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Halide solid electrolytes, known for their high ionic conductivity at room temperature and good oxidative stability, face notable challenges in all–solid–state Li–ion batteries (ASSBs), especially with unstable cathode/solid electrolyte (SE) interface and increasing interfacial resistance during cycling. In this work, we have developed an Al3+–doped, cation–disordered epitaxial nanolayer on the LiCoO2 surface by reacting it with an artificially constructed AlPO4 nanoshell; this lithium–deficient layer featuring a rock–salt–like phase effectively suppresses oxidative decomposition of Li3InCl6 electrolyte and stabilizes the cathode/SE interface at 4.5 V. The ASSBs with the halide electrolyte Li3InCl6 and a high–loading LiCoO2 cathode demonstrated high discharge capacity and long cycling life from 3 to 4.5 V. Our findings emphasize the importance of specialized cathode surface modification in preventing SE degradation and achieving stable cycling of halide–based ASSBs at high voltages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zn‐based catalysts hold great potential to replace the noble metal‐based ones for CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Undercoordinated Zn (Znδ+) sites may serve as the active sites for enhanced CO production by optimizing the binding energy of *COOH intermediates. However, there is relatively less exploration into the dynamic evolution and stability of Znδ+ sites during CO2 reduction process. Herein, we present ZnO, Znδ+/ZnO and Zn as catalysts by varying the applied reduction potential. Theoretical studies reveal that Znδ+ sites could suppress HER and HCOOH production to induce CO generation. And Znδ+/ZnO presents the highest CO selectivity (FECO 70.9 % at −1.48 V vs. RHE) compared to Zn and ZnO. Furthermore, we propose a CeO2 nanotube with confinement effect and Ce3+/Ce4+ redox to stabilize Znδ+ species. The hollow core–shell structure of the Znδ+/ZnO/CeO2 catalyst enables to extremely expose electrochemically active area while maintaining the Znδ+ sites with long‐time stability. Certainly, the target catalyst affords a FECO of 76.9 % at −1.08 V vs. RHE and no significant decay of CO selectivity in excess of 18 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately distinguishing between enantiomeric molecules is a fundamental challenge in the field of chemistry. However, there is still significant room for improvement in both the enantiomeric selectivity (KR(S)/KS(R)) and binding strength of most reported macrocyclic chiral receptors to meet the demands of practical application scenarios. Herein, we synthesized a water‐soluble conjugated tubular host—namely, corral[4]BINOL—using a chiral 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol (BINOL) derivative as the repeating unit. The conjugated chiral backbone endows corral[4]BINOL with good fluorescent emission (QY=34 %) and circularly polarized luminescence (|glum| up to 1.4×10−3) in water. Notably, corral[4]BINOL exhibits high recognition affinity up to 8.6×1010 M−1 towards achiral guests in water, and manifested excellent enantioselectivity up to 18.7 towards chiral substrates, both of which represent the highest values observed among chiral macrocycles in aqueous solution. The ultrastrong binding strength, outstanding enantioselectivity, and facile accessibility, together with the superior fluorescent and chiroptical properties, endow corral[4]BINOL with great potential for a wide range of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report highly efficient carbon supported Ni−MoO2 heterostructured catalysts for the electrochemical hydrogenation (ECH) of phenol in 0.10 M aqueous sulfuric acid (pH 0.7) at 60 °C. Highest yields for cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone of 95 % and 86 % with faradaic efficiencies of ∼50 % are obtained with catalysts bearing high and low densities of oxygen vacancy (Ov) sites, respectively. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations reveal that the enhanced phenol adsorption strength is responsible for the superior catalytic efficiency. Furthermore, 1‐cyclohexene‐1‐ol is an important intermediate. Its hydrogenation route and hence the final product are affected by the Ov density. This work opens a promising avenue to the rational design of advanced electrocatalysts for the upgrading of phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered LiCoO2 (LCO) is one of the most important cathodes for portable electronic products at present and in the foreseeable future. It becomes a continuous push to increase the cutoff voltage of LCO so that a higher capacity can be achieved, for example, a capacity of 220 mAh g–1 at 4.6 V compared to 175 mAh g–1 at 4.45 V, which is unfortunately accompanied by severe capacity degradation due to the much‐aggravated side reactions and irreversible phase transitions. Accordingly, strict control on the LCO becomes essential to combat the inherent instability related to the high voltage challenge for their future applications. This review begins with a discussion on the relationship between the crystal structures and electrochemical properties of LCO as well as the failure mechanisms at 4.6 V. Then, recent advances in control strategies for 4.6 V LCO are summarized with focus on both bulk structure and surface properties. One closes this review by presenting the outlook for future efforts on LCO‐based lithium ion batteries (LIBs). It is hoped that this work can draw a clear map on the research status of 4.6 V LCO, and also shed light on the future directions of materials design for high energy LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li‐based secondary batteries are now attracting soaring research attention as a promising energy storage system with high energy density for commercial applications. However, the high‐energy systems meanwhile are causing serious concerns on safety issues due to unstable interfaces on both cathodes and anodes. To improve interphase stability upon extended cycles, surface fluorinated treatment becomes highly desirable due to its unique capability in modulating the chemistry of electrode/electrolyte interface to ensure a stable electrochemical performance. Accordingly, it is essential that a deeper understanding on the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), especially the role of fluorine‐containing components, is demanded to guide the interface design. This review begins with an introduction to the fundamental knowledge on the structure of SEI with focus on the unique physiochemical properties of fluorides. Detailed discussions are then taken on the control strategies for a reliable construction of fluoride‐based interfaces, which typically includes the surface coating of metal fluorides on cathodes and ex situ/in situ fluorination on lithium, based on which the structure–performance relationship is elaborated to inspire a rational interface engineering. Finally, perspectives are provided to give insights into the possible research directions of fluorinated SEI for further development of rechargeable Li batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies showed that the increase of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in tumour microenvironment is closely related to the resistant treatment and poor prognosis of metastatic breast cancer. However, the effect of tumour‐derived exosomes on MDSCs and its mechanism are not clear. Here, we reported that breast cancer cells (4T1)‐secreted exosomes (BCC‐Ex) were able to differentiate bone marrow cells into MDSCs and significantly inhibited the proliferation of T lymphocytes to provide an immunosuppressive microenvironment for cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. The number of MDSCs in bone marrow and spleen of 4T1 tumour‐bearing mice and BCC‐Ex infused mice was significantly higher than that of normal mice, whereas the number of T lymphocytes in spleen was significantly decreased. In addition, BCC‐Ex markedly promoted the differentiation of MDSCs from bone marrow cells or bone marrow cells derived macrophages, seen as the increased expressions of MDSCs‐related functional proteins Arginase‐1 (Arg‐1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Furthermore, BCC‐Ex significantly down‐regulated the expressions of chemokine receptor CXCR4 and markedly up‐regulated the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL‐6 and IL‐10 in bone marrow cells and macrophages and remarkably inhibited the division and proliferation of T cells. Importantly, CXCR4 agonist, CXCL12, could reverse the function of BCC‐Ex, indicating that BCC‐Ex‐induced MDSCs might be dependent on the down‐regulation of CXCR4. Western blot showed that BCC‐Ex significantly promoted the phosphorylation of STAT3 in bone marrow cells, resulting in the inhibitions of the proliferation and apoptosis of bone marrow cells, and the aggravation of the differentiation of bone marrow cells into MDSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hollow‐structured electrode materials have found broad applications in secondary batteries. The built‐in cavity of the prepared materials shows favorable features such as structural stability against volumetric deformation, good reservoir for electrolyte, and fast charge transport kinetics, which are highly efficient to improve the electrochemical performance of the electrode materials, particularly their cycling stability and high rate capability. However, the full potential of hollow‐structured materials is restrained by their limited synthesis capability, which currently relies on template‐based protocols with well‐known challenges in both product yield and operational convenience. In this review, the recent progress on different synthetic methodologies for the creation of hollow structures without the use of extra templates is summarized. Starting from solid precursors, focus is laid on the formation mechanisms for the creation of a cavity inside the electrode materials, and subsequently different driving forces such as Ostwald ripening, Kirkendall effect, and selective etching of an inhomogeneous particle are discussed, highlighting the self‐templated processes as designable and scalable ones with good control on the key structural characters. Furthermore, the applications of hollow structures in different kinds of battery systems are discussed in terms of building up a clear structure‐performance relationship of the electrode materials. Finally, we provide a perspective on the development trends of self‐templated construction of hollow structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes an optimisation approach of high torque density with guaranteed anti‐short‐circuit performance for the dual redundant permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) in an aerospace application. The 10‐pole/12‐slot dual redundant PMSM with concentrated single‐layer windings is firstly proposed, which can restrain the short‐circuit current by the slot design to increase the phase inductance. Since the anti‐short‐circuit design may result in the torque density degradation of the dual redundant PMSM, the influence of the slot parameters on the torque performance of the dual redundant PMSM is thoroughly investigated, including the electromagnetic torque, braking torque, and no‐load torque. Furthermore, the genetic algorithm‐based optimisation method is proposed to maximise the torque density of the dual redundant PMSM, while the anti‐short‐circuit performance can also be guaranteed. Simulation and experimental results are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed optimisation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kinesin dimer walks processively along a microtubule (MT) protofilament in a hand‐over‐hand manner, transiting alternately between one‐head‐bound (1HB) and two‐heads‐bound (2HB) states. In 1HB state, one head bound by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is detached from MT and the other head is bound to MT. Here, using all‐atom molecular dynamics simulations we determined the position and orientation of the detached ADP‐head relative to the MT‐bound head in 1HB state. We showed that in 1HB state when the MT‐bound head is in ADP or nucleotide‐free state, with its neck linker being undocked, the detached ADP‐head and the MT‐bound head have the high binding energy, and after adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binds to the MT‐bound head, with its neck linker being docked, the binding energy between the two heads is reduced greatly. These results reveal how the kinesin dimer retains 1HB state before ATP binding and how the dimer transits from 1HB to 2HB state after ATP binding. Key residues involved in the head‐head interaction in 1HB state were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two‐dimensional (2D) materials are attractive catalysts for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide reaction (eCO2RR) by virtue of their tunable atomic structures, abundant active sites, enhanced conductivity, suitable binding affinity to carbon dioxide and/or reaction intermediates, and intrinsic scalability. Herein, recent advances in 2D catalysts for the eCO2RR are reviewed. Structural features and properties of 2D materials that contribute to their advanced electrocatalytic properties are summarized, and strategies for enhancing their activity and selectivity for the eCO2RR are reviewed. Prospects and challenges of applications of 2D catalysts for the eCO2RR on an industrial scale are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple one‐pot method has been developed to synthesize a palladium/cuprous oxide‐copper (Pd/Cu2O–Cu) material with a well‐defined structure, by modification of Cu2O–Cu with Pd through a galvanic replacement reaction. Compared with the well‐known copper/cuprous oxide (Cu/Cu2O) catalysts, the Pd/Cu2O–Cu material can catalyze the electroreduction of CO2 into C1 products with much higher faradaic efficiencies at lower overpotentials in a CO2‐saturated 0.5 m NaHCO3 solution. In particular, the highest faradaic efficiencies of 92 % for formate and 30 % for methane were achieved at −0.25 and −0.65 V (vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode), respectively. The improvement is suggested to be the result of a synergistic effect between PdH and the catalytically active copper sites during electrochemical CO2 reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxides containing two‐dimensional metallic catalysts have shown enhanced catalytic activity, stability, and product selectivity. Porous three‐dimensional structures maximize the accessibility of the active sites, thus enhancing the catalytic performance of the catalysts. By integrating these desirable features in a single catalyst, further improvement in catalytic activity and selectivity is expected. In this study, oxide‐containing bismuth (Bi) nanosheets of about 4 nm thickness interconnected to form a porous three‐dimensional structure were synthesized by electrodeposition in the presence of phosphomolybdic acid under hydrogen evolution conditions. These Bi nanosheets catalyze CO2 reduction in a CO2‐saturated 0.5 m NaHCO3 solution to formate with a faradaic efficiency of 93±2 % at −0.86 V vs. RHE with a formate partial current density as high as 30 mA cm−2. The Tafel slope of about 78 mV dec−1 suggests that the protonation of the adsorbed CO2.− is the rate‐limiting step. Between the sheets: Hydrogen bubble‐templated electrodeposition of bismuth in the presence of phosphomolybdic acid leads to the formation of a three‐dimensional electrode consisting of interconnected bismuth nanosheets of 4 nm thickness. This electrode exhibits excellent catalytic activity and selectivity for CO2 reduction to formate in an aqueous bicarbonate medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal nanoparticles (NPs) are an important class of materials for electrocatalysis. Synthesis of metal NPs with uniform particle size below 10 nm without a capping agent is challenging due to the tendency of particle aggregation to minimize surface energy. Here we demonstrate that pyrolysis of a metal‐TCNQ (TCNQ−=tetracyanoquinodimethane radical anion) compound can produce metal NPs with controllable particle sizes anchored on nitrogen doped carbon (denoted as MetalNC). NiNC and CoNC derived from Ni‐TCNQ and Co‐TCNQ with Ni and Co particle sizes below 10 nm were successfully prepared. NiNC, with a particle size of 8.8 nm, showed excellent catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution in an alkaline medium, reaching a catalytic current density of 10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 230 mV. CoNC, with a particle size of 1.8 nm, exhibited the capability of producing syngas by electrocatalytic CO2 reduction over a wide potential range in an acetonitrile medium containing 0.3 M H2O. An artificial photosynthesis system based on CoNC achieved faradaic efficiencies of over 70 % for production of syngas and 22 % for formate. This work demonstrates a general strategy to synthesize size controllable metal NPs supported on carbon materials for electrocatalytic energy conversion. Ultra small metal nanoparticles anchored on N doped carbon synthesized by the pyrolysis of metal‐TCNQ compounds display excellent performance in electrocatalytic energy conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes of affinity of kinesin head to microtubule regulated by changes in the nucleotide state are essential to processive movement of kinesin on microtubule. Here, using all‐atom molecular dynamics simulations we show that besides the nucleotide state, large conformational changes of microtubule‐tubulin heterodimers induced by strong interaction with the head in strongly binding state are also indispensable to regulate the affinity of the head to the tubulin. In strongly binding state the high affinity of the head to microtubule arises largely from mutual conformational changes of the microtubule and head induced by the specific interaction between them via an induced‐fit mechanism. Moreover, the ADP‐head has a much weaker affinity to the local microtubule‐tubulin, whose conformation is largely altered by the interaction with the head in strongly binding state, than to other unperturbed tubulins. This indicates that upon Pi release the ADP‐head temporarily has a much weaker affinity to the local tubulin than to other tubulins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kinesin‐1 is a homodimeric motor protein that can move along microtubule filaments by hydrolyzing ATP with a high processivity. How the two motor domains are coordinated to achieve such high processivity is not clear. To address this issue, we computationally studied the run length of the dimer with our proposed model. The computational data quantitatively reproduced the puzzling experimental data, including the dramatically asymmetric character of the run length with respect to the direction of external load acting on the coiled‐coil stalk, the enhancement of the run length by addition of phosphate, and the contrary features of the run length for different types of kinesin‐1 with extensions of their neck linkers compared with those without extension of the neck linker. The computational data on other aspects of the movement dynamics such as velocity and durations of one‐head‐bound and two‐head‐bound states in a mechanochemical coupling cycle were also in quantitative agreement with the available experimental data. Moreover, predicted results are provided on dependence of the run length upon external load acting on one head of the dimer, which can be easily tested in the future using single‐molecule optical trapping assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electroreduction of CO2 in the distillable ionic liquid dimethylammonium dimethylcarbamate (dimcarb) has been investigated with 17 metal electrodes. Analysis of the electrolysis products reveals that aluminum, bismuth, lead, copper, nickel, palladium, platinum, iron, molybdenum, titanium and zirconium electroreduce the available protons in dimcarb to hydrogen rather than reducing CO2. Conversely, indium, tin, zinc, silver and gold are able to catalyze the reduction of CO2 to predominantly carbon monoxide (CO) and to a lesser extent, formate ([HCOO]−). In all cases, the applied potential was found to have a minimal influence on the distribution of the reduction products. Overall, indium was found to be the best electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction in dimcarb, with faradaic efficiencies of approximately 45 % and 40 % for the generation of CO and [HCOO]−, respectively, at a potential of −1.34 V versus Cc+/0 (Cc+=cobaltocenium) employing a dimethylamine to CO2 ratio of less than 1.8:1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microglia activation and inflammatory factors in brain microenvironment are associated with degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and various PD models. There is increasing evidence that the Rho/ROCK (Rho kinase) signalling pathway may play a critical role in the inflammatory response, and ROCK inhibitor has been reported to have neuroprotective effects. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective potential and possible mechanism of ROCK inhibitor Fasudil in an intranasal lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced PD model. ROCK was activated with LPS stimulation and inhibited by Fasudil treatment in this PD model. Behavioural tests demonstrated a clear improvement in motor performance after Fasudil treatment. Furthermore, Fasudil resulted in a significant attenuation of dopamine cell loss, α-synuclein accumulation and inflammatory response with the reversion of inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 microglia, decreased NF-κB activation, and IL-12 and TNF-α generation in the SN and olfactory bulb in this model. This study establishes a role for Fasudil in protecting against LPS-mediated dopamine degeneration and provides a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoclusters capped with bovine serum albumin (AgNC@BSA) were synthesized and applied for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2. Inspired by the fact that many enzymes function only in the presence of coenzymes/cofactors that transfer electrons/protons or other groups, an electron transfer mediator was introduced to facilitate the electrical communication between the electrode and the strongly protected catalyst. The AgNC@BSA catalyst mediated by [α-SiW12O40]4− anions showed high electrocatalytic activity for CO2 reduction, which was not observed with either component on its own, in dimethylformamide containing 1 % (v/v) water. CO was the major product with excellent faradaic efficiency (>75 %). The onset potential for this catalytic CO2 reduction process is about 400 mV more positive than that found at a bulk silver electrode. This mediator-enhanced catalysis concept provides a general approach to investigate the electrocatalytic activities of nanoclusters, which remain largely unexplored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclohexanone, a model compound chosen to conveniently represent small oxygenates present in the aqueous phase of biomass hydrothermal upgrading streams, was hydrogenated in the presence of electrodeposited iron(0) using aqueous formic or sulfuric acid as a hydrogen donor. Under these conditions, zero-valent iron is consumed stoichiometrically and serves as both a formic acid decomposition site and a hydrogen transfer agent. However, the resulting iron(II) can be used to continuously regenerate iron(0) when a potential is applied to the glassy carbon working electrode. Controlled potential electrolysis experiments show a 17 % conversion of cyclohexanone (over 1000 seconds) to cyclohexanol with >80 % efficiency of iron deposition from an iron(II) sulfate solution containing formic or sulfuric acid. In the absence of electrodeposited iron, formation of cyclohexanol could not be detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the association between interleukin 28B (IL28B) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and sustained virological response (SVR) in Chinese Han patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and to analyze the correlations between IL28B SNPs and their personal, virological and clinical characteristics. METHODS: Altogether 631 Chinese Han individuals, including 297 CHC patients treated with pegylated interferon a plus ribavirin, 14 spontaneous responders to hepatitis C virus (HCV) and 320 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Two main SNPs of IL28B, rs12979860 and rs8099917, were genotyped using an SNaPshot Multiplex Assay. Associations between IL28B, treatment outcomes and the patients' characteristics were assessed by multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The proportion of individuals with the rs12979860 CC or rs8099917 TT genotype was similar in the healthy controls and the CHC patients, although all spontaneous responders presented with both genotypes. Patients with IL28B genotypes had a significantly high rate of rapid virological response (RVR) and SVR. Multivariate analysis revealed that the IL28B SNP rs12979860 CC genotype, being aged <40 years and having a nongenotype 1 (G1) were independent predictors for SVR. The rs12979860 CC genotype and rs8099917 TT genotypes were predictors for RVR. The rs12979860 CC and rs8099917 TT genotypes were more prevalent in patients with a non-G1 genotype than those with G1 genotype. CONCLUSIONS: IL28B rs12979860 CC genotype is a significant predictor for SVR and RVR in Chinese Han patients with CHC. Non-G1 HCV genotype is associated with favourable IL28B genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis and spectroscopic properties of a dissymmetrically core-extended naphthalene diimides derived from o-phenylenediamine and cyanoethene dithiolate were explored. The push-pull nature of the peripheral substituents allows these naphthalene diimide dyes and their progenitors to display interesting photophysical and electrochemical properties, with the target system acting as a highly reversible and quantitative molecular switch with clear absorption and emission readouts based on chemical oxidation and reduction processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study aimed to explore the most up-to-date distribution of hepatitis C virus ( HCV) genotypes in China, especially the association between HCV genotypes and patients' characteristics and clinical parameters. Methods Sera from 483 HCV antibody-positive patients were genotyped using a HCV genotyping chip assay. The distribution of HCV genotypes, clinical parameters, modes of transmission and duration of infection were determined and the relationships among these parameters were analyzed. Results A total of 424 patients were successfully genotyped. HCV genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 6 were found with a constituent ratio of 72.1%, 12.3%, 10.6% and 5.0%, respectively, in which subtypes 1b (69.1%), 2a (11.6%) and 3a (7.5%) were prevalent. The mean age of patients with genotype 1 and 2 was significantly elder than those with genotype 3 and 6 ( P < 0.05). The distribution of HCV genotypes in relation to the mode of HCV transmission was remarkable ( P < 0.001). Transfusion of blood and blood products was the main mode of transmission. Most genotype 1 infection (53.1%) was found in the group with a duration of HCV infection of 10-20 years. Genotype 1b was independently associated with age ( P = 0.001) and mode of HCV transmission ( P = 0.007). Conclusions The main HCV subtype was genotype 1b in Chinese patients. The prevalence of HCV genotypes was correlated with age and the mode of HCV transmission. Genotype 3a and 6 may become an increasing threat in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transcutaneous immunization presents a major challenge on account of poor permeability of antigens through the skin barrier. To overcome this limitation, the deformable liposome could be a better method for transcutaneous delivery of these antigens. In this study, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) plasmid DNA–cationic complex deformable liposome was utilized as a mode for enhanced immunity against the antigen. Deformable liposome was prepared by conventional rotary evaporation method and characterized for various parameters such as vesicles shape and surface morphology, size and size distribution, entrapment efficiency, elasticity and stability. The immune stimulating activity was studied by measuring serum anti-HBsAg titre and cytokines level (interleukin-4 and interferon-γ) following topical application of liposome in BALB/c mice and results were compared with deformable liposome encapsulated DNA applied topically as well as naked DNA and pure recombinant HBsAg, administered intramuscularly. It was observed that deformable liposome elicited a comparable serum antibody titre and endogenous cytokines levels compared to other vaccinations. The study signifies the potential of deformable liposome as DNA vaccine carriers for effective transcutaneous immunization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The H2O insoluble complex of title ([RuIIbipy]5[RuIII4POM]) is prepared by reduction of Rb8K2 [{RuIV4O4(OH)2 (H2O)4} (γ-SiW10O36)2] with NaBH4 followed by precipitation with [Ru(bipy)3]Cl2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]