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This article presents a review of the scientific literature on detection, sources of variability, and predictability of the timing of monsoons. The timing of monsoons is characterized by the beginning (commonly referred to as onset) and end (commonly referred to as demise, cessation, retreat, or withdrawal) dates of the summer monsoons. The main methods used to detect the timing of monsoons are divided into two categories: local‐scale methods and regional to large‐scale methods. The sources of variability of the timing of monsoons are also separated into two categories: local‐scale and large‐scale sources. Finally, the article presents a summary of the literature on the predictability of the timing of monsoons using both dynamical and statistical approaches. We show that all methods are parameterized in some way. A comparison between two different methods shows that while there might be large differences in the definition of onset and demise dates at the local level, spatial aggregation usually reduces the noise and enhances the regional monsoonal signal, which may be predictable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Rosai-Dorfman disease is a rare, idiopathic, benign histiocytic proliferation usually seen in younger patients. Massive lymphadenopathy most commonly involves the cervical lymph nodes, with a predominant infiltration of sinusoidal histiocytes. Nearly half of the patients will have extranodal involvement, 75% occurring in sites in the head and neck. Three cases of extranodal Rosai-Dorfman disease of the head and neck involving the nose, paranasal sinuses, and parotid gland are presented. The clinical presentation, histologic characteristics, radiographic findings, and treatment of the disease are discussed. Because of the scarcity of cases, the clinical and histopathologic features of this disease may be overlooked. Familiarity with its relatively frequent clinical manifestations in the head and neck, as well as with the diagnostic histopathology, should preclude confusion with other disease entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tables of critical points for the noncentral F are presented with noncentrality equal to ½ of numerator degrees of freedom for denominator degrees of freedom of 1-30, 40, 60, 120, 200, 400, and 1,000, and numerator degrees of freedom of 1-30, 40, 60, 120, and 200, and type one errors of 0.05, 0.10, 0,25, and 0.50. These critical points can be used to test the second weak MSE criterion discussed in the companion paper. An approximation is suggested for noncentral F(θ), and accuracy checks are given. An appendix provides a Fortran function for the approximation. The approximation is intended for using the first weak MSE test discussed in the companion paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]