact of these substances on hair follicle growth and morphology. Bioscalp, combined with Ultra Exo Booster and Ultra S Line Plus, showed significant hair elongation in ex vivo. Preservation of hair bulb diameter was observed, indicating potential for sustained hair growth by exosome‐based products. The hair growth cycle analysis suggested a lower transition to the catagen stage in test products from Ultra V compared to non‐treated groups. The research findings indicated that the tested formulations, especially the combination of Bioscalp, Ultra Exo Booster, and Ultra S Line Plus, demonstrated significant effectiveness in promoting hair growth, maintaining the integrity of the hair bulb, and reducing the transition to the catagen stage. The study suggests promising alternative treatments for hair loss, illustrating results that were as good as those of the conventional testing product groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Woolly Hair Syndrome (WHS) is a rare birth condition that affects the structure of hair in non‐black people. The pathogenesis is not yet defined. It is postulated that the hair follicle's desmosomes (specifically desmoplaquine, placoglobin and placofilin‐1, which are cell structural proteins that keep the adhesion among close cells) would be altered in this pathology, leading to fragility in the cellular union. It is subdivided into two large groups: the localized or circumscribed variant and the generalized variant. From birth or first months of life, patients with WHS are clinically characterized by the presence of a portion or entire scalp area of very short frizzy hair, usually of a smaller diameter, brittle and lighter color. The most frequent skin manifestations are pilar keratosis and palmo‐plantar keratodermia. The diagnosis is based on the clinical findings, and it is facilitated by trichotoscopic examination. However, a definitive diagnosis of WHS requires genetic testing. Oral agenesis, enamel defects (such as hypomineralization), atypical caries, dental inclusion, and malformed pin‐shaped teeth may occur. Objective: To describe an aesthetic alternative of oral rehabilitation using the mock‐up technique in a patient with WHS. Clinical case: A 5‐year‐old female patient diagnosed with WHS from the National Institute of Child Health Nihch: Breña, Lima, who was referred from the Genetic service to the Pediatric Dentistry service in order to screen outbreaks of infection associated with odontogenic origin and dental anomalies. At the ectoscopy, a patient with short capillary length, brittle and curly hair, dry skin, and nail dystrophy was observed. At the intraoral clinical examination, anterior pieces of 52, 51, 61, 62, and enamel hypomineralization were observed in all teeth. The radiographic examination showed agenesis of parts 41, 34, and 45. Integral dental treatment was performed in the operating room under general anesthesia due to the complexity of the case. Pulpectomy in pieces 52, 51, 61, 62, post of composite resin, and rehabilitation with supra‐nanow filling resin using the mock‐up technique were proposed as alternative treatments. Conclusion: The making of supra‐nano filling resin‐based crowns using the mock‐up technique is an alternative treatment for aesthetic oral rehabilitation in deciduous dentition of patients with WHS. The aesthetic treatment was achieved using supra nano‐filling resins. After 12 months of dental treatment, a favorable response was observed, improving the chewing, phonation and aesthetics of the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A precise balance between the proliferation and differentiation of epidermal progenitors is required to achieve the barrier function during the development of epidermis. During the entire process of skin development, the newly formed basal layer cells divide, differentiate, and migrate outward to the surface of the skin, which is tightly regulated by a series of events related to cell cycle progression. The CRL4DTL complex (Cullin 4 RING ligase, in association with the substrate receptor DTL) has long emerged as a master regulator in various cellular processes, which mediates the degradation of key cell cycle proteins. However, the roles of DTL in regulating epidermal morphogenesis during skin development remain unclear. Results: We showed that DTL deficiency in epidermal progenitor cells leads to defects in epidermal stratification and loss of hair follicles accompanied by reduced epidermal progenitor cells and disturbed cell cycle progression during skin development. Transcriptome analysis revealed that p53 pathway is activated in DTL‐depleted epidermal progenitor cells. The apoptosis of epidermal cells showed in DTL deficiency mice is rescued by the absence of p53, but the proliferation and differentiation defects were p53‐independent. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that DTL plays a vital role in epidermal malformation during skin development. Key Findings: Loss of DTL in developing skin leads to defects in epidermal stratification.DTL prevents activation of p53 pathway in developing epidermal progenitors.DTL regulates the proliferation and differentiation of epidermal progenitor cells through a p53‐independent way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic inflammation and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) can impair diabetic wound healing. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have emerged as a promising target to promote wound healing by regulating the immune system and supporting tissue repair through the secretion of growth factors and cytokines. However, an effective strategy for the on‐demand recruitment of Tregs for wound healing is still lacking. Here, an ROS‐scavenging Tregs‐recruiting hydrogel patch is developed for the sequential release of C─C motif chemokine 22 (CCL22) triggered by the ROS in the diabetic wound bed. The hydrogel patch is prepared by crosslinking the gelatin with ROS cleavable linker together with CCL22 (RSG‐CCL22). RSG‐CCL22 presented desirable physical properties suitable for skin regeneration purposes. In addition, the ROS scavenging feature of the RSG suppresses the differentiation of T helper 17 (Th17) cells and protects the recruited Tregs from apoptosis and oxidative stress, which maximizes their function in accelerating wound closure and promoting hair follicle regeneration in a diabetic full‐thickness skin defect mouse model. Therefore, the proposed approach provides a new therapeutic strategy for tissue regeneration and wound repair via effective recruitment of functional Tregs through ROS‐triggered on‐demand delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair follicle development and hair growth are regulated by multiple factors and multiple signalling pathways. The hair follicle, as an important skin appendage, is the basis for hair growth, and it has the functions of safeguarding the body, perceiving the environment and regulating body temperature. Hair growth undergoes a regular hair cycle, including anagen, catagen and telogen. A small amount of physiological shedding of hair occurs under normal conditions, always in a dynamic equilibrium. Hair loss occurs when the skin or hair follicles are stimulated by oxidative stress, inflammation or hormonal disorders that disrupt the homeostasis of the hair follicles. Numerous researches have indicated that oxidative stress is an important factor causing hair loss. Here, we summarize the signalling pathways and intervention mechanisms by which oxidative stress affects hair follicle development and hair growth, discuss existing treatments for hair loss via the antioxidant pathway and provide our own insights. In addition, we collate antioxidant natural products promoting hair growth in recent years and discuss the limitations and perspectives of current hair loss prevention and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an invaluable Chinese sheep germplasm resource, Hu sheep are renowned for their high fertility and beautiful wavy lambskins. Their distinctive characteristics have evolved over time through a combination of artificial and natural selection. Identifying selection signatures in Hu sheep can provide a straightforward insight into the mechanism of selection and further uncover the candidate genes associated with breed‐specific traits subject to selection. Here, we conducted whole‐genome resequencing on 206 Hu sheep individuals, each with an approximate 6‐fold depth of coverage. And then we employed three complementary approaches, including composite likelihood ratio, integrated haplotype homozygosity score and the detection of runs of homozygosity, to detect selection signatures. In total, 10 candidate genomic regions displaying selection signatures were simultaneously identified by multiple methods, spanning 88.54 Mb. After annotating, these genomic regions harbored collectively 92 unique genes. Interestingly, 32 candidate genes associated with reproduction were distributed in nine genomic regions detected. Out of them, two stood out as star candidates: BMPR1B and GNRH2, both of which have documented associations with fertility, and a HOXA gene cluster (HOXA1‐5, HOXA9, HOXA10, HOXA11 and HOXA13) had also been linked to fertility. Additionally, we identified other genes that are related to hair follicle development (LAMTOR3, EEF1A2), ear size (HOXA1, KCNQ2), fat tail formation (HOXA10, HOXA11), growth and development (FAF1, CCNDBP1, GJB2, GJA3), fat deposition (ACOXL, JAZF1, HOXA3, HOXA4, HOXA5, EBF4), immune (UBR1, FASTKD5) and feed intake (DAPP1, RNF17, NPBWR2). Our results offer novel insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying the selection of breed‐specific traits in Hu sheep and provide a reference for sheep genetic improvement programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The objective of this study is to investigate the mechanism by which low‐level laser stimulation promotes the proliferation of intraepithelial hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) in wounds. This research aims to expand the applications of laser treatment, enhance wound repair methods, and establish a theoretical and experimental foundation for achieving accelerated wound healing. Methods: The experimental approach involved irradiating a cell model with low‐level laser to assess the proliferation of HFSCs and examine alterations in the expression of proteins related to the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway. A mouse back wound model was established to investigate the effects of low‐level laser irradiation on wound healing rate, wound microenvironment, and the proliferation of HFSCs in relation to the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway. Results: The research findings indicate that low‐level laser light effectively activates the Wnt signaling pathway, leading to the increased accumulation of core protein β‐catenin and the upregulation of key downstream gene Lef 1. Consequently, this regulatory mechanism facilitates various downstream biological effects, including the notable promotion of HFSC proliferation and differentiation into skin appendages and epithelial tissues. As a result, the process of wound healing is significantly accelerated. Conclusion: Low levels of laser activates the Wnt signalling pathway, promotes the regeneration of hair follicle stem cells and accelerates wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian dermoid cyst is characterised by the presence of hair follicles, sebaceous glands grossly observed as clusters of matted hair in greyish cheesy material in the vicinity of ovaries. Upon examination of 235 buffalo genitalia, five were found to have abnormal ovarian texture and were relatively large in size. Further investigation revealed presence of dermoid cyst in these ovaries. Histopathological analysis showed degenerated primary, secondary and tertiary/Graafian follicles in the ovarian parenchyma, with patches of neuro‐ectodermal rosette‐like structures composed of glial cells. Other extra‐gonadal tissues often less organised were also observed like cartilage, fibrous connective tissue and glandular structures. In two of the specimens, corpus luteum with degenerated luteal cells was also present in the parenchyma of the ovary. These detailed investigations pointed to the infertility problems in buffaloes associated with this condition and often dictated in slaughterhouse‐derived ovaries. It has clinical significance as these structures are often confused with cystic ovarian disease upon rectal palpation, and treatment is unsuccessful in reducing the size of the ovary at the field level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dermis and epidermis, crucial structural layers of the skin, encompass appendages, hair follicles (HFs), and intricate cellular heterogeneity. However, an integrated spatiotemporal transcriptomic atlas of embryonic skin has not yet been described and would be invaluable for studying skin‐related diseases in humans. Here, single‐cell and spatial transcriptomic analyses are performed on skin samples of normal and hairless fetal pigs across four developmental periods. The cross‐species comparison of skin cells illustrated that the pig epidermis is more representative of the human epidermis than mice epidermis. Moreover, Phenome‐wide association study analysis revealed that the conserved genes between pigs and humans are strongly associated with human skin‐related diseases. In the epidermis, two lineage differentiation trajectories describe hair follicle (HF) morphogenesis and epidermal development. By comparing normal and hairless fetal pigs, it is found that the hair placode (Pc), the most characteristic initial structure in HFs, arises from progenitor‐like OGN+/UCHL1+ cells. These progenitors appear earlier in development than the previously described early Pc cells and exhibit abnormal proliferation and migration during differentiation in hairless pigs. The study provides a valuable resource for in‐depth insights into HF development, which may serve as a key reference atlas for studying human skin disease etiology using porcine models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the hair follicles, resulting in patchy recurrent hair loss. A large body of evidence has demonstrated the favourable clinical response of the Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors and biologics, but a lack of comprehensive comparison among these therapies exists in the current literature. This study aimed to compare their efficacy. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed including randomized trials that report the outcomes of the Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT)50 and/or the mean change in SALT. These articles were pooled and a network meta-analysis (NAM) was conducted. Based on the surface under the cumulative ranking curve estimates obtained for the mean change in SALT score, baricitinib_4 mg (0.7949656) had the best probability of being the most effective therapy, followed by ritlecitinib_200_50 mg (0.7391906) and ivarmacitinib_4 mg (0.7292594). In contrast, dupilumab, secukinumab, tralokinumab and apremilast were less likely to be effective. Targeting the JAK signalling pathway holds great potential for restoring hair regrowth, albeit the contribution of JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2 inhibition to the therapeutic effect on AA is apparently different. Baricitinib_4 mg and ritlecitinib 200_50 mg demonstrated notable efficacy, and both molecules displayed a dose-dependent effect, which is not observed with ivarmacitinib. Further investigations into the specific mechanisms of action of these JAK inhibitors are warranted to elucidate the reasons behind these differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Striae distensae are a permanent skin defect that can affect 50%–90% of the population. The appearance of the changes resembles spindle‐shaped skin bands. The skin in this area is wrinkled, thin and looks like a scar. Most often, the changes are found on the skin of the abdomen, buttocks, breasts, thighs, and back. The appearance of striae means that the skin in this area has no hair follicles, sebaceous, and sweat glands. This skin is flabby, not very elastic and, what is very characteristic, the pigmentation of the skin affected by striae is much lower than in healthy skin. Cosmetology in the 21st century is developing very dynamically, new technologies are being developed, new cosmetological devices are being created and combined with treatments that have been known for a long time. Today's science offers hope for people who have struggled with reducing striae for many years and nowadays, nothing is impossible. Aims: The objective of this article is to provide information about cosmetological treatment used to reduce striae. Methods: In this article, we reviewed the published literature, article published in peer‐reviewed journals. Results: Today's cosmetology offers a wide range of numerous treatments, but the best results are achieved through a synergy of two or more treatments. But we should not forget that we should respond to each customer individually. Conclusion: The striae are not a problem that should be ignored. The beauty therapist is able to reduce them and help the client to improve the appearance of their skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multiple wavelength diode laser (MWDL) is a sophisticated device designed to target deeper skin layers by emitting various wavelengths. Its unique feature is the ability to deliver heat to specific depths within the tissue using different wavelengths while simultaneously cooling the skin surface. Recent research by Choi et al. suggests that wavelengths of 755 and 810 nm can induce carbonization in hair follicles, while the 1064 nm wavelength penetrates deeper into tissues. MWDL has been proposed for fat redistribution in aging, but concerns have been raised regarding ocular safety and potential tissue damage, particularly when used near the eyes. Studies have shown ocular injuries during cosmetic laser procedures, emphasizing the need for robust ocular protection and safety protocols. Additionally, there are reports of internal ischemic necrosis and burns, highlighting the importance of precise energy settings and parameter management. While MWDL shows promise, further research and comprehensive guidelines are needed to ensure safe and effective usage in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite similarities in progressive miniaturization of hair follicles and transition of terminal hairs to vellus hairs, insufficient trichoscopic comparisons between male androgenetic alopecia (MAGA) and female pattern hair loss (FPHL) hinder our ability to select effective treatments. Aim: Our study aimed to explore gender‐specific trichoscopic characteristics of MAGA and FPHL, while formulating hypotheses regarding the progression of these conditions across clinical stages. Methods: We classified 126 male MAGA subjects using Hamilton‐Norwood Classification and 57 FPHL subjects using adopted Sinclair Scale. Subsequently, we analyzed nine trichoscopic factors divided into three categories: hair‐diameter related, hair‐number per follicular unit related, and hair density related factors. Results: Of the nine quantitative trichoscopic factors, hair‐diameter and hair‐number per follicular unit showed strong correlations with clinical stages in both genders. Hair density, a common trichoscopic factor for hair loss evaluation, weakly correlated with clinical stages in FPHL, but not at all in MAGA. In addition, MAGA was characterized by a progressive reduction in hair‐diameter, followed by a reduction in hair‐number per follicular unit. FPHL, on the contrary, showed the opposite progression. Conclusions: Trichoscopic factors vary with disease severity in a gender‐specific manner. Our research highlights that MAGA and FPHL involve two distinct streams: hair‐diameter decreasing by hair follicle miniaturization (Stream 1), and hair‐number per follicular unit decreasing by hair follicle tri‐lineage niche dysfunction (Stream 2). MAGA typically starts from Stream 1 to Stream 2, while FPHL starts from Stream 2. These diverse progression pathways underscore the importance of personalized treatment approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Characterized by progressive hair loss due to an excessive response to androgens, androgenetic alopecia (AGA) affects up to 50% of males and females. Minoxidil is one of approved medications for AGA but inadequate responses occur in many patients. Aims: To determine whether 1565 nm non‐ablative fractional laser (NAFL) could yield better therapeutic benefits for patients with AGA as compared with 5% minoxidil. Methods: Thirty patients with AGA were enrolled; they were randomly assigned into the laser or minoxidil treatment groups. For the laser treatment group, patients were treated by 1565 nm NAFL at 10 mJ, 250 spots/cm2 with 2 weeks intervals for 4 sessions in total. For the minoxidil treatment group, 1‐milliliter of topical 5% minoxidil solution was applied to hair loss area twice a day. Results: The primary outcomes were the changes in numerous hair growth indexes at the Week 10 as compared with the baselines. Both 1565 nm NAFL and 5% minoxidil led to significantly greater hair densities and diameters in patients at the Week 10 than the baselines (p < 0.01). As compared with 5% minoxidil, 1565 nm NAFL showed significantly greater improvements in total hair number, total hair density (hair/cm2), terminal hair number, terminal hair density (hair/cm2), number of hair follicle units, and average hair number/number of hair follicle units. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that 1565 nm NAFL exhibits superior clinical efficacy in some aspects of hair growth to the topical minoxidil. It is a safe and effective modality in treating AGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanocyte stem cells (MSCs), melanocyte lineage‐specific skin stem cells derived from the neural crest, are observed in the mammalian hair follicle, the epidermis or the sweat gland. MSCs differentiate into mature melanin‐producing melanocytes, which confer skin and hair pigmentation and uphold vital skin functions. In controlling and coordinating the homeostasis, repair and regeneration of skin tissue, MSCs play a vital role. Decreased numbers or impaired functions of MSCs are closely associated with the development and therapy of many skin conditions, such as hair graying, vitiligo, wound healing and melanoma. With the advancement of stem cell technology, the relevant features of MSCs have been further elaborated. In this review, we provide an exhaustive overview of cutaneous MSCs and highlight the latest advances in MSC research. A better understanding of the biological characteristics and micro‐environmental regulatory mechanisms of MSCs will help to improve clinical applications in regenerative medicine, skin pigmentation disorders and cancer therapy. Key points: This review provides a concise summary of the origin, biological characteristics, homeostatic maintenance and therapeutic potential of cutaneous MSCs.The role and potential application value of MSCs in skin pigmentation disorders are discussed.The significance of single‐cell RNA sequencing, CRISPR‐Cas9 technology and practical models in MSCs research is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address current challenges in effectively treating large skin defects caused by trauma in clinical medicine, the fabrication, and evaluation of a novel radially aligned nanofiber scaffold (RAS) with dual growth factor gradients is presented. These aligned nanofibers and the scaffold's spatial design provide many all‐around "highways" for cell migration from the edge of the wound to the center area. Besides, the chemotaxis induced by two growth factor gradients further promotes cell migration. Incorporating epidermal growth factor (EGF) aids in the proliferation and differentiation of basal layer cells in the epidermis, augmenting the scaffold's ability to promote epidermal regeneration. Concurrently, the scaffold‐bound vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) recruits vascular endothelial cells at the wound's center, resulting in angiogenesis and improving blood supply and nutrient delivery, which is critical for granulation tissue regeneration. The RAS+EGF+VEGF group demonstrates superior performance in wound immune regulation, wound closure, hair follicle regeneration, and ECM deposition and remodeling compared to other groups. This study highlights the promising potential of hierarchically assembled nanofiber scaffolds with dual growth factor gradients for wound repair and tissue regeneration applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A combination of dermoscopic and histological findings may provide useful information for the diagnosis of hair follicle diseases. However, there are no studies on dermoscopic–histopathological correlations in dogs affected by alopecia X, and comparison of longitudinal versus transversal sectioning of skin biopsy specimens in the assessment of this hair loss disorder has not been thoroughly investigated. Hypothesis/Objectives: The aim of this study was to correlate dermoscopic and histological features using both longitudinal and transversal sectioning of skin biopsy samples to gain additional information for the diagnosis of alopecia X. Animals: Nineteen Pomeranian dogs affected by alopecia X and five healthy Pomeranians as controls. Materials and Methods: Dermoscopic–histological correlation was performed within the diseased group, whereas histological comparisons against controls. The demographic and clinical characteristics also were related to the histological findings. Results: The dermoscopic findings revealed scattered, thinned, short hairs mixed with amorphous keratoseborrhoeic‐like material (follicular plugging), perifollicular and intrafollicular scaling, and hyperpigmentation varying from pinpoint black spots to a diffuse texture. Dermoscopic findings correlated with histological findings for selected qualitative and quantitative findings. The usefulness of transversal sections was demonstrated in accurately determining the hair follicular density and counts, growth arrest phases and in identifying mineralisation of hair follicle basement membrane when compared to the longitudinal. Conversely, no correlations between histological findings and demographic and clinical characteristics were detected. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: These data provide evidence of the usefulness of dermoscopic evaluation as an accessory diagnostic tool and of transversal sections of skin biopsies as complementary to the diagnosis of alopecia X. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Electrical epilation of unwanted hair is a widely used hair removal method, but it is largely unknown how this affects the biology of human hair follicles (HF) and perifollicular skin. Here, we have begun to explore how mechanical epilation changes selected key biological read‐out parameters ex vivo within and around the pilosebaceous unit. Methods: Human full‐thickness scalp skin samples were epilated ex vivo using an electro‐mechanical device, organ‐cultured for up to 6 days in serum‐free, supplemented medium, and assessed at different time points by quantitative (immuno‐)histomorphometry for selected relevant read‐out parameters in epilated and sham‐epilated control samples. Results: Epilation removed most of the hair shafts, often together with fragments of the outer and inner root sheath and hair matrix. This was associated with persistent focal thinning of the HF basal membrane, decreased melanin content of the residual HF epithelium, and increased HF keratinocyte apoptosis, including in the bulge, yet without affecting the number of cytokeratin 15+ HF epithelial stem cells. Sebocyte apoptosis in the peripheral zone was increased, albeit without visibly altering sebum production. Epilation transiently perturbed HF immune privilege, and increased the expression of ICAM‐1 in the bulge and bulb mesenchyme, and the number of perifollicular MHC class II+ cells as well as mast cells around the distal epithelium and promoted mast cell degranulation around the suprabulbar and bulbar area. Moreover, compared to controls, several key players of neurogenic skin inflammation, itch, and/or thermosensation (TRPV1, TRPA1, NGF, and NKR1) were differentially expressed in post‐epilation skin. Conclusion: These data generated in denervated, organ‐cultured human scalp skin demonstrate that epilation‐induced mechanical HF trauma elicits surprisingly complex biological responses. These may contribute to the delayed re‐growth of thinner and lighter hair shafts post‐epilation and temporary post‐epilation discomfort. Our findings also provide pointers regarding the development of topically applicable agents that minimize undesirable sequelae of epilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: F‐MF is a rare non‐classic variant of MF. In the case of hair loss, this should be a diagnostic consideration. The essence of the diagnosis of F‐MF is a careful medical history, physical examination, and a combination of immunohistological and molecular analyses (Cureus. 2022; 14:e21231, Ann Saudi Med. 2012; 32:283, Oman Med J. 2012; 27:134, Int J Dermatol. 2016; 55:1396, Saudi Med J. 2018; 39:994 and Case Rep Oncol. 2018; 11:436). Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma with multiple subtypes. Follicular MF (F‐MF) is a non‐classic variant of MF. Histological features entail folliculotropism and damage of the epithelium lining of the hair follicles with or without mucin deposition. A 52‐year‐old male patient complained of recurrent skin lesions on the scalp over 8 months. The lesions appeared suddenly, enlarged over time, and became itchy. A skin punch biopsy was performed. Histological features included mucin deposits in the epithelium of the hair follicles and dense, predominantly perifollicular atypical lymphocytes infiltrating the follicular epithelium. The lymphoid cells were composed of CD3‐positive T cells (CD4/CD8‐positive T cells) with a shift in favor of the former. The case was diagnosed as F‐MF on an immunohistological basis. The diagnosis of F‐MF is often difficult for dermatologists and dermatopathologists alike. Not only clinicopathological correlations but also immunohistochemical and molecular analysis are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin is a major site of cortisol bioconversion by 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β‐HSD1) enzymes which catalyze intracellular inactive cortisone into physiologically active cortisol. 11β‐HSD1 is highly expressed in skin, especially in dermal fibroblasts, epidermal keratinocytes, melanocytes, and hair follicles, and plays important roles in regulating keratinocytes, fibroblast proliferation, and has roles in skin aging. Inhibition of 11β‐HSD1 may reverse decreased collagen levels observed in extrinsically and intrinsically aged skin. Inhibitors of 11β‐HSD1 may also have the potential to reverse decreased collagen observed in skin atrophy induced by glucocorticoid treatment. This systematic review aimed to summarize the current knowledge of roles for 11β‐HSD1 inhibitor in skin physiology and potential for future use in medications. Studies have demonstrated that immediately following experimental insult in an animal model, there is increased expression of 11β‐HSD1, and that topical application of an 11β‐HSD1 inhibitor increases the rate of healing, increases skin collagen content, increases dermal fibroblasts, and increases dermal thickness. Furthermore, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 11β‐HSD1 inhibitors reduce wound diameter after injury. Further development of 11β‐HSD1 inhibitors appears to be a promising area for treating aging skin, aiding wound healing, and mitigating effects of systemic glucocorticoid use. Both topically and orally administered 11β‐HSD1 inhibitors appear to be viable avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the use of trichoscopy as a monitoring tool in assessing treatment response in scalp pemphigus (SP), an autoimmune blistering disease. The study conducted at the University of Bologna enrolled 37 adult patients with confirmed SP and assessed their clinical status using the Pemphigus Disease Area Index (PDAI), laboratory evaluations, and trichoscopy. The results showed that trichoscopy can be valuable in diagnosing and monitoring SP, with dystrophic hair disappearance indicating treatment efficacy. The study also found a correlation between anti-Dsg values and trichoscopy, suggesting that anagen hair loss is related to disease activity. Trichoscopy can serve as a non-invasive tool for monitoring SP and may eliminate the need for skin biopsy. However, the study has limitations, and further research is needed to investigate persistent trichoscopic signs and recurrences. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses the use of single microneedle radiofrequency (SMRF) therapy as a potential treatment for dissecting cellulitis of the scalp (DCS), a rare inflammatory condition that can cause permanent hair loss. The usual treatment for DCS involves Isotretinoin and oral antibiotics, but the effectiveness can vary. Recent studies have shown that SMRF therapy can reduce sebum secretion and treat acne, making it a potential alternative treatment for DCS. The article presents a case study of a 16-year-old patient who experienced significant improvement in their scalp lesions after receiving isotretinoin combined with SMRF therapy. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential of SMRF for treating DCS. [Extracted from the article]

The scar repair inevitably causes damage of skin function and loss of skin appendages such as hair follicles (HF). It is of great challenge in wound repair that how to intervene in scar formation while simultaneously remodeling HF niche and inducing in situ HF regeneration. Here, chemical reprogramming techniques are used to identify a clinically chemical cocktail (Tideglusib and Tamibarotene) that can drive fibroblasts toward dermal papilla cell (DPC) fate. Considering the advantage of biomaterials in tissue repair and their regulation in cell behavior that may contributes to cellular reprogramming, the artificial HF seeding (AHFS) hydrogel microspheres, inspired by the natural processes of "seeding and harvest", are constructed via using a combination of liposome nanoparticle drug delivery system, photoresponsive hydrogel shell, positively charged polyamide modification, microfluidic and photocrosslinking techniques. The identified chemical cocktail is as the core nucleus of AHFS. In vitro and in vivo studies show that AHFS can regulate fibroblast fate, induce fibroblast‐to‐DPC reprogramming by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway, finally promoting wound healing and in situ HF regeneration while inhibiting scar formation in a two‐pronged translational approach. In conclusion, AHFS provides a new and effective strategy for functional repair of skin wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a living repair material, cell sheet exhibits significant potential in wound repair. Nonetheless, wound healing is a complicated and protracted process that necessitates specific repair functions at each stage, including hemostasis and antibacterial activity. In this work, on the basis of harvesting the cell sheet via a photothermal response strategy, a fibronectin attached cell sheet (FACS) is prepared to enhance its wound repair capability. For this purpose, the azide group (N3) is initially tagged onto the cell surface through metabolic glycoengineering of unnatural sugars, and then the conjugate (DBCO‐fibronectin) comprises of the dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) and fibronectin with multiple wound repair functions is linked to N3 using click chemistry. Biological evaluations following this demonstrates that the FACS preparation exhibits excellent biocompatibility, and the fibronectin modification enhances the capacity for cell proliferation and migration. Moreover, in vivo wound healing experiment confirms the reparative efficacy of FACS. It not only has a wound closure rate 1.46 times that of a conventional cell sheet but also reduces inflammatory cell infiltration, promotes hair follicle and blood vessel regeneration, and encourages collagen deposition. This strategy holds enormous clinical potential and paves the way for advanced functional modifications of cell sheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tinea capitis is a common disease in children but rare in newborns younger than 1 month of age. Only 29 cases of tinea capitis in newborns have been described in indexed literature from 1990 until now. While antifungal agents can be used topically and systemically, systemic antifungal therapy is generally accepted as the treatment of choice for tinea capitis due to limited penetration of topical agents into the hair follicle. However, there is a lack of data on the use of systemic antifungal agents in newborns, and there are reports of successful treatment of tinea capitis in newborns using only topical therapy. In this paper, we present a case of tinea capitis in a 29‐day‐old female baby and review the previous 29 reported cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alopecia may decrease patients' quality of life and self‐confidence by limiting their social life. Therefore, the main goal of the treatment is to limit or halt the progression of inflammation, scarring, and hair loss. The promising effect of fat injection on hair regrowth, limited adverse effects, and subsiding inflammation can be proof of its efficacy and safety in treating alopecia. Aims: This review sought to assess the role of autologous fat tissue injection in scarring and non‐scarring alopecia. Methods: Accordingly, a thorough search was performed on the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed/Medline databases, as well as the Google Scholar search engine, for studies published from inception until September 1st, 2023, using the related keywords. Results: Autologous fat grafting (AFG) is a novel and potentially effective modality for treating alopecia, particularly primary and secondary cicatricial alopecia. AFG can be an effective semi‐invasive option for treating refractory lichen planopilaris because it induces angiogenesis, which supports hair regrowth. In addition to cicatricial alopecia, AFG held promise for treating non‐scarring alopecia, including androgenic alopecia and alopecia areata. The adipose‐derived regenerative cells (ADRCs) in adipose tissue (AT) secrete different growth factors, further supporting hair regeneration. Moreover, different anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidative agents are known in AT, preventing further damage to hair follicles. Conclusions: AFG can significantly control inflammatory processes, improve signs and symptoms, and increase hair density and diameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hair loss occurs due to various biological and environmental causes, which can have psychosocial consequences. The Wnt/β‐catenin signaling is well‐known for its role in hair growth and regeneration, as it induces the proliferation and differentiation of hair cells. When the leucine‐rich G protein‐coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) interacts with the R‐spondins, the frizzled receptor (FZD), a Wnt receptor, becomes stabilized, resulting in an increased β‐catenin activity. Aim: We investigated whether the octapeptide that binds to Lgr5 enhances proliferation and differentiation of human primary hair cells through the activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. Methods: The binding affinity of the octapeptide to Lgr5 was evaluated using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). We confirmed changes in proliferation and related factors like β‐catenin activation and growth factors (GFs) expression in human hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HHFDPCs). Additionally, we observed the proliferation and the expression of differentiation markers in human hair follicle outer root sheath cells (HHFORSCs), human hair follicle germinal matrix cells (HHFGMCs), and human hair follicle stem cells (HHFSCs). We used three‐dimensional HHFDPC spheroid culture treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to create in vitro conditions that mimic androgenetic alopecia, and we studied the effects of octapeptide on Wnt expression and HHFSC differentiation. Results: The binding of the octapeptide to Lgr5 was confirmed using SPR analysis. In HHFDPCs, treatment with octapeptide resulted in a concentration‐dependent increase in proliferation. We also observed increased nuclear translocation of β‐catenin and increased expression of its downstream targets. HHFDPCs treated with octapeptide exhibited increased expression of growth factors and phosphorylation of Akt and ERK. In addition, we confirmed that octapeptide increased proliferation and induced differentiation in HHFORSCs, HHFGMCs, and HHFSCs. Under the HHFDPC spheroid culture conditions, we found that octapeptide restored the inhibition of Wnt‐5a and Wnt‐10b expressions by DHT. In HHFSCs treated with HHFDPC spheroid culture media, we observed that octapeptide recovered the inhibition of differentiation by DHT. Conclusion: We found that octapeptides activated the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling and induced the proliferation and differentiation of human primary hair cells by acting as an exogenous ligand for Lgr5. In addition, octapeptides recovered inhibited hair regeneration characters by DHT in androgenetic alopecia‐mimic in vitro model. These findings suggest that octapeptides may be a promising therapeutic option for treating hair loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioceramics provide promising tactics for wound healing, yet the on‐shelf products are still unmet, especially for skin appendages regeneration. Herein, the inorganic magnesium silicate sprays (MSS) as mineral factors to overcome the existing challenges is proposed. Results indicate MSS can be synthesized by a green method without organic solvents, templates, calcination, and harmful by‐products. With amorphous phase, nanoscale, and high specific surface area, MSS reveal an improved pH‐responsive degradability and excellent bioactivity for cell proliferation and migration. In rats, MSS display a dose‐dependent effect on accelerating burn‐wound repair via regulating the expressions of iNOS and IL‐10 to attenuate inflammation, elevating the expressions of CD31 and α‐SMA to improve vascularization, and boosting collagen deposition without ectopic calcification. The released Mg and Si ions synergistically potentiate the expressions of Gap43, Tubb3, and K19, suggesting the regeneration of peripheral nerves and hair follicles. These superior features are further verified by comparisons with commercial products, Dermlin® and 45S5 bioglass®, in both rats and minipigs. Motivated by these findings, three MSS‐based formulations of band‐aid patch, adhesive hydrogel, and antibacterial sprays are devised for specific scenarios. Taken together, this proof‐of concept study provides a promising bioactive mineral for future clinical skin wound repair and functional appendages regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Functionalization of wound dressing is one of the main approaches for promoting wound healing in skin wound management. In this study, our aim is to fabricate a bio‐functionalized hydrocolloid wound dressing. Methods: The extracellular matrix (ECM) was extracted from human placental tissue. A hydrocolloid film was fabricated using Na‐CMC, pectin, gelatin, styrene‐isoprene‐styrene adhesive, glycerol, and 0.5%–2.5% powdered ECM. A polyurethane film and a release liner were used in the hydrocolloid/ECM films. The mechanical, adhesion, swelling rate, and integrity of the films were investigated. Cell proliferation, adhesion, and migration assays, as well as, SEM and FTIR spectroscopy were also conducted. Macroscopic and microscopic evaluations of wound healing process and formation of blood vessels were conducted in mouse animal models. Results: We successfully fabricated a three‐layered ECM‐functionalized hydrocolloid dressing with a water vapor transmission rate of 371 g/m2/day and an adhesion peel strength of 176 KPa. Cellular adhesion, proliferation and migration were promoted by ECM. In the animal tests, ECM‐functionalized hydrocolloids significantly improved wound closure and re‐epithelialization at days 14 and 21. Also, ECM‐functionalized hydrocolloids promoted the formation of hair follicles. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that ECM could enhance the wound healing properties of hydrocolloid wound dressings. This wound dressing could be considered for application in hard‐to‐heal acute wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To develop and evaluate the efficacy of WS Biotin, a novel water‐soluble form of D‐Biotin, for cosmetic use. Methods: A new encapsulated form of D‐Biotin was developed with the purpose of improving the water solubility of biotin. This novel form of encapsulated biotin was characterized by its physicochemical properties: particle size, D‐Biotin content and solubility in water. Also, proliferation and gene expression in vitro tests in cell culture were performed to evaluate its effectiveness in promoting hair growth, an ELISA test was conducted for hair keratinization and skin lightening property was tested by analysing the intracellular melanin content. Results: The developed WS Biotin microcapsules exhibit a particle size range of 2–30 μm with D‐Biotin content of ~50% (w/w). The water solubility of WS Biotin was found to be 20‐fold greater than free biotin. The obtained in vitro results indicated that WS Biotin enhances the expression of hair‐related keratins in hair follicle keratinocytes, as well as the expression of hair growth‐promoting genes in dermal papilla cells. Moreover, the melanin content in UVA‐exposed epidermal melanocytes was reduced upon exposure to WS Biotin. Conclusion: In this work, a novel form of encapsulated biotin, WS Biotin, was developed in order to improve the water solubility of free biotin and was found to be effective for cosmetic use in both hair and skin applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamomum cassia and Astragalus membranaceus have been used as traditional medicines as well as functional foods worldwide, but its hair growth properties have been verified yet. This study was designed that possible molecular mechanism of YH complex consisting of C. cassia and A. membranaceus on androgenetic alopecia (AGA) was predicted and investigated in mice. Target genes of C. cassia and A. membranaceus constructed the YH complex network. AGA mice were induced by injection of testosterone and 100 and 150 mg/kg of YH complex were orally administered. From result of network analysis, the possible underlying mechanism of YH complex was closely related with the "regulation of hair cycle" and "apoptosis signaling pathway." In depilated AGA mice, YH complex markedly promoted hair regrowth. Histological recovery on size and shape of hair follicles was appeared by YH complex administration. The expressions of 5α‐reductase and TGF‐β were significantly decreased in dorsal skin tissues of YH complex‐treated mice. Antiapoptotic Bcl‐2/Bax ratio was upregulated, while caspase activation was downregulated by treatment with YH complex. In summary, YH complex regulated hair development cycle by inhibiting the androgenic‐apoptotic axis in AGA. YH complex would be a potent therapeutic agent for alopecia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The available interventions for androgenic alopecia (AGA), the most common type of hair loss worldwide, remain limited. The insulin growth factor (IGF) system may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AGA. However, the exact role of IGF binding protein‐related protein 1 (IGFBP‐rP1) in hair growth and AGA has not been reported. In this study, we first found periodic variation in IGFBP‐rP1 during the hair cycle transition in murine hair follicles (HFs). We further demonstrated that IGFBP‐rP1 levels were lower in the serum and scalp HFs of individuals with AGA than in those of healthy controls. Subsequently, we verified that IGFBP‐rP1 had no cytotoxicity to human outer root sheath cells (HORSCs) and that IGFBP‐rP1 reversed the inhibitory effects of DHT on the migration of HORSCs in vitro. Finally, a DHT‐induced AGA mouse model was created. The results revealed that the expression of IGFBP‐rP1 in murine HFs was downregulated after DHT treatment and that subcutaneous injection of IGFBP‐rP1 delayed catagen occurrence and prolonged the anagen phase of HFs in mice with DHT‐induced AGA. The present work shows that IGFBP‐rP1 is involved in hair cycle transition and exhibits great therapeutic potential for AGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]