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Vein of Galen malformation (VGM) is a rare intracranial vascular malformation. High output heart failure is common in infancy and is characterized by dilatation of all the cardiac chambers. We report an unusual case of VGM in a 3‐month‐old infant without dilatation of the right‐sided cardiac chambers. We then demonstrate importance of comprehensive evaluation in detecting rare coexistence of anomalous right superior caval vein connection to the left atrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saline contrast echocardiography is an established imaging modality. Logical interpretation of a carefully performed study is vital to realize its diagnostic potential. In this review, we discuss utility of saline contrast echocardiography in evaluation of various pathologies within and outside the heart other than a patent foramen ovale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim This study evaluated patient satisfaction and clinical effectiveness of intracoronal bleach in traumatized anterior discolored intact teeth. Assessment of awareness and knowledge of the patient regarding treatment modalities for such cases was also performed. Material and method Forty-one patients were included in the study. Walking bleach was performed using sodium perborate (tetrahydrate) after root canal treatment and proper cervical seal. Patient was recalled after 1 week for evaluation. The bleaching procedure was repeated again till the patient agreed for it. On each recall visit, shade evaluation was performed using the Vita Classic shade guide. On completion of treatment, the patients were questioned as to their satisfaction level. Statistical analysis was carried out using anova. Results 87.8% of the subjects were highly satisfied with the results obtained; 7.32% were satisfied, while 4.9% were not satisfied. Average number of appointments needed for highly satisfied group was 2.75, and average shade change obtained was 11.97. Significantly more number of appointments were needed for the older patients ( P < 0.01) or patients with older trauma ( P < 0.05)/discoloration ( P < 0.05). Severity of discoloration did not affect the number of appointments ( P > 0.05). Most of the participants (97.6%) were not aware of bleaching procedure. The aspect of this treatment, which satisfied them the most, was improvement of the tooth coloration followed by conservation of tooth structure while the most perplexing thing was the unpredictability of final shade achieved and lack of color stability. Conclusions High level of patient satisfaction after non-vital tooth bleach treatment strongly supports this treatment modality to be a conservative treatment alternative for traumatized discolored anterior tooth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim The aims of the present study were to determine the prevalence of cusp 7 in permanent mandibular first molars in an Indian population, and to comparatively evaluate the variations in occlusal morphology of these teeth, including the difference in the number of cusps and fissure patterns. Methods A total of 1123 Indian participants from the Government College of Dentistry, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India, were selected for the study. For the analyses of cusp 6 and cusp 7 in permanent mandibular first molars, the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System was used. Groove patterns were analyzed and classified as Y, +, X, and Ұ. Results Of the 1123 individuals, 132 (11.75%) were found to have cusp 7, while 78 (6.95%) had cusp 6. Thus, a total of 210 participants had the six-cusped mandibular first molars, 98 (8.73%) had the four-cusped mandibular first molars, and two had the seven-cusped variant. Overall, the most common fissure pattern was the Y pattern (50.36%), while the least common was the X pattern (1.25%). Mandibular first molars with cusp 7 demonstrated a highly significant ( P < 0.05) dominance of the Ұ pattern (36.80%) over the Y (30.74%), + (27.71%), and X (4.46%) fissure patterns. Conclusion A significant prevalence of cusp 7 (11.25%) in permanent mandibular first molars was found in the present study in an Indian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over the course of time, new developments associated with the embryogenesis of the murine heart have served to clarify the developmental processes observed in the human heart. This evidence allows for the creation of a developmental framework for many congenital cardiac defects., Aims: We aim to solidify the framework related to the categorization of both solitary and multiple ventricular septal defects., Materials and Methods: Mice having genetic perturbation of the Furin enzyme have demonstrated perimembranous and juxta-arterial ventricular septal defects, permitting the inference to be made that these defects can co-exist with defects occurring within the apical muscular septum., Results: Basis of developmental evidence, furthermore, all interventricular communications can be placed into one of three groups, namely those which are perimembranous, juxta-arterial, and muscular. All of the defects are described based on their borders as seen from the morphologically right ventricle. Our focus here will be on those defects within the muscular ventricular septum, recognizing that such defects can co-exist with those that are perimembranous. We discuss the differentiation of multiple discrete defects from those referred to as the "Swiss cheese" variant., Conclusions: As we show, appropriate surgical management requires an understanding of the specific terminology, as the surgical approach may differ depending on the combination of the individual defects. Data from the Society for Thoracic Surgeons revealed that both mortality and morbidity were increased in the setting of multiple as opposed to solitary ventricular septal defects., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)