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Background: Innovative treatments for non‐melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are required to enhance patient outcomes. Aims: This review examines the effectiveness and safety of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKIs). Methods: A comprehensive review was conducted on the treatment potential of several RTKIs, namely cetuximab, erlotinib, gefitinib, panitumumab, and lapatinib. Results: The findings indicate that these targeted therapies hold great promise for the treatment of NMSCs. However, it is crucial to consider relapse rates and possible adverse effects. Further research is needed to improve treatment strategies, identify patient groups that would benefit the most, and assess the long‐term efficacy and safety, despite the favorable results reported in previous studies. Furthermore, it is crucial to investigate the potential benefits of integrating RTKIs with immunotherapy and other treatment modalities to enhance the overall efficacy of therapy for individuals with NMSC. Conclusions: Targeted therapies for NMSCs may be possible with the use of RTKIs. The majority of studies focused on utilizing epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors as the primary class of RTKIs for the treatment of NMSC. Other RTKIs were only employed in experimental investigations. Research indicates that RTKIs could potentially serve as a suitable alternative for elderly patients who are unable to undergo chemotherapy and radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Materials and Methods Results Conclusion Macular amyloidosis is a form of primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis presented by pruritic pigmented macules in rippled or reticulate pattern. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of using topical tranexamic acid with micro‐needling comparing to micro‐needling alone in patients with macular amyloidosis.Patients with bilaterally located macular amyloidosis on trunk or upper extremities were recruited in this trial. The skin lesions in all patients were divided into two parts which were randomly assigned to the group of treatment with micro‐needling plus tranexamic acid and the group of micro‐needling alone. There were four sessions of treatment with 2 weeks interval. The percentage of improvement in pigmentation (based on photographs and dermoscopy) and rippling of each group was determined by three blinded dermatologists. The level of patient satisfaction and reduction of pruritus was measured by a questionnaire and defined as a percentage.Twenty females were enrolled in this study. The mean (SD) patients' age was 39.7 (±10.13) years. Both groups showed improvement in pigmentation based on images, dermoscopy, and rippling pattern. Patients' satisfaction was 46.5% in tranexamic acid group and 47.5% in micro‐needling alone. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference between both groups (p value >0.05). Interestingly, the pruritus improved 61.66% after four sessions of treatment in both groups.Micro‐needling is a suitable modality for decreasing pruritus and pigmentation in macular amyloidosis. However, topical application of tranexamic acid does not lead to additional improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Rituximab‐induced serum sickness (RISS) is a rare complication of Rituximab (RTX) in immunobullous disorders. Clinicians should be aware of the occurrence of serum sickness symptoms during RTX administration, and prompt initiation of corticosteroid therapy is crucial in these patients. Additionally, RISS may occur with subsequent RTX doses and patients should be counseled accordingly. Rituximab (RTX) is a chimeric monoclonal anti‐CD20 antibody which has gained approval for the treatment of various autoimmune and lymphoproliferative disorders. While RTX‐induced minor reactions, including immediate infusion‐related reactions, are common, serum sickness is rare. Limited data exist regarding rituximab‐induced serum sickness (RISS) in pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP). We report two cases of RISS following RTX administration in PV and MMP patients. Both patients presented with typical symptoms of serum sickness after RTX infusion, necessitating drug cessation and corticosteroid therapy for resolution. RISS represents a rare complication of RTX therapy. Clinicians should maintain awareness of serum sickness presentations during and post‐RTX administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the effect of incorporating steel fibres and fly ash into self‐compacting concrete (SCC) in various combinations on its mechanical properties. The study begins with thoroughly investigating the fresh properties to ensure compliance with SCC standards when adding steel fibres. Subsequently, mixes that meet SCC standards are evaluated for their mechanical properties. The study aims to enhance the mechanical properties of SCC while maintaining its flowability, filling ability, and passing ability. The research findings provide valuable insights into the optimal combination of steel fibres and fly ash for improving the mechanical properties of SCC. The addition of hooked end type steel fibres increases the compressive strength. When compared to crimped type the mechanical properties increased to 14.4%; however, the strength decreases beyond 1% of steel fibres. Satisfactory results are obtained for fresh properties test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are faced with the challenge of energy conservation, which makes efficient routing protocols crucial for prolonging network lifetime. In addition, delay time from sensors to the base station is critical in applications such as military, medical, and security monitoring systems. Chain‐based protocols like PEGASIS, CCBRP, and CCM have been developed to address routing in WSNs, with the aim of reducing energy consumption and delay. However, node failures are inevitable due to energy reduction and node mobility. Therefore, fault tolerance techniques must be integrated into routing protocols. A new fault tolerance method has been proposed to prevent early chain failures in WSNs by formulating network availability and reliability using Markov chain analysis. The results indicate that chain‐based routing protocols with one spare node are more reliable than those with two spare nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psoriasis as a common cutaneous inflammatory disease affect many aspects of patients' life. Disease registries render it possible to collect valuable data regarding a disease prevalence and burden as well as long‐term observations concerning possible therapeutic regimens. Methods: This registry was designed for the ongoing systematic data collection on patients with psoriasis at two referral dermatology centers in Iran. The pilot phase of the registry was used to identify possible obstacles in the application and execution of systematic registration. Results: A total of 281 patients were registered with the mean age of 42.02 years. The disease duration was 12.06 ± 10.90 years with the variety of clinical presentations. There was no significant difference between males and females in the age of disease onset (p = 0.53). Notably, 167 patients had children. Among them, 13 had children with psoriasis. The gender of the affected parent did not affect the possibility of psoriasis transmission to the child, and no significant difference was seen between the two sexes (P = 0.569). Regarding treatment, 99.4% of patients (n = 280) had used topical agents, 52.3% (n = 147) biologics, and 60.9% (n = 171) nonbiologic medications. Conclusion: Clinical trials report the efficacy and safety data regarding limited study populations in a restricted time window, and the results may differ from the general population. This highlights the importance of registry‐based studies for collecting and analyzing longitudinal information. In terms of long‐term disease complications such as malignancies, cardiovascular events, and serious adverse events, registry‐based studies will help clinicians better recognize and manage each disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tinea capitis is a common dermatophyte infection of the scalp in children. It is an uncommon infection in adults and usually affects postmenopausal women and immunocompromised patients. We report an immunocompetent elderly female with inflammatory tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton violaceum and review the literature for the past 5 years to describe the disease, its epidemiologic characteristics, dermatophyte species involved and treatment options used. The total number of cases was 11, including 8 women and 3 men, with an average age of 48.36. The most commonly isolated dermatophyte was Trichophyton tonsurans, and most cases were treated successfully with oral terbinafine with no side effects. In our case, the diagnosis was established by direct examination, culture and histological examination. Remedy with itraconazole and prednisolone was very successful. Early diagnosis of tinea capitis in adults is necessary to provide early treatment and minimize sequelae of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne vulgaris is a common skin disease that is more common in young population and it can be associated with some sequels after resolving the lesions. Post‐inflammatory erythema is one of these complications that can be disturbing for patients and does not have any definite treatment. This study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid (TA) as mesotherapy in treatment of post‐acne erythema (PAE) treatment. Method: This clinical trial study was performed in the dermatology clinic on 17 patients with persistent PAE (3 months after acne recovery). Two sessions of treatment were performed by a physician with 2‐week intervals; TA was injected as mesotherapy into the right side of each patient's face as the case group, while the opposite side was used as the control group. A Visioface device was used to compare before and after treatment photographs of each side of the face in color mode with quantitative measures such as lesions count, area, and area percent. Results: Finally, 15 patients completed treatment sessions. There were statistically significant differences in right side lesions before and after treatment with p‐values of 0.047, 0.002, and 0.035 for count, area, and area percent, respectively. There was no significant difference before and after treatment in terms of count, area. and area‐percent on the left side. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, TA injection as mesotherapy for resolving PAE can be effective. However, due to small sample size, further studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep Learning (DL) is a subfield of machine learning that significantly impacts extracting new knowledge. By using DL, the extraction of advanced data representations and knowledge can be made possible. Highly effective DL techniques help to find more hidden knowledge. Deep learning has a promising future due to its great performance and accuracy. We need to understand the fundamentals and the state‐of‐the‐art of DL to leverage it effectively. A survey on DL ways, advantages, drawbacks, architectures, and methods to have a straightforward and clear understanding of it from different views is explained in the paper. Moreover, the existing related methods are compared with each other, and the application of DL is described in some applications, such as medical image analysis, handwriting recognition, and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to increased energy demand, renewable energy sources have recently reached greater heights in the power industry. In this regard, integrating renewable energy with the power grid system has become essential in meeting consumer's energy demands. The novelty in this article is the design of an advanced Aalborg inverter with a reduced number of switches which results in enhanced system performance by reducing the switching losses. Integrating renewable energy sources with the power grid network has gained massive importance in supplying electric power to consumers. Integrating the power grid with renewable energy has become possible with the implementation of grid tie inverters. The only drawback in implementing renewable energy sources with the power grid is that the output of the resources varies from time to time in nature. Voltage Source Inverter‐based grid system requires two or three‐stage inverters for interfacing power units to transfer DC energy into the power grid network. To reduce the switching frequency across the system, many new excellent inverters have been designed to ensure the healthy operation of the system operating at a higher frequency. This article has been coined with the investigation of a novel buck and boosts converter‐based inverter operation named Aalborg inverter. The inverter operates at a higher frequency and minimum voltage drop across the inductor, where only one power stage has been implied to enhance the system's reliability and efficiency. This novel Aalborg inverter is applied and investigated for photovoltaic application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of digital marketing, advertisements have become an indispensable part. One of the central challenges is advertising attribution which explains the amount of contribution every publisher has with the conversions. However, through observation, we have found that current advertising platforms attribution, advertisers attribution, or third‐party platforms attribution all have the problems of trust, data leakage, and data forgery. To fill the gap, our work's main contribution is combining blockchain with advertising attribution to propose an architecture for improving the privacy‐preserving degree and amount. In the proposed architecture, publishers, and advertisers can store real‐time data on a blockchain. The attribution results are credible because blockchain is decentralized, tamper‐proof, and traceable. We combine privacy set intersection and zero‐knowledge proof technology to increase the privacy of flowing data. In addition, we describe a preliminary prototype in which publishers, advertisers, and advertising platforms can get the corresponding attribution details. To show its effectiveness, we analyze it from different perspectives, including communication cost, attribution accuracy, and time cost. The results show that our communication cost has significantly reduced compared to the recent studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease that affects several organs including the skin. Clinical cutaneous symptoms of SLE come in a broad range, consisting of both non‐specific and specific cutaneous lesions. Except for cases of amicrobial pustulosis of the folds, generalized pustular psoriasis, acneiform eruptions, pustular vasculitis, Wells' syndrome, subcorneal pustular dermatosis, and neutrophilic dermatosis, there are no reports of pustular lesions linked to SLE. The unusual cutaneous features of our patient were annular plaques with pustules and crusts on the margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Network‐on‐Chip (NoC) is a key component in chip multiprocessors (CMPs) as it supports communication between many cores. NoC is a network‐based communication subsystem on an integrated circuit, most typically between modules in a system on a chip (SoC). Designing a reliable NoC against failures that can prevent failure using some measures or preventing error or system failure while failure happens and proper performance became a significant concern. For a reliable design against failures, first, the system should be analysed to discover the critical points. Hence, in this research, it is tried first to investigate the scale of fault tolerance effect on the mechanism in the router on the network by injecting simulated errors, and then these errors are prevented. As the major novelty, the authors implemented a router on a synchronised network and calculated the network buffering fault tolerance by injecting error in the buffer. Specifically, a new method for improving fault tolerance is proposed, which uses the existing resources efficiently. So, it does not impose any overhead on hardware and improves the error tolerance scale. The authors also evaluate it from different perspectives to show its superior performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, Internet of things (IoT), Cloud and Fog networks have spread out around the world. The more these networks grow, the more their energy consumption comes to attention. Many efforts have been made during recent years to decrease this energy consumption, mainly focused on utilizing low‐power devices. Green algorithms are recently proposed to reduce energy consumption by modifying the structure of many algorithms employed in the network and its protocols. This paper proposes a new green reliability algorithm for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP protocol) in Fog computing. The proposed algorithm does not require extensive TCP/IP protocol changes or relevant hardware. It is based on transferring less number of packets in the network by using the advantage of differences between TCP and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) are different in nature as the number of total packets in UDP is half that of TCP. As a result, the number of complete packets in UDP is half that of TCP. The proposed method is built around the loss of some packets in applications, such as voice and online video, does not severely degrade the end results. Therefore, the UDP protocol can substitute TCP in such situations. The criterion to switch between the two is the minimum acceptable Quality of Service (QoS) of the overall network. In other words, the UDP protocol will be used as long as QoS requirements are met. The switching process between UDP and TCP is dynamic, optimized by estimating network noise in the period. Additionally, we evaluated the proposed method based on several QoS functions, including delay, throughput, and energy usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence suggests that bullous pemphigoid (BP) is associated with multiple neurological disorders. We aimed to compare brain magnetic resonance (MRI) findings between BP patients and a control group. This case–control study included patients with BP referred to two dermatology clinics during a two‐year period. A group of individuals attending the same clinics for cosmetic procedures were selected as controls. First, participants' general information including age, gender, education, weight and underlying disease was recorded. For BP patients, the drugs and the BP Disease Area Index (BPDAI) were recorded as well. Then, all participants underwent brain MRI without contrast. The Fazekas scale, the general cerebral atrophy (GCA) score, and the Medial Temporal lobe Atrophy (MTA) score were used to assess MRI images. Overall, 24 BP patients and 24 controls were evaluated in this study. Both groups were comparable regarding age, gender and education. However, diabetes and hypertension were more frequent in the control group. The mean BPDAI total score was 51.39 ± 68.92 in BP patients and most of them used rituximab (41.7%). None of the participants had MS or Alzheimer MRI patterns. There was no difference between groups in terms of GCA and MTA scores. Furthermore, the frequency of partially empty sella did not differ significantly between BP patients and controls (p = 0.461); nevertheless, grade‐3 Fazekas was significantly higher in BP patients compared to controls (25% vs. 0%, p = 0.019). Of note, one BP patient had an epidermoid cyst and another had moderate enlargement of three ventricles. Also, new infarcts were observed in two and old infarcts in four BP patients. Although the majority of abnormal brain MRI findings were more frequent in BP patients compared to controls, only grade‐3 Fazekas was significantly higher and acute infarcts were exclusively observed in BP patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a self‐configuring, intelligent system in which autonomous things connect to the Internet and communicate with each other. As 'things' are autonomous, it may raise privacy concerns. In this study, the authors describe the background of IoT systems and privacy and security measures, including (a) approaches to preserving privacy in IoT‐based systems, (b) existing privacy solutions, and (c) recommending privacy models for different layers of IoT applications. Based on the results of our study, it is clear that new methods such as Blockchain, Machine Learning, Data Minimisation, and Data Encryption can greatly impact privacy issues to ensure security and privacy. Moreover, it makes sense that users can protect their personal information easier if there is fewer data to collect, store, and share by smart devices. Thus, this study proposes a machine learning‐based data minimisation method that, in these networks, can be very beneficial for privacy‐preserving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melasma is a chronic and acquired pigmentary condition that primarily affects women and undermines patient satisfaction and confidence. Melasma mostly affects females, accounting for 90% of all cases. It affects people of all races, particularly those with skin types IV and V who live in areas with lots of UV radiation. According to the studies, Melasma lesions are seen throughout the face in centrofacial, malar, and mandibular patterns. Melasma lesions on the forehead, cheeks, nose, upper lip, and/or chin are the most prevalent centrofacial pattern. Melasma lesions can also be detected along the periorbital area, especially in Asian people. Melasma is notably resistant to treatment, with many patients experiencing only temporary relief and relapses. Combining therapies that target numerous pathologic components, including photodamage, inflammation, aberrant vascularity, and abnormal pigmentation, generally results in the most dramatic therapeutic improvements. Treatments for dark circles include topical depigmenting medicines like hydroquinone, kojic acid, azelaic acid, and topical retinoic acid, and physical treatments such as chemical peels, surgical adjustments, and laser therapy. The objective of therapy should be to figure out what is causing the hyperpigmentation and what is contributing to it. This article provides an overview of melasma therapies and the efficacy of methimazole and cysteamine for melasma therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With new telecommunications engineering applications, the cognitive radio (CR) network‐based internet of things (IoT) resolves the bandwidth problem and spectrum problem. However, the CR‐IoT routing method sometimes presents issues in terms of road finding, spectrum resource diversity and mobility. This study presents an upgradable cross‐layer routing protocol based on CR‐IoT to improve routing efficiency and optimize data transmission in a reconfigurable network. In this context, the system is developing a distributed controller which is designed with multiple activities, including load balancing, neighbourhood sensing and machine‐learning path construction. The proposed approach is based on network traffic and load and various other network metrics including energy efficiency, network capacity and interference, on an average of 2 bps/Hz/W. The trials are carried out with conventional models, demonstrating the residual energy and resource scalability and robustness of the reconfigurable CR‐IoT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Necrotizing fasciitis can evolve from a trivial lesion, whenever it develops it requires a prompt surgical intervention and broad‐spectrum antibiotic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keratosis lichenoides chronica (KLC) is a rare dermatosis which represents different clinical characteristics between adult‐ and pediatric‐onset cases. We described a childhood case of KLC with features typical for adult‐onset disease. Acitretin led to partial improvement of her skin, but not mucosal, lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twelve weeks after the initiation of the treatment, a mean improvement of 68.3% of lesions was observed by the combined blue/red light phototherapy, which was significantly superior to that achieved by blue light (at weeks 4 and 8 but not at week 12) ( I P i < .05) (Figure 2 & Table 1). The global satisfaction of patients was more in female patients, which might be as a result of better adherence to therapy or gender differences in skin characteristics. That is why the combined treatment group showed ongoing improvement even after discontinuation of the treatment at week 4, while blue light monotherapy had only maintenance effect without further improvement. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Microneedling and fractional lasers have been used in facial rejuvenation with acceptable results and low adverse effects. Aims: To compare the efficacy of microneedling with fractional Er:YAG in facial skin rejuvenation. Patients/Methods: This study was planned as a split‐face clinical trial. Volunteers were randomly allocated to receive three monthly treatments on each side of the face, one with fractional Er:YAG laser and one with microneedling. The assessments included investigating clinical outcomes by two blinded dermatologists accompanied by measuring skin biophysical characteristics including cutaneous resonance running time (CRRT) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Moreover, possible adverse effects, downtime, and patients' satisfaction were recorded at baseline, 1 month after each treatment, and 3 months after the last treatment session. The protocol was approved by the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20160820029436N3). Results: Of the 32 selected volunteers, 24 subjects completed the study. The clinical assessment showed a significant improvement of the face appearance along with a significant reduction in dyschromia, and periorbital wrinkling (P‐value <.05), with both procedures without any considerable difference between two methods. Moreover, the patients showed substantial satisfaction with both modalities with no statistically significant difference. Mean TEWL and CRRT values also decreased significantly in both groups with no considerable difference. The downtime was significantly shorter in the microneedling‐treated side. There were no long‐lasting or severe adverse effects after treatment with both methods. Conclusion: Microneedling and fractional Er:YAG laser have comparable efficacy in facial rejuvenation, but little downtime of the former makes it preferable for many patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Subcision, also known as subcutaneous incisionless surgery, is a surgical intervention used to treat a variety of skin conditions including atrophic acne scars, depressed scars, cellulite, and wrinkles. Aims: We plan to prepare a review article about the indications of subcision, its adverse reactions, and pearls. Patients/Methods: We searched the literature for the information about subcision and its applications from papers published up to March 2019. The search was performed through the databases of the National Library of Medicine. Results: After a thorough review of the published papers about subcision, we finally chose to review 40 articles that had proper sample size and design to prepare this review article. Twenty‐one papers were related to the application of subcision in the treatment of acne scar and other scars. Four articles were about the application of subcision to treat cellulite, and eight articles were related to other applications of subcision such as the treatment of striae or nasolabial fold. The remaining seven articles include published review papers about subcision or acne scar classification. Conclusion: Subcision seems to be effective on various skin conditions including acne scar, other depressed scars, and cellulite. It is easy to apply and inexpensive with short downtime and no significant complications. Subcision needs proper technique and adequate experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The management of melasma is still challenging, and new treatment modalities with favorable side effect profile are required. Methimazole, a peroxidase inhibitor, seems to have a beneficial effect in the management of melasma but there is a paucity of studies for evaluation of its efficacy. This double‐blinded trial was aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of methimazole vs hydroquinone 4% which is the gold standard treatment in the management of melasma. Methods: Fifty patients with melasma were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups to receive 4% hydroquinone or 5% methimazole once daily for 8 weeks. Forty patients completed the study. The clinical response was assessed at 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks after treatment by MASI score, patient satisfaction, and physician scores. Results: Both groups showed a reduction in the MASI score at the 8th week which was more significant in hydroquinone group but higher relapse rate was also observed in this group after discontinuing the drug. The side effects were similar between groups. Also, patient and physician satisfaction scores were also more in favor of hydroquinone 4%. Conclusion: Methimazole could be an alternative treatment of melasma alone or in combination with other depigmenting drugs. Although not as effective as hydroquinone, the noncytotoxic and nonmutagenic aspects of methimazole may make it a promising alternative for the treatment of melasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background and aim: A comprehensive study comparing two different modalities, Nokor needle subcision (NNS) and blunt cannula subcision (BCS), for treatment of acne scars, has not been reported previously. The aim was to compare the effectiveness of these two methods based on patient's and doctor's satisfaction measures, in addition to the late complications 3 months postsubcision. Method of intervention: Patients had 18‐65 years old, with acne scars on both malar sides. They were treated at one malar side with NNS and with BCS at another side. They were monitored during the first week, at one and 3 months postintervention. Patient's and two dermatologist's satisfactions were compared during 3 months, for each modality and between modalities. Results: From 34 patients, 29.4%, 55.9%, and 14.7% had mild, moderate, and severe acne scars, respectively. Ecchymosis, nodule formation post‐NNS, and edema after BCS were the complications. Patients were satisfied with BCS during 3‐month monitoring (P = .021), but not with NNS (P = .353). Physician‐1 was satisfied from the outcome of both BCS and NNS procedures (P = .044 and.006, respectively). However, physician‐2 was only satisfied with NNS at the month 3 than the month 1 (P = .002). All patients and physicians were significantly more satisfied with BCS than NNS (P = .000). Anyway, at the month 3, physician‐2 had no significant different points of view about applied methods (P = .25). Discussion: Considering the complications and satisfaction rates, BCS was more efficient than NNS for acne scar treatment. Then, we suggest BCS as a good replacement for NNS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, Burr‐XII and Rayleigh distributions are combined to form a new mixture model that is considered to model heterogeneous data. Our objective is to estimate parameters of the proposed mixture model using Bayesian technique under type‐I censoring. Bayesian parameter estimation for the said mixture model is conducted by using informative priors, ie, gamma and squared root inverted gamma (SRIG) as well as noninformative prior, ie, Jeffrey's prior. Squared error loss function (SELF) and quadratic loss function (QLF) are employed to obtain and Bayes estimators. Properties of the proposed Bayes estimators are highlighted through a simulation study. When prior distributions and loss functions utilized in the study are compared in terms of posterior risks, informative prior found to be more suitable and decision turns out to be in favor of QLF. Prediction limits for the single sample case and two sample case are obtained to provide an insight into future sample data. Application of the proposed model is also elaborated using a real‐life example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Pemphigus is a group of autoimmune blistering disorders that have been associated with dementia in previous studies. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) can be the first stage of progression into dementia. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of MCI in pemphigus patients compared to a control group.This case‐control study included 80 patients with pemphigus referred to the dermatology clinics of Shohadaye Tajrish and Loghman Hakim hospitals, Tehran, Iran, in 2021. A group of 80 individuals without pemphigus who visited the same clinics for cosmetic consultation or interventions were regarded as controls. Age, sex, marital status, and education were recorded for all participants. Disease duration, medications, and severity were noted for pemphigus patients. The Persian version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test was used to assess cognitive function.MCI was significantly more frequent in pemphigus patients than in controls (55% vs. 37.5%, P = 0.026). Furthermore, the total MoCA score was significantly lower in pemphigus patients compared to controls (23.98 ± 3.77 vs. 25.21 ± 3.45, P = 0.032); however, among MoCA's different domains, only the executive functions score was significantly lower in pemphigus patients (P = 0.010). After adjustment, multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that every 1‐year higher education in patients decreased the odds of MCI by 52% (adjusted odds ratio = 0.483, 95% confidence interval 0.326; 0.715, P < 0.001).The frequency of MCI was found to be significantly higher, and overall scores of the MoCA test, as well as its executive function domain, were significantly lower among pemphigus patients in this study compared to the control group. Additionally, a higher level of education was associated with decreased odds of MCI in pemphigus patients. Identifying pemphigus patients with MCI through the use of the MoCA test can facilitate early intervention, enabling them to seek help and support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report two cases of lichen planus following COVID-19 vaccination in two middle-aged women, where the first patient presented with lichenplanopilaris (LPP) relapse and development of lichen planus 14 days after the second dose of AstraZeneca vaccine, and the other patient who had a previous scattered lesion of LP which extended and increased in severity after the first and second dose of Sinopharm. The suggested cause could be due to immune dysregulation and up regulation of T cell lymphocytes which was triggered after COVID-19 vaccination. What supports our hypothesis that LP had occurred due to COVID-19 vaccination, is that one of the patients responded successfully to Metronidazole. This means that the infection process after vaccination could be the cause in aggravating LP. To add, one of the suggested mechanisms for the appearance of LP or reactivation of a dormant LPP can be cytotoxic CD8 T-lymphocytes which increase the secretion of IFN-γ and IL-5 cytokines and may also result in basal keratinocytes' apoptosis leading to cutaneous manifestations. This was supported by the efficacy of Tofacitinib that was used in the other patient who presented with reactivation of LPP in addition to LP. Tofacitinib decrease the number of T cell infiltration and adjust IFN expression., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Neutrophil or platelet to lymphocyte ratio (NLR and PLR) has been proposed to be used as prognostic purposes in a variety of diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of these ratios in monitoring of response to TNF-α-inhibitors in psoriatic patients. Eighty psoriatic patients were included and treated with TNF-α-inhibitors for 12 months based on drug protocol. Hematologic indices, including NLR and PLR values were assessed before and after treatment. Data on psoriasis area and severity index (PASI), smoking behavior, alcohol intake habit, nail abnormality, body mass index (BMI), joint involvement, and disease duration were also recorded. PASI scores were improved significantly after one-year treatment (P = .000). Furthermore, this type of treatment significantly reduced the NLR and PLR (P = .000). These changes were in accordance with PASI scores. Patients with BMI greater than 24.9 had higher, but non-significant NLR and PLR than normal or lean individuals. Cigarette smokers and alcohol consumers had lower NLR and PLR values than other individuals (P < .05). There was no significant association between NLR and PLR and joint or nail involvement. Although NLR and PLR will not be helpful in primary diagnosis of inflammatory diseases, they could be accounted as monitoring tools in management of psoriasis or globally indicators of inflammation., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Steroid pulse therapy has shown satisfactory efficacy and safety in treating pemphigus vulgaris (PV). However, there is a paucity of data about the efficacy and safety of methylprednisolone, despite its frequent administration. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of steroid pulse therapy in treating PV. In this 10-year retrospective cohort study, 312 patients with PV, who had received methylprednisolone pulse therapy, were included. Data of pulse therapy sessions, adjuvant medications, dosages, remission rates, complications, and mortalities were collected from all patients. A total of 276 patients out of 312 underwent the final follow-up at least 6 months after the last session of pulse therapy. Complete remission off therapy was achieved in 83 patients (30%), and 152 patients (55%) had complete remission on therapy. About 29 (10.5%) patients had lesions of pemphigus at the time of the study follow-up, and 26.8% of remained patients were on the minimal therapy. Methylprednisolone pulse therapy could be considered as an option for proper control of PV in severe cases. It might lead to shorter periods of hospitalization and reduce the need to take long-term high-dose oral steroid therapy., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Recently, advances in understanding the etiology of urticaria and updates of diagnostic and therapeutic management guidelines have drawn attention to chronic urticaria (CU) morbidity. The present study aimed to evaluate Iranian dermatologists' practice and real life management of CU patients. A total of 35 dermatologists and 443 patients were included in the study. Number of female patients was 321 (72.5%). Mean (standard deviation) age of the study patients was 38 (13) years and the median (inter quartile range) of disease duration was 12 (6-48) months. Severity of patients' symptoms was mild for 32.1%, moderate for 38.7%, severe for 18.8%, and 10.4% of them had no evident signs or symptoms. The most common diagnostic methods were physical examination (96.6%), differential blood count (83.5%), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (77.4%), and C-reactive protein (62.8%). The number of dermatologists prescribed nonsedating antihistamines (nsAH) in regular dose and high dose mono therapy were 26 (74%) and 6 (17%), respectively. About 66% of dermatologists were familiar with British Association of Dermatologists (BAD) guideline. The most common first-line treatment for CU by Iranian dermatologists was nonsedating antihistamines in regular or high doses. The real-life management of patients with CU in Iran was in accordance with the available practice guidelines., (© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)