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A 4‐year‐old female spayed Australian cattle dog was presented to the Emergency Service at the University of Missouri Veterinary Health Center Small Animal Hospital for generalized pain and lethargy. At presentation, the dog showed severe cervical spinal pain and thoracic limb deficits consistent with a multifocal neuroanatomic localization. Magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine revealed T2 and T1 postcontrast intense signal extending from the level of the medulla through C5 most marked in the caudal brainstem and cranial cervical spinal cord. The suspected diagnosis was severe meningoencephalomyelitis and secondary edema. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from the cerebellomedullary cistern revealed a marked mixed pleocytosis with intralesional structures morphologically consistent with Mycobacterium sp. Standard DNA PCR assay performed on the CSF yielded the presence of Mycobacterium haemophilum. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of CNS mycobacteriosis diagnosed on CSF analysis in a dog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lameness is an economically important and common disease of cattle, and foot disease is the most common cause of lameness in cattle. Limited data is available regarding lameness in cow‐calf operations. Objectives: Describe the bacteria most commonly isolated from septic lesions of the feet of adult beef cattle and the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolated bacteria. Animals: Fifty‐four adult cattle from cow‐calf operations and diagnosed with a sole abscess or distal interphalangeal joint sepsis were enrolled. Methods: Prospective observational study. Abscess fluid from a convenience sample of clinical cases was cultured. Isolated bacteria were identified using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry or 16s rRNA gene sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiling was performed on isolates when a bacterial species was identified from ≥5 samples. Results: Fifty of the 54 samples were polymicrobial. Trueperella pyogenes (22/54), Streptococcus uberis (16/54), and Bacteroides pyogenes (14/54) were the most commonly isolated bacteria. Eighty‐one of 96 tested isolates were resistant to at least 1 antimicrobial; multidrug resistance was identified in 37/96 isolates. Oxytetracycline (50/96), tylosin (40/96), and florfenicol (37/96) resistance was commonly identified. Resistance to ceftiofur (5/96) was rare. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Septic processes of the foot in these adult beef cattle frequently were polymicrobial. Most of the isolated bacteria were resistant to at least 1 antimicrobial with over one‐third being multidrug resistant. Although simple sole abscesses do not require antimicrobial treatment, deep septic processes of the foot often are treated with antimicrobials. Culture and susceptibility of deep septic lesions may guide judicious antimicrobial usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The patient had not exhibited any episodes of regurgitation or pneumonia prior to presentation. The owner lowered the water bowl 1 week prior to presentation, and the patient began coughing with a terminal retch the night before presentation. The combination of the patient's idiopathic megaesophagus and lowering the water bowl likely predisposed the dog to aspirate water and gastrointestinal contents. [Extracted from the article]

Objective To establish the effect of storage in a constant-rate infusion ( CRI) pump on the sterility and stability of voriconazole 1% solution. Procedure Nine vials of voriconazole (Vfend® I.V.) 1% solution were prepared. Approximately half of each solution was used to prime a commercially available CRI pump with attached subpalpebral lavage system ( CRI/ SPL unit) with the remaining solution stored in the commercial glass vial. Three CRI/ SPL units and their three corresponding vials were stored at one of three temperatures: 23 °C, 33 °C, and 40 °C. The CRI pumps ran for 7 days, and the vials were stored for 30 days. Fungal and aerobic bacterial cultures were performed on the first and last day of the storage period for each vessel. Samples were obtained at regular intervals for determination of voriconazole concentration using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results No bacterial or fungal contamination was identified in any solution at any time point. All solutions stored in the commercial glass vial remained stable throughout the study period. Multiple CRI/ SPL units became blocked with crystallized voriconazole. There was a significant increase in voriconazole concentration after passage through the CRI/ SPL units. Conclusions Voriconazole 1% solution is not compatible for use in a CRI/ SPL unit at temperatures between 23 and 40 °C. Voriconazole 1% solution is stable in the commercial glass vial when stored at controlled temperatures as high as 40 °C for up to 30 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge about the origin and identity of the microbial products recognized by the innate immune system is important for understanding the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. We investigated the potential role of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium fimbriae as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that may stimulate innate pathways of inflammation. We screened a panel of 11 mutants, each carrying a deletion of a different fimbrial operon, for their enteropathogenicity using the calf model of human gastroenteritis. One mutant ( csgBA) was attenuated in its ability to elicit fluid accumulation and GROα mRNA expression in bovine ligated ileal loops. The mechanism by which thin curled fimbriae encoded by the csg genes contribute to inflammation was further investigated using tissue culture. The S. Typhimurium csgBA mutant induced significantly less IL-8 production than the wild type in human macrophage-like cells. Purified thin curled fimbriae induced IL-8 expression in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells transfected with Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/CD14 but not in cells transfected with TLR5, TLR4/MD2/CD14 or TLR11. Fusion proteins between the major fimbrial subunit of thin curled fimbriae (CsgA) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) elicited IL-8 production in HEK293 cells transfected with TLR2/CD14. Proteinase K treatment abrogated IL-8 production elicited in these cells by GST–CsgA, but not by synthetic lipoprotein. GST–CsgA elicited more IL-6 production than GST in bone marrow-derived macrophages from TLR2+/+ mice, while there was no difference in IL-6 secretion between GST–CsgA and GST in macrophages from TLR2–/– mice. These data suggested that CsgA is a PAMP that is recognized by TLR2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]