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Given that alopecia areata is typically considered an acquired autoimmune condition, congenital cases call our understanding of alopecia areata into question and may provide additional insight into the underlying pathophysiology. Alopecia areata describes nonscarring, generally patchy, hair loss which can affect the entire scalp (alopecia totalis) and body (alopecia universalis).[[1]] Although the exact pathogenesis is not yet understood, alopecia areata is considered an acquired autoimmune condition.[[1]] Prevalence of alopecia areata peaks between ages 10 and 30, and younger age at presentation is generally considered a poor prognostic factor.[1] However, cases of congenital alopecia areata have been reported.[[1], [3]] Diagnosing congenital alopecia areata is difficult, as many other conditions should be ruled out including, but not limited to, tinea capitis, neonatal telogen effluvium, triangular alopecia, atrichia congenita, Marie-Unna hypotrichosis, and traction alopecia.[[1], [3]] However, proper diagnosis of congenital alopecia areata is important, as treatment is possible.[[1], [3]] Therefore, this study aimed to analyze data from existing congenital alopecia areata reports. Acquired alopecia areata and congenital alopecia areata seem to have many clinical/epidemiological similarities. [Extracted from the article]

Trans‐epidermal water loss (TEWL), the total non‐eccrine sweat water evaporating from a given area of epidermis over time, is a measurement of skin barrier integrity. Skin diseases (e.g., psoriasis and atopic dermatitis) often result in transient increases in TEWL, so, knowledge of "normal" TEWL values may be used to predict disease progression in dermatological settings. Variables such as age, race and anatomic location have been suggested to affect TEWL, but current regulatory agencies have failed to control for additional variables of interest. Thus, this review summarizes variables that may cause TEWL variation. A comprehensive literature search was performed using Embase, PubMed and Web of Science to find human studies that provided data on variables affecting TEWL. 31 studies, analysing 22 affecting TEWL, were identified. Variables causing increased TEWL were mask‐use (n = 1), dry eye disease (n = 1), chronic venous disease (n = 1), coronary artery disease (n = 1), age (infants vs adults) (n = 4), nourishment in infants (n = 1), stress within individuals (n = 2), Body Mass Index (n = 2), bathing versus showering (n = 2) and scratching/friction (n = 1). Variables with decreases in TEWL were genetic variability with SNPs on chromosome 9q34.3 (n = 1) and cancer‐cachexia (n = 1). We summarized 12 variables that impact TEWL and are not typically controlled for in experimental settings. Therefore, defining normal TEWL may currently be problematic. Thus, regulatory agencies should provide stricter guidelines on proper measurement of TEWL to minimize human introduced TEWL variation, and we should continue to examine factors impacting individual skin integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water and/or soap and water solutions have historically been used as first‐line decontamination strategies for a wide variety of dermal contaminants from workplace exposure, environmental pesticides, and civilian chemical warfare. Although water and/or soap and water solutions are often considered a gold standard of decontamination, many studies have found other decontamination methods to be superior. This systematic review summarizes the available data on in vitro animal models contaminated with a various chemicals and their decontamination with water and/or soap and water solutions using in vitro animal models. A comprehensive literature search was performed using Concordance, Embase, PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to find in vitro animal studies that provided data on dermal decontamination using water and/or soap and water solutions. Five studies were included that analyzed 11 contaminants across two in vitro animal models (rats and pigs). Water alone was used as a decontamination method for 63.6% of the contaminants (n = 7/11) and water and soap solutions for decontamination in 54.6% of contaminants (n = 6/11). Water alone provided incomplete contaminant removal of five of seven contaminants studied; soap and water did not show significant difference in decontamination when compared with other solutions for all four contaminants and was superior to water for both contaminants studied. Water and/or soap and water are used as decontamination strategies for a variety of dermal contamination events, but for many contaminants, they do not provide complete contamination when compared with newer decontamination solutions studied with in vitro animal models. This systematic review compares water and/or soap and water dermal decontamination to other decontamination solutions using in vitro animal models. Five studies met inclusion criteria that analyzed 11 contaminants across two animal models. Water provided incomplete decontamination for 5/7 contaminants studied. Soap and water was superior to water alone for both contaminants studied and did not show significantly different decontamination efficacy compared with other solutions in 4/4 contaminants. Additional research is needed to continue improving efficacy of dermal decontamination solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lichen planus following SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination? Rather, this paper aims to educate physicians so their differential diagnosis of a dermatological reaction following SARS-CoV-2 infection/vaccination will include LP, and their history taking for a case of LP includes inquiring about recent SARS-CoV-2 infection/vaccination. Articles reporting new onset or exacerbation of LP following SARS-CoV-2 infection/vaccination were included. [Extracted from the article]

PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were searched using the terms "Acne necrotica" or "Necrotizing lymphocytic folliculitis" according to PRISMA guidelines (Figure 1). Diagnosis was most often made clinically and histologically, with histology showing perifollicular necrosis and lymphocytic infiltrate ( I n i = 42/74, 56.8%). Acne necrotica (AN), also known as necrotizing lymphocytic folliculitis, is a rare follicular disorder that presents with papules or pustules that progress to hemorrhagic crusts and varioliformis scarring.[1] AN has rarely been described in the literature, but most often occurs on the scalp, face, and upper body.[1] Given its clinical presentation, the condition can often be mistaken for acne vulgaris; however, the diagnosis of AN can be made histologically with distinct perifollicular necrosis with lymphocytic infiltrates.[2] Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of acne vulgaris have been extensively described, yet little work has been done to do the same for AN. [Extracted from the article]