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Previous research suggests that reactive and proactive aggression may be differentially related to family contextual (e.g. parenting practices) factors. However, the existing research has focused largely on children and adolescents from Western countries, and no study has examined the parenting--aggression association using a parenting style measure sensitive to Asian culture. In this study parenting styles (i.e. warmth, control and guan/training) and proactive and reactive aggression were assessed in a large sample of school children in Hong Kong, China (N = 4,175, mean age = 11.75). We found that: (a) both low warmth (in boys only) and guan (i.e. high expectation and close supervision, in both boys and girls) were associated with elevated parent-reported proactive aggression, (b) high restrictive control (i.e. dominating and rejecting) was associated with high reactive aggression (in both boys and girls) based on parent- or child-report data, and with high proactive aggression (in boys only) based on parent-report data, and (c) guan was also positively associated with parent-reported reactive aggression. Findings provide more information about the Parenting Inventory using a large Asian sample, and extend existing research on familial correlates of different types of aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-destructive EDXRF analysis has been carried out to measure the body compositions of 32 pieces of 'original' Song Guan ware and 14 pieces of Guan-type ware of Ming and Qing imitation from the Palace Museum collection. The purpose of this study is to test the conclusions of our previous provenance study based on EDXRF analysis of glaze composition of the same samples. In agreement with the grouping derived from the glaze composition, our new data show the following. (1) Samples G1, G3, G29 and G39 are also reclassified into Ming and Qing imitations, and samples M41 and Q54 are reclassified into authentic Song Guan wares. (2) A set of seven dishes of 'original' Guan ware is reconfirmed as being made in the north of China by comparison with Ru shards from the Qingliangsi and Zhanggongxiang kilns in Ruzhou city. (3) In addition, this study suggests that three wares of 'Original' Song Guan wares (G26, G27 and G30) should be attributed to Longquan black-body celadon. (4) The compositions of the Palace Museum Guan wares are compared with those of the shards from two Hangzhou Guan ware kiln sites. However, more work has to be done to trace the provenance of the 'authentic' Song Guan wares from the Palace Museum collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the use of global climate observing system upper air network (GUAN). GUAN offers a network of high quality radiosonde stations with enough historical data records and commitment to future observing in support of the demands of the climate research community. It offers sufficient coverage for supervising global, tropical and hemispheric mean climate. It is stated that an evaluation of the spatial sampling requirements for such to monitor large-scale climate changes has been carried.