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Sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption contributes to obesity and related diseases. Fortunately, beverages with reduced sweetness are a growing category in the beverage industry. These lower sweetness products could be useful for reducing the total dietary intake of sugar, but publicly available data are sparse on how much sweetness can be reduced without the change becoming noticeable to consumers. We investigated the just noticeable difference (JND) in sweetness of a cola‐flavored carbonated beverage. Two sensory tests were conducted to detect the JND from 12.00% w/w sucrose. In each test, we used cola‐flavored seltzer water with five decreasing sucrose concentrations (test 1:8.02–12.00% w/w; test 2:10.21–12.00% w/w). In both tests, samples were paired with the 12.00% reference, and participants were instructed to identify the sweeter sample. Participants correctly identified the reference sample at 10.21% in test one (p =.0039) and at 10.89% (p =.014) in test two. The data indicate that in a cola beverage, sucrose can be reduced by ~9.25% of the original concentration (12.00–10.89% w/w) before the sweetness becomes apparent to consumers. However, further work should consider whether sugar reductions greater than 9.25% would be acceptable, even if the difference in sweetness is apparent. Practical Applications: These data could help researchers and industry product developers know how much sugar can be reduced from a cola‐flavored beverage before the change is apparent to consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is a respiratory virus that poses risks to the nutrition status and survival of infected patients, yet there is paucity of data to inform evidence-based quality care.Methods: We collected data on the nutrition care provided to patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs).Results: Hospitalized COVID-19 patients (N = 101) in this cohort were older adults and had elevated body mass index. The most frequent nutrition problems were inadequate oral intake (46.7%), inadequate energy intake (18.9%), and malnutrition (18.4%). These problems were managed predominantly with enteral nutrition, food supplements, and multivitamin-multimineral supplement therapy. Over 90% of documented problems required a follow-up.Conclusion: This data set is the first of its kind to report on the types of nutrition diagnoses and interventions for COVID-19 cases used by RDNs and highlights the need for increased and continued nutrition care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the National Institutes of Health-funded American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2017 research workshop (RW) "Gastric Bypass: Role of the Gut" was to focus on the exciting research evaluating gut-derived signals in modulating outcomes after bariatric surgery. Although gastric bypass surgery has undoubted positive effects, the mechanistic basis of improved outcomes cannot be solely explained by caloric restriction. Emerging data suggest that bile acid metabolic pathways, luminal contents, energy balance, gut mucosal integrity, as well as the gut microbiota are significantly modulated after bariatric surgery and may be responsible for the variable outcomes, each of which was rigorously evaluated. The RW served as a timely and novel academic meeting that brought together clinicians and researchers across the scientific spectrum, fostering a unique venue for interdisciplinary collaboration among investigators. It promoted engaging discussion and evolution of new research hypotheses and ideas, driving the development of novel ameliorative, therapeutic, and nonsurgical interventions targeting obesity and its comorbidities. Importantly, a critical evaluation of the current knowledge regarding gut-modulated signaling after bariatric surgery, potential pitfalls, and lacunae were thoroughly addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is associated with dramatic improvements in obesity-related comorbidity, but also with nutritional deficiencies. Vitamin D concentrations are depressed in the severely obese, but the impact of weight loss via RYGB is unknown. We determined associations between adiposity and systemic 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) during weight loss and the immediate and longer-term effects of RYGB. Plasma 25(OH)D concentrations and fat mass (FAT) were determined by immunoassay and air displacement plethysmography, respectively, at 0 (before RYGB surgery), and at 1, 6, and 24 months in severely obese white and African American (AA) women (n = 20). Decreases in adiposity were observed at 1, 6, and 24 months following RYGB (P < 0.05). Plasma 25(OH)D concentrations increased at 1 month (P = 0.004); a decreasing trend occurred over the remainder months after surgery (P = 0.02). Despite temporary improvement in vitamin D status, a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency was observed (76, 71, 67, and 82%, at baseline, 1, 6, and 24 months, respectively), and plasma 25(OH)D concentrations were lower in AA compared to white patients (P < 0.05). Strong positive baseline and 1 month cross-sectional correlations between FAT and plasma 25(OH)D were observed, which remained after adjustment for age and race subgroup (β = 0.76 and 0.61, respectively, P = 0.02). In conclusion, 25(OH)D concentrations increased temporarily and then decreased during the 24 months following RYGB. The acute increase and the positive associations observed between adipose tissue mass and systemic 25(OH)D concentrations suggest storage in adipose tissue and release during weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is not known whether there are mechanisms linking adipose tissue mass and increased oxidative stress in obesity. This study investigated associations between decreasing general and abdominal fat depots and oxidative stress during weight loss. Subjects were severely obese women who were measured serially at baseline and at 1, 6 (n = 30), and 24 months (n = 18) after bariatric surgery. Total fat mass (FAT) and volumes of visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAT) were related to plasma concentrations of derivatives of reactive oxidative metabolites (dROMS), a measure of lipid peroxides and oxidative stress. After intervention, BMI significantly decreased, from 47.7 ± 0.8 kg/m2 to 43.3 ± 0.8 kg/m2 (1 month), 35.2 ± 0.8 kg/m2 (6 months), and 30.2 ± 1.2 kg/m2 (24 months). Plasma dROMS also significantly deceased over time. At baseline, VAT (r = 0.46), FAT (r = 0.42), and BMI (r = 0.37) correlated with 6-month decreases in dROMS. Similarly, at 1 month, VAT (r = 0.43) and FAT (r = 0.41) correlated with 6-month decreases in dROMS. Multiple regression analysis showed that relationships between VAT and dROMS were significant after adjusting for FAT mass. Increased plasma dROMS at baseline were correlated with decreased concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) at 1 and 6 months after surgery (r = −0.38 and −0.42). This study found longitudinal associations between general, and more specifically intra-abdominal adiposity, and systemic lipid peroxides, suggesting that adipose tissue mass contributes to oxidative stress.Obesity (2009) 17 3, 439–446. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.542 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insulin resistance (IR) is a common feature in obesity. There is a growing body of evidence linking the induction of obesity-related IR to an increase in oxidative stress. Objective: 1)To determine if a high fat diet can induce IR and oxidative stress in a mouse model. 2)To determine if there is an increase in oxidative stress related to adipocyte differentiation. Methods: Male mice (C57B6) were fed a high fat diet (HF) (45% kcal) or a control fed diet (CF) (10% kcal) ad libidum for 6 wk. IR was measured using an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. Oxidative stress was measured using thiol redox status in mouse plasma (Cys/CySS) and in differentiated and undifferentiated murine 3T3L1 cells (GSH/GSSG). Results: HF mice were significantly heavier than CF (p<.05). HF mice exhibited hyperglycemia (162±15) vs CF (82±7 mg/dL), as well as glucose intolerance (p<.05). HF mice had a 10 mv increase in plasma oxidation as compared to CF (p<.05). Cellular thiol redox in differentiated 3T3L1 cells was significantly higher (20 mv) than in undifferentiated cells. Conclusion: In this study we demonstrated that HF mice have increased IR and oxidative stress. We also showed that differentiation induces an increase in oxidative stress. This data suggests that oxidative stress and IR occur with increased adiposity. Further studies should determine mechanisms by which oxidative stress plays a role in obesity-induced IR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]