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This paper reflects on the paradigmatic assumptions and ideologies that have shaped algorithmic management research. We identify two sets of assumptions: one about the "ontology of algorithms" (which holds that human resource management [HRM] algorithms are non‐human entities with material agency) and one about the "ontology of management" that HRM algorithms afford (which understands algorithmic management as a form of control for maximizing economic/shareholder value). We explain how these core assumptions underpin existing research of HRM algorithms, causing blind spots that hinder new ways of understanding and studying algorithmic management. After identifying and unpacking the assumptions and blind spots, we offer avenues to overcome these blind spots, allowing for future research based on new ideological assumption grounds that will help move algorithmic management scholarship further in significant ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Young Academic Urologists (YAU) group within the European Association of Urology (EAU) focuses on developing clinical, educational, and research projects to enhance urological practice and training standards. YAU aims to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion by including members from different genders, countries, and cultural backgrounds. Recent data shows an increase in female representation within YAU working groups, with efforts being made to further improve diversity and gender distribution. The group also conducts a SWOT analysis to enhance diversity, equity, and inclusion within its membership. [Extracted from the article]

Infective endocarditis and infection of cardiac devices are conditions characterized by high morbidity and mortality, thus requiring a prompt diagnosis. Advanced imaging modalities are often required in the management of infectious endocarditis according to guidelines. The aim of this review is to collect and describe evidence‐based knowledge about the diagnostic role and clinical usefulness of [18F]FDG PET/CT in endocarditis and cardiac device infections based on published systematic reviews and meta‐analyses on this topic and on recent guidelines. [18F]FDG PET/CT is recommended only in selected cases. This imaging method has good diagnostic accuracy in detecting prosthetic valve endocarditis and cardiac device infection. Furthermore, it can identify extra‐cardiac infectious foci changing the clinical management in a significant percentage of cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Cisplatin‐induced sensorineural hearing loss is a significant clinical challenge. Although the potential effects of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have previously been investigated in some ototoxicity models, its efficacy in cisplatin‐induced hearing loss remains uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of recombinant human BDNF (rhBDNF) in protecting cells against cisplatin‐induced ototoxicity. Experimental Approach: Using an in vivo model of cisplatin‐induced hearing loss, we investigated the beneficial effects of transtympanic administration of rhBDNF in a thermogel solution on hearing function and cochlear injury, using electrophysiological, morphological, immunofluorescence and molecular analyses. Key Results: Our data showed that local rhBDNF treatment counteracted hearing loss in rats receiving cisplatin by preserving synaptic connections in the cochlear epithelium and protecting hair cells (HCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) against cisplatin‐induced cell death. Specifically, rhBDNF maintains the balance of its receptor levels (pTrkB and p75), boosting TrkB‐CREB pro‐survival signalling and reducing caspase 3‐dependent apoptosis in the cochlea. Additionally, it activates antioxidant mechanisms while inhibiting inflammation and promoting vascular repair. Conclusion and Implications: Collectively, we demonstrated that early transtympanic treatment with rhBDNF plays a multifaceted protective role against cisplatin‐induced ototoxicity, thus holding promise as a novel potential approach to preserve hearing in adult and paediatric patients undergoing cisplatin‐based chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transcranial magnetic stimulation‐electroencephalography (TMS‐EEG) has demonstrated decreased excitability in the primary motor cortex (M1) and increased excitability in the pre‐supplementary motor area (pre‐SMA) in moderate‐advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). Objectives: The aim was to investigate whether these abnormalities are evident from the early stages of the disease, their behavioral correlates, and relationship to cortico‐subcortical connections. Methods: Twenty‐eight early, drug‐naive (de novo) PD patients and 28 healthy controls (HCs) underwent TMS‐EEG to record TMS‐evoked potentials (TEPs) from the primary motor cortex (M1) and the pre‐SMA, kinematic recording of finger‐tapping movements, and a 3T‐MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan to obtain diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) reconstruction of white matter (WM) tracts connecting M1 to the ventral lateral anterior thalamic nucleus and pre‐SMA to the anterior putamen. Results: We found reduced M1 TEP P30 amplitude in de novo PD patients compared to HCs and similar pre‐SMA TEP N40 amplitude between groups. PD patients exhibited smaller amplitude and slower velocity in finger‐tapping movements and altered structural integrity in WM tracts of interest, although these changes did not correlate with TEPs. Conclusions: M1 hypoexcitability is a characteristic of PD from early phases and may be a marker of the parkinsonian state. Pre‐SMA hyperexcitability is not evident in early PD and possibly emerges at later stages of the disease. © 2024 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypersensitivity reactions represent one of the most common causes of hesitancy for adherence to national vaccination programs. The majority of hypersensitivity reactions after vaccination are mild, and anaphylaxis is reported to be rare, although it remains challenging to estimate the frequency attributed to each single vaccine, either because of the lower number of administered doses of less common vaccines, or the administration of simultaneous vaccine in most of the vaccination programs. Although literature remains scattered, international consensus guides clinicians in identifying patients who might need the administration of vaccines in protected environments due to demonstrated hypersensitivity to vaccine components or adjuvants. Here we provide the current guidance on hypersensitivity reactions to vaccines and on vaccination of children with allergy disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: To manage industrial waste in accordance with the circular bioeconomy concept it is sometimes necessary to handle grape seeds, an abundant by‐product of the wine‐making process. This study presents a process based on ultrasound technology for the extraction of grape‐seed proteins, due to their nutritional and techno‐functional properties. The protein content of extracts obtained under silent and lab‐scale conditions was compared with that obtained under semi‐industrial ultrasound conditions, and the chemical composition (carbohydrates, total phenols, and lipids) and the elemental profiles of the final, up‐scaled downstream extracts were characterized. RESULTS: This work found that the maximum amount of protein in the final product was 378.31 g.kg−1 of the extract. Chemical characterization revealed that each 1 kg of extract had an average content of 326.19 g gallic acid equivalent as total phenols, 162.57 g glucose equivalent as carbohydrates, and 382.76 g of lipophilic compounds. Furthermore, when the extract was checked for hazardous elements, none were found in levels that could be considered a risk for human health. CONCLUSION: The proposed semi‐industrial strategy has the potential to contribute greatly to the valorization of grape seeds through the preparation of a protein‐rich extract that can be used as an alternative to synthetic wine stabilizers and for the development of novel food and nutraceutical products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers with patients having unresectable or metastatic disease at diagnosis, with poor prognosis and very short survival. Given that genetic variation within autophagy‐related genes influences autophagic flux and susceptibility to solid cancers, we decided to investigate whether 55,583 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within 234 autophagy‐related genes could influence the risk of developing PDAC in three large independent cohorts of European ancestry including 12,754 PDAC cases and 324,926 controls. The meta‐analysis of these populations identified, for the first time, the association of the BIDrs9604789 variant with an increased risk of developing the disease (ORMeta = 1.31, p = 9.67 × 10−6). We also confirmed the association of TP63rs1515496 and TP63rs35389543 variants with PDAC risk (OR = 0.89, p = 6.27 × 10−8 and OR = 1.16, p = 2.74 × 10−5). Although it is known that BID induces autophagy and TP63 promotes cell growth, cell motility and invasion, we also found that carriers of the TP63rs1515496G allele had increased numbers of FOXP3+ Helios+ T regulatory cells and CD45RA+ T regulatory cells (p = 7.67 × 10−4 and p = 1.56 × 10−3), but also decreased levels of CD4+ T regulatory cells (p = 7.86 × 10−4). These results were in agreement with research suggesting that the TP63rs1515496 variant alters binding sites for FOXA1 and CTCF, which are transcription factors involved in modulating specific subsets of regulatory T cells. In conclusion, this study identifies BID as new susceptibility locus for PDAC and confirms previous studies suggesting that the TP63 gene is involved in the development of PDAC. This study also suggests new pathogenic mechanisms of the TP63 locus in PDAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toll‐like receptor (TLR)7 is a pattern recognition receptor that critically contributes to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). DS‐7011a is an anti‐TLR7 monoclonal antibody that prevents TLR7 from signaling. The aim of this first‐in‐human, double‐blind, randomized, and placebo‐controlled study was to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity, and pharmacodynamics of single ascending intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) doses of DS‐7011a in healthy subjects (HS) (NCT05203692). On day 1, 80 HS received DS‐7011a or placebo 6:2 in 10 cohorts (7 treated IV and 3 SC) of 8 each and were followed for 8 weeks until day 57. Safety was evaluated by recording treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs), pharmacokinetics by measuring plasma DS‐7011a, immunogenicity by measuring plasma anti‐drug antibodies (ADAs), and pharmacodynamics by evaluating the suppression of interleukin‐6 production ex vivo in whole blood. DS‐7011a was safe and well tolerated across all cohorts. TEAEs were mostly mild in severity and not drug‐related. DS‐7011a exposure increased with the dose but was not dose proportional, as the elimination of lower doses was accelerated by target‐mediated drug disposition. Terminal half‐life was about 15‐17 days and Tmax upon SC administration was about 5 days. DS‐7011a induced ADAs in about half of HS but with no impact on clinical findings and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamic (PD) response also increased with the dose and at the higher doses was of large extent (>90%), early onset, and lasting duration. DS‐7011a showed favorable safety, pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity, and PD properties that support its development for the treatment of SLE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coupling of nanostructures with emerging 2D semiconductors is gaining significant interest thanks to the unique features of these hybrids systems, which make them key platforms for next‐generation applications in electronics, optoelectronics, and sensing. Top‐down lithographic approaches uniquely enable the fully deterministic high‐resolution fabrication of nanostructures, but some of them, like electron‐beam lithography and focused ion‐beam lithography, employ energetic particles that may damage 2D materials causing an unwanted loss of functionality. Herein thermal scanning probe lithography is applied for the realization of metallic nanoantennas directly on top of exfoliated 2D MoS2 flakes, showing it can avoid the degradation of this delicate substrate. It is shown that the morphologic and optical features of MoS2 are fully preserved after the lithography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are precursors to pancreatic cancer, but not all IPMNs progress to cancer. The objective of this study was to identify the germline genetic variants associated with IPMN clinical progression by conducting the first genome‐wide association study (GWAS) and computing a polygenic hazard score (PHS) in 338 patients with IPMN. Methods: The study population was divided into two subsets, and a Cox analysis adjusted for sex, age, cyst size at diagnosis, and the top 10 principal components was performed. A PHS was calculated using the genotypes of common variants associated with IPMN progression identified. Results: Eight loci with significant associations (p < 5 × 10−8) were identified, and the most significant was 7q21.11‐rs117620617 (hazard ratio, 16.35; 95% confidence interval, 6.93–38.60; p = 1.80 × 10−10). All variants were associated with inflammatory processes, suggesting that alleles that predispose to an inflammatory prone phenotype may promote progression. The PHS indicated a statistically significant association (hazard ratio, 18.05; 95% confidence interval, 7.96–45.80; p = 6.18 × 10−11) with IPMN progression among individuals who had the highest number of effect alleles (fourth quartile) compared with those who had the lowest number (first quartile). Conclusions: The current results study advance the understanding of individual predisposition to IPMN progression and underscore the potential use of genetics in the stratification of patients who have IPMN. This genome‐wide association study identifies eight loci associated with the progression of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms toward malignancy. The findings provide valuable insights into the genetic predisposition for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm progression, highlighting the role of inflammatory processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Re di Castello is the southernmost unit of the composite Adamello batholith (central Alps, Italy). It was emplaced between 43 and 40 Ma, yet its depth of emplacement is not well constrained. We have studied the contact metamorphism of pelitic country rocks in two localities: the upper Caffaro Valley and the Borzago Valley in the southern and the northern sub‐units of the Re di Castello, respectively. In the Caffaro Valley, the country rocks comprise the Triassic sedimentary Lozio Shale, a carbon‐rich slate–siltstone, which was intruded by quartz‐dioritic magma. Near the contact, the hornfelses display the mineralogical assemblage Kfs‐Crd‐Bt‐Ms‐Pl‐Qz‐Gr, with rare fibrolitic sillimanite in a single sample. Andalusite was never observed throughout the aureole at this locality. In the Borzago Valley, contact metamorphism developed on schists of the pre‐Permian basement with a Variscan, regional metamorphic overprint. The sequence of contact metamorphic mineral assemblages progresses from And‐Bt‐bearing parageneses to the Sil‐Crd‐Bt‐Kfs‐Ms‐Pl‐Qz that characterizes peak conditions, at which incipient melting is also observed. K‐feldspar forms slightly upgrade the first appearance of sillimanite. For samples at both localities, thermodynamic modelling in the NCKFMASHT system failed at predicting a stability field for the sequences of mineral assemblages developed during contact metamorphism. Also the Ti‐in biotite thermometer did not constrain temperatures adequately. The P–T conditions at the thermal peak were thus evaluated by an alternative bathograd‐like approach, considering phase relationships in the simplified NKASH‐C system. To form sillimanite only as product of the incomplete Ms‐Qz breakdown—divariant for the presence of Na in Ms and Kfs and shifted to lower temperature due to the presence of graphite (in the Lozio Shale)—an isobaric path typical of contact metamophism must have crossed above the Msss‐Qz‐Kfsss‐Sil‐And‐fluid invariant point. This constrains an emplacement pressure >3.3 kbar in the Caffaro Valley, and >3.2 kbar in the Borzago Valley. Concerning temperature, the same univariant point also constrains the minimum temperature in the Caffaro Valley as >615°C–620°C, consistent with results of RSCM thermometry on graphite from the Lozio Shale. The evidence of incipient melting in some samples from the Borzago Valley indicates higher temperatures, probably approaching 670°C, near the contact to the intrusion. Assuming an average crust density of 2.7 g cm−3, the estimated pressures correspond to a minimum paleo‐depth of emplacement of about 12 km. These depths are somewhat greater than normally considered and should be regarded as revised constraints on models of the emplacement dynamics of the Adamello batholith and on paleogeographic reconstructions of this part of the Southalpine domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The contribution of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection on lung damage and the effect of vaccination on either containing the number of deaths or mitigating lung damage has not been systematically investigated. Methods: Post‐mortem analysis was performed among consecutive in‐patients with COVID‐19 deceased in the Province of Trieste (2020–2022). The outcomes of the study were (i) rates of in‐hospital mortality, (ii) contribution of COVID‐19 to death, (iii) histological extent of lung injury and (iv) impact of vaccination. Results: A total of 1038 consecutive hospitalized patients who died with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection were autopsied and deep histological analysis of the lungs was performed in a randomly selected sample of 508 cases. Among them, SARS‐CoV‐2 infection was (a) the cause of death (n = 90), (b) contributing to death (n = 304) and (c) an accompanying feature (n = 114). The incidence of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection as the primary cause of mortality decreased over time (23.8% in 2020, 20.9% in 2021 and 7.9% in 2022). On multivariable analysis, vaccination (any dose) was independently associated with lower rates of death related to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (HR.15, p <.001), after adjusting for other independent predictors. A total of 172 patients were vaccinated at least with two doses at the time of death: 93% triple‐vaccinated, 7% double‐vaccinated. On histological analysis, vaccinated patients had a greater frequency of pneumonia severity score 0 and 1 (20.3% vs. 5.4% and 20.9% vs. 7.7%, p <.001, respectively), and a substantially lower proportion of pneumonia severity score 3 (26.2% vs. 55.1%, p <.001) compared to unvaccinated patients. Conclusions: COVID‐19 vaccination has substantially reduced rates of death related to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection over time and may have the ability to mitigate lung damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm (PM10) and the development of giant cell arteritis (GCA) and its ischemic complications. Methods: This was case‐crossover study on consecutive patients who received a diagnosis of GCA in three hospitals in northern Italy between 2013 and 2021. The PM10 hourly and daily average concentrations, collected in the Italian monitoring network and archived by Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, were determined using European reference. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to determine patients' daily exposures to them. We employed conditional logistic regression to estimate the effect of exposure on GCA symptoms onset or ischemic complications. Results: We included 232 patients. A positive association was observed between exposure to PM10 and GCA risk, with an incremental odd of 27.1% (95% confidence interval 5.8–52.6) for every 10‐μg/m3 increase in PM10 concentration within a 60‐day period. We did not find any significant association for shorter periods or with ischemic complications. Subgroup analysis found a significantly higher incremental risk at a 60‐day lag for patients ≥70 years old. Comparing patients who were chronically exposed to high PM10 levels (26.9 ± 13.8 μg/m3) to those who were not (11.9 ± 7.9 μg/m3) revealed that only in the former group was there an association between GCA onset and increased PM10 levels in the preceding 60 days. Conclusion: Exposure to environmental PM10 in the preceding 60 days seems to be associated with an increased risk of developing GCA, especially in older individuals with prolonged exposure to high levels of air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the profunda artery perforator (PAP) flap in head and neck reconstruction. Methods: A single arm meta‐analysis was performed for flap survival rate (primary outcome), reoperation for major complication, and overall complication rates (secondary outcomes). Results: The search strategy yielded a total of 295 potentially relevant publications, of which 13 were included. A total of 305 patients (males: 80.8%, n = 232/281), with a median age of 56.1 years (n = 305/305; 95% CI 53.9–63), who underwent a total of 307 PAP flap reconstructions for head and neck defects were included. Flap survival rate was 100% (n = 306/307; 95% CI 99.6%–100%), with a reoperation rate for major complications of 3.7% (n = 15/307; 95% CI 1.85%–6.1%) and an overall complication rate of 26.5% (n = 92/307; 95% CI 15.7%–38.9%). Notable postoperative complications included wound dehiscence (n = 15/307, 4.9%), delayed healing (n = 14/307, 4.6%), and wound infection (n = 12/307, 3.9%). Partial flap necrosis and hematoma occurred in 2.6% of cases (n = 8/307), while arterial and venous thrombosis were documented in 0.7% (n = 2/307) and 1.3%, respectively (n = 4/307). Conclusion: The application of the PAP flap in head and neck reconstructions showed several favorable aspects, such as an exceptionally low flap failure rate, versatility in achieving variable dimensions, and a relatively low incidence of complications. PAP flap might be considered as a compelling alternative to the traditionally employed soft tissue free flaps in head and neck reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study is to describe circumstances, management and short‐term outcomes of neonatal head trauma, and adherence to the Paediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) head trauma prediction rule for children under 2 years. Methods: Multicentre retrospective cohort study of neonates (<29 days) with head trauma across 25 emergency departments (ED) from January 2017 to June 2021. Results: A total of 492 neonates (median age 17 days, range 0–28 days) with non‐trivial head trauma were enrolled. Falls were the most common injury mechanism (375/492, 76.2%). Imaging was performed in 150/492 (30.5%) neonates. Clinically important traumatic brain injury (ciTBI), defined as death, neurosurgery, prolonged intubation, or extended hospitalisation from injury, occurred in 7/492 (1.4%) cases. Notably, 286/492 (58.1%) neonates were managed by short‐term observation (<48 h), and 126/492 (25.6%) were admitted. Among high‐risk neonates per PECARN criteria, 17/21 (80.9%) did not undergo recommended head CT scans but were observed within ED short observation units or underwent alternative imaging, with no ciTBI diagnoses among those discharged without CT. Conclusion: Severe neonatal head injuries are rare, and most neonatal head injuries have a favourable outcome, making observation a suitable approach, while remaining vigilant for signs of non‐accidental injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ketamine provides the highest safety profile among sedatives for procedural sedation and analgesia in the pediatric emergency setting. However, it can cause vomiting and recovery agitation. No studies have examined epigenetic factors, such as microRNAs, for predicting the occurrence of these adverse events. Neuronal‐derived extracellular vesicle microRNA profiles were studied to predict the occurrence of ketamine‐induced vomiting and recovery agitation in children. For this aim, a single‐center prospective pharmacoepigenetic study was performed and 50 children who underwent procedural sedation with intravenous ketamine as the only sedative drug were enrolled between October 2019 and November 2022. MiRNA profiling in plasma neural‐derived extracellular vesicles was analyzed through next‐generation sequencing and measured before treatment with ketamine. Twenty‐two patients experienced vomiting or recovery agitation. Among the 16 differentially expressed microRNAs, the upregulated miR‐15a‐5p and miR‐484 targeted genes related to N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor activity, including glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2A (GRIN2A). Preliminary data confirmed lower GRIN2A levels in patients who developed these events. Downregulated miR‐126‐3p and miR‐24‐3p targeted AMPA receptor‐associated genes. Functional analyses of gene targets revealed the enrichment of glutamatergic and neurotrophins signaling. Recovery agitation was associated with this network. Vomiting was related to dopaminergic and cholinergic systems. Three miRNAs (miR‐18a‐3p, miR‐484, and miR‐548az‐5p) were identified as predictive biomarkers (AUC 0.814; 95% CI: 0.632–0.956) for ketamine‐induced vomiting and recovery agitation. MicroRNA profiles can predict the development of ketamine‐induced vomiting or recovery agitation in children. This study contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying ketamine‐induced adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prognosis for many pediatric brain tumors, including cerebellar medulloblastoma (MB), remains dismal but there is promise in new therapies. We have previously generated a mouse model developing spontaneous MB at high frequency, Ptch1+/−/Tis21−/−. In this model, reproducing human tumorigenesis, we identified the decline of the Cxcl3 chemokine in cerebellar granule cell precursors (GCPs) as responsible for a migration defect, which causes GCPs to stay longer in the proliferative area rather than differentiate and migrate internally, making them targets of transforming insults. We demonstrated that 4‐week Cxcl3 infusion in cerebella of 1‐month‐old mice, at the initial stage of MB formation, forces preneoplastic GCPs (pGCPs) to leave lesions and differentiate, with a complete suppression of MB development. In this study, we sought to verify the effect of 4‐week Cxcl3 treatment in 3‐month‐old Ptch1+/−/Tis21−/− mice, when MB lesions are at an advanced, irreversible stage. We found that Cxcl3 treatment reduces tumor volumes by sevenfold and stimulates the migration and differentiation of pGCPs from the lesion to the internal cerebellar layers. We also tested whether the pro‐migratory action of Cxcl3 favors metastases formation, by xenografting DAOY human MB cells in the cerebellum of immunosuppressed mice. We showed that DAOY cells express the Cxcl3 receptor, Cxcr2, and that Cxcl3 triggers their migration. However, Cxcl3 did not significantly affect the frequency of metastases or the growth of DAOY‐generated MBs. Finally, we mapped the expression of the Cxcr2 receptor in human MBs, by evaluating a well‐characterized series of 52 human MBs belonging to different MB molecular subgroups. We found that Cxcr2 was variably expressed in all MB subgroups, suggesting that Cxcl3 could be used for therapy of different MBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors present two cases of mouth floor hemorrhage consequences of implant placement within the atrophic anterior mandible. In one patient, the implant placement was associated with the guided bone regeneration (GBR) technique. This serious complication has been widely described in the literature, especially in the anterior mandible area. In cases of bone resorption, the edentulous ridge becomes closer to the artery, and the risk of vessel injury increases. In both patients, the hematoma rapidly spread in the loose tissues of the mouth floor, displacing the tongue posteriorly and cranially, with airway compromise. The patients were hospitalized with nasotracheal intubation to secure the airway. In both patients, the bleeding stopped spontaneously, and after a few days, the oral floor swallowing was reduced, allowing the endotracheal tube to be removed. In about 2 weeks, the hematoma completely resorbed without surgery. According to the literature, the main cause of floor of the mouth hemorrhage is the mandibular lingual cortical plate perforation during bone drilling with subsequent sublingual–submental artery injury. In fact, in the first patient presented, this surgical error was clearly noticeable on the CT scan. Differently, in the second case reported, no radiological signs of inner cortical perforation were observed, and together with a mouth floor hematoma, a blood collection was also evident on the lower lip, suggesting a different cause of bleeding. Most likely during the periosteal release incision, mandatory in GBR technique, the ascending mental artery was injured, and hematoma spread in the mouth floor through the similar incision done on the lingual flap. Firstly, the mouth floor hemorrhage caused by an injury of a vestibular soft tissue artery during GBR surgery was reported. Strategies and recommendations to avoid this life‐threatening event are provided, based on the literature review and the authors' experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A colloidal synthesis protocol is demonstrated for InAs@InP core@shell quantum dots (QDs) with a tunable InP shell thickness (ranging from 3 to 8 monolayers), utilizing tris(diethylamino)‐arsine and ‐phosphine. Structural analysis reveals that the InP shell preferentially grows onto the tetrahedral InAs cores along the <‐1‐1‐1> directions, forming tetrapodal‐shaped InAs@InP QDs. Growth of the InP shell causes a red shift in the absorption spectrum of the QDs. This is explained by considering that electrons are delocalized throughout the whole core@shell QDs, while holes preferentially leak along the <‐1‐1‐1> directions, as indicated by the density functional theory calculations. This means such heterostructures cannot be described as type‐I or quasi type‐II, contrary to earlier assumptions. The overlap of carrier wavefunctions throughout the entire InAs@InP QD structure results in no significant reduction of the Auger recombination rate, which remains as fast as in InAs QDs. However, the InP shell enhances photoluminescence (PL) efficiency (up to ≈13%) by passivating surface trap states of the InAs QDs (mainly located close to the top of the valence band). The overgrowth of a ZnSe shell endows the QDs with a high PL efficiency (≈55%) and good stability upon air exposure (≈80% PL intensity retention after 14 days). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlocal metasurfaces are currently emerging as advanced tools for the manipulation of electromagnetic radiation, going beyond the widely explored Huygens metasurface concept. Nonetheless, the lack of an unified approach for their fast and efficient tunability still represents a serious challenge to overcome. This study reports on the gigahertz modulation of a dielectric slab‐based, nonlocal (i.e., angle‐dispersive) metasurface, whose operation relies on the optomechanical coupling with a mechanical wave excited piezoelectrically by a transducer integrated on the same chip. Importantly, the metasurface region is free from any conductive material, thus eliminating optical losses, and making the device of potential interest for delicate environments such as high‐power apparatuses or quantum optical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In pulsed laser deposition, along the traditionally exploited deposition on the front‐side of the plasma‐plume, a coating forms on the surface of the target as well. For reproducibility, this residue is usually cleaned and discarded. Here we instead investigate the target‐side coated materials and employ them as a binder‐free supercapacitor electrode. The ballistic‐aggregated, target‐side nanofoam is compact and features a larger fraction of sp2‐carbon, higher nitrogen content with higher graphitic‐N and lower oxygen content with fewer COOH groups than that of diffusive‐aggregated conventional nanofoams. They are highly hydrogenated graphite‐like amorphous carbon and superhydrophilic. The resulting symmetric micro‐supercapacitor delivers higher volumetric capacitance of 522 mF/cm3 at 100 mV/s and 104 % retention after 10000 charge‐discharge cycles over conventional nanofoam (215 mF/cm3 and 85 % retention) with an areal capacitance of 134 μF/cm2 at 120 Hz and ultrafast frequency response. Utilizing the normally discarded target‐side material can therefore enable high performing devices while reducing waste, cost and energy input per usable product, leading towards a greater sustainability of nanomaterials synthesis and deposition techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Placental insufficiency often correlates with fetal growth restriction (FGR), a condition that has both short‐ and long‐term effects on the health of the newborn. In our study, we analyzed placental tissue from infants with FGR and from infants classified as small for gestational age (SGA) or appropriate for gestational age (AGA), performing comprehensive analyses that included transcriptomics and metabolomics. By examining villus tissue biopsies and 3D trophoblast organoids, we identified significant metabolic changes in placentas associated with FGR. These changes include adaptations to reduced oxygen levels and modifications in arginine metabolism, particularly within the polyamine and creatine phosphate synthesis pathways. Specifically, we found that placentas with FGR utilize arginine to produce phosphocreatine, a crucial energy reservoir for ATP production that is essential for maintaining trophoblast function. In addition, we found polyamine insufficiency in FGR placentas due to increased SAT1 expression. SAT1 facilitates the acetylation and subsequent elimination of spermine and spermidine from trophoblasts, resulting in a deficit of polyamines that cannot be compensated by arginine or polyamine supplementation alone, unless SAT1 expression is suppressed. Our study contributes significantly to the understanding of metabolic adaptations associated with placental dysfunction and provides valuable insights into potential therapeutic opportunities for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates exact solutions of the potential Burgers equation with variable coefficients (PBEVCs), contributing to communication engineering, nonlinear acoustics, and fluid mechanics. It explores novel solutions using the improved modified extended tanh–function method (IMETFM), revealing diverse characteristics and providing deeper insights into nonlinear wave dynamics. The study also analyzes the long‐term behavior of PBEVC under noise influence, highlighting insights into noise‐perturbed systems' robustness. Moreover, it establishes connections to practical applications like 5G optical fiber transmission and ocean wave oscillations, showcasing the wide applicability of the IMETFM approach. This work's novelty lies in uncovering diverse solution characteristics and bridging theoretical understanding with real‐world applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a numerical scheme for a time‐dependent singularly perturbed parabolic convection–diffusion problem with boundary turning points is presented. The problem exhibits a left boundary layer in the spatial domain. We use the Crank–Nicolson method for temporal discretization and a nonstandard finite difference approach for spatial discretization on uniform meshes. Through rigorous error analysis, it has been shown that the scheme is stable and parameter‐uniform convergence with a second‐order accuracy in time and a first‐order accuracy in space. Three model examples are provided to show the applicability of the scheme. It is shown that the numerical results are in agreement with the theoretical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this in vitro study was to examine the potential impact of different curing times of 3D‐printed orthodontic aligners on their cytotoxicity. Method: Some 60 samples of aligner material were directly 3D printed using Tera Harz TC‐85 DAC resin and randomly allocated to three different curing time groups (14, 24 and 50 min). Zendura FLX samples were used as control. The samples were incubated in saliva for 14 days, and then the supernatant was collected. Human gingival fibroblasts (HGF‐1)‐CRL2014 were used to evaluate potential cytotoxicity. Furthermore, HGF‐1 cells were plated on the samples as well as on a glass control sample. After 72 h of growth, their viability was tested. Results: Compared with the glass, only the 50‐min curing time markedly reduced fibroblast cell growth. Additionally, a negative linear trend was observed between curing time and fibroblast growth. In comparison with the aligner control group, all samples, including the aligner control samples, exhibited a significant reduction in the viability of human fibroblasts when exposed to saliva. Conclusions: 3D directly printed aligners showed a cytotoxic effect similar to that of thermoformed conventional aligners in terms of fibroblasts growth. A linear trend was found between curing time and cells growth, indicating that directly printed aligners could exhibit higher cytotoxicity if exposed to a longer curing time. This dependence on curing time underscores the importance of following a strict manufacturing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maxillary sinusitis is a recognized complication following dental procedures, but its occurrence after orthognathic surgery, such as Le Fort osteotomies, remains less documented. This case report presents a 58‐year‐old female who developed unilateral maxillary sinusitis 23 years post‐orthognathic surgery. The patient was asymptomatic, aside from occasional cacosmia, and was incidentally found to have sinus opacification on a computed tomography (CT) scan performed for implant‐prosthetic rehabilitation. Nasal endoscopy revealed purulence and mucosal edema, prompting endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Intraoperatively, purulent material and fungal debris were removed from the maxillary sinus, confirming bacterial sinusitis with a concurrent fungal ball. S. salivarius and Klebsiella species were identified from the cultures. The patient's condition improved following the removal of both the sinus contents and the retained titanium plates and screws. This case underscores the potential for maxillary sinusitis to develop long after orthognathic surgery, particularly in the presence of retained dental hardware. It highlights the importance of thorough imaging and endoscopic evaluation in patients with a history of dental or facial surgeries presenting with sinonasal symptoms. Additionally, it raises questions about the role of retained hardware in the persistence or recurrence of infection and the possible association with fungal ball formation. The need for further research to establish guidelines for the management of sinusitis in such contexts, particularly regarding the removal of facial hardware, is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated assessment models (IAMs) are popular tools used to predict the evolution of human society, a challenging question that science has long tried to address. The World3 model is a popular IAM, designed in the seventies by several scientists convened by the Club of Rome and mostly known for its usage to analyze the so‐called limits to growth. The recent Earth for all (E4A) model has been initiated by one of the major co‐authors of the World3 model, Jørgen Randers. It is substantially more complicated than the relatively simple World3 model, and it has been used to compare two different and opposite world development scenarios: the too little too late scenario, in which current policies are assumed to continue, and the giant leap (GL) scenario, in which 21 policies related to five turnarounds are identified to produce significant improvements in six indicators of human well‐being. By using global and local sensitivity analyses of the E4A model, we suggest that the evolution of the six indicators in the GL scenario can be approximately reached by focusing on just six policies and three turnarounds (namely, the energy, the inequality, and the poverty turnarounds). The evolution of the six indicators can be even improved by investing "reasonably" more on three of these six policies and by keeping unchanged the remaining three. From a methodological point of view, we exploit both global (Sobol) and local sensitivity analyses to identify the policies that most influence the six indicators, and we subsequently execute a scenario analysis of the identified policies to confirm that they can produce a similar (or even a better) evolution of the indicators themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is the most frequent cardiac arrhythmia following cardiac operations. It has been associated with an increased risk of postoperative cerebrovascular complications, morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to evaluate if the type of venous cannulation to institute the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during major cardiac surgery procedures can influence the rate of POAF and late FA onset. Methods: We collected data from 2087 consecutive patients who have been operated at our Institution from January 2016 to December 2018. To obtain two homogenous groups we performed a propensity match analyzes: Group 1 for whom the blood drain of the CPB has been granted via peripheral cannulation (PC) through the right common femoral vein and Group 2 with patients who underwent central cannulation (CC) with insertion of a drainage cannula in the right atrium or in the superior and inferior vein cava. Results: POAF has been observed as statistically similar between the two groups. At 1250‐day follow‐up, While the incidence of POAF was 2.9% and 8.7% in the PC and CC groups, respectively (p =.04). Conclusions: our data seems to show that the two groups do not differ in terms of POAF, while the CC group may have a significantly higher rate of atrial fibrillation in the follow‐up period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diapause is a vital survival strategy for insects, enabling them to conserve energy and endure adverse conditions. Understanding how diapause affects insect phenology and population dynamics is crucial for the effective management of insect pests. Predictive pest phenological models can be invaluable tools for providing essential information to support management strategies. This study presents a modelling framework to incorporate diapause into phenological models when biological information on variables regulating and functions describing diapause induction and termination are lacking or limited. In our framework, insect phenology is divided into a set of phases characterized by specific events (diapause induction and termination) and processes (development of diapausing and post‐diapausing biological stages). The phenology is simulated by a stage‐structured model based on the Kolmogorov equation, and the temperature‐dependent development rate functions are described by the Brière functional form. Our modelling framework was tested on a case study involving the prediction of the phenology of the codling moth, (Cydia pomonella L. 1758). Model calibration and validation were performed using four time‐series adult trap catch data collected in the Emilia Romagna Region from 2021 to 2023. The calibration procedure allowed obtaining realistic parameters related to the temperature threshold triggering diapause termination and the development rate function of post‐diapausing larvae and pupae. Model validation proved successful in simulating both the initial emergence and the overall phenological patterns of adults across the three observed generations. The methodological framework proposed here aims to facilitate the introduction of diapause in phenological models improving also their predictive abilities. The model may serve as an accurate and knowledge‐based tool for planning and implementing pest monitoring and control actions based on the realistic predictions provided by the model on the phenological status of the pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social network–based data collection methods that rely on third‐party reporting have emerged as a promising approach for measuring abortion in restrictive settings. In order for these methods to accurately measure abortion incidence, they must also assess the visibility of abortions within social networks. Failure to do so may result in estimates affected by transmission bias, caused by imperfect knowledge of all abortions within one's social network. In this paper, we present exploratory research that uses respondent‐driven sampling (RDS) and the game of contacts method to measure abortion visibility in four sites in Uganda and Ethiopia. We assess the existence of potential biases in the game of contacts estimate of abortion visibility in each site by conducting several internal and external validity tests. While these tests provided some promising results, other factors such as the representativeness of the RDS samples, direct versus indirect abortion knowledge transfers, and the generalizability of the study sites may have introduced biases into the final estimates of abortion visibility in this study. We conclude by making recommendations on how applications of this methodology could be improved to better estimate abortion‐related transmission bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the design and assessment of thick concrete shell structures subjected to out‐of‐plane loads, there is often a need to evaluate the response of shear critical components or to evaluate the influence of combined loading on shear response. This paper first presents the results from three shear‐critical large‐scale shell strip experiments subjected to combinations of shear, moment, and axial load. The experiments were monitored with digital image correlation equipment to capture the full deformation field response throughout loading. The paper then presents a simplified three‐dimensional model to predict the shear response of shear critical shell elements. The model called the 3D SEM, is compared to the shell strip experiments presented in this paper and is used to predict the interaction of in‐plane versus out‐of‐plane shear for several series of shear critical shell tests in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analytical techniques are essential in investigating the unique features of extra‐terrestrial geomaterials, and the use of in situ analytical tools is becoming increasingly common, as it facilitates a quick initial bulk chemical analysis, identification and classification. In this work, a handheld laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (hLIBS) instrument has been used to identify the qualitative and quantitative composition, and generate compositional micro‐maps, of a suite of iron meteorite samples representative of the different chemical and structural classes by analysing the spectra released from the plasma formed by the laser impact. Furthermore, the analytical performance of hLIBS was compared with that of portable X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF). The analytical precision and accuracy of the calibration curves previously built in the laboratory for a set of certified reference metal alloys was assessed, so that the same protocol could be used to measure those of the investigated iron meteorites. A good agreement was achieved between hLIBS and reference data in the quantitative estimate of the elements Fe, Ni, Co and Cu. An attempt to quantify Ga by LIBS in two classified iron meteorites was also successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter (Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)) is a contribution to the Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research Handbook of Rock and Mineral Analysis – an online textbook that is a fully revised and updated edition of A Handbook of Silicate Rock Analysis (P. J. Potts, 1987, Blackie, Glasgow). Chapter 13 (from Section 3 of the handbook dealing with microbeam techniques) provides first a history of the development of laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy, and of the LIBS process, followed by an examination of the fundamental principles of LIBS and its instrumentation. Discussion is then provided on the preparation of sample material, LIBS matrix effects and signal processing. Different modes of compositional analysis that can be tackled by LIBS are described, including quantitative measurement (covering isotope measurements), compositional mapping, depth profiling and the determination of physical properties of geological materials. The recent tandem coupling of LIBS with laser ablation ICP‐MS instrumentation is explored. Finally, a suite of examples of LIBS analyses of silicate rocks and minerals is provided, demonstrating the utility of this measurement principle in rapid compositional assessment, detailed petrological studies and microgeochemical mapping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliable flood hazard mapping is crucial for enhancing flood preparedness, especially in poorly gauged and vulnerable areas. Yet, current flood models are either highly detailed and computationally intensive or oversimplified, failing to capture important flow dynamics. Here, we present the Rapid Estimation of FLood EXtent (REFLEX), a hydro‐geomorphological model for flood hazard mapping at multiple scales that improves upon the existing Height Above the Nearest Drainage model by constraining flood extent using physically‐coherent flood volumes. Input volume is distributed from channel to hillslope cells by using an iterative optimization based on the Manning's equation, bypassing the need for accurate rating curves. The model improves the accuracy of inundation extent in flat areas by accounting for backwater effects, and in coastal zones by extending the calculation boundaries beyond the direct watershed area. REFLEX was tested over five areas with different climatic conditions, including flash‐flood prone catchments in Italy and large floodplains in the Zambezi river basin. Results denote skillful representation of flooded areas in the Italian catchments, with critical success index (CSI) up to 0.62. In the African cases, REFLEX produced the best estimates of the flood extent and CSI comparable with two state of the art global inundation models. REFLEX is a competitive flood modelling tool for large scale and high resolution applications thanks to its limited input requirements and computing times two orders of magnitude shorter than equivalent hydraulic simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Although there is extensive evidence about the safety of monoclonal antibodies against calcitonin gene‐related peptide (anti‐CGRP mAbs) in combination with traditional drugs, scarce data are available on the safety of their combination with other mAbs. This study aimed to evaluate the 6‐month effectiveness and tolerability of anti‐CGRP mAbs in combination with other mAbs for different diseases. Methods: Patients included in the Italian Headache Registry and treated concomitantly with an anti‐CGRP mAb and another mAb were included. Effectiveness outcomes for migraine included reduction from baseline of monthly headache days (MHDs), Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) score, Headache Impact Test‐6 (HIT‐6) scores, and Patients' Global Impression of Change (PGIC) scale. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded. Results: Thirty‐eight patients were included. In 27 patients (71.1%), the anti‐CGRP mAb was added to a previously ongoing mAb. Nine patients (23.7%) discontinued one of the two mAbs before the end of treatment (seven discontinued the anti‐CGRP mAb and two the other mAb). One patient discontinued for AEs. Anti‐CGRP mAbs were discontinued due to ineffectiveness (n = 5, 55.5%) and one each (11.1%) for clinical remission and lost to follow‐up. MHDs significantly decreased from baseline to 3 months (p < 0.0001) and 6 months (p < 0.001), as did the MIDAS and the HIT‐6 scores at 3 and 6 months (p < 0.001). For anti‐CGRP mAbs, 27.4% of patients reported PGIC ≥ 5 at 3 months and 48.3% at 6 months. Mild AEs associated with introduction of a second mAb were detected in six patients (15.8%). Conclusions: In this real‐world study, anti‐CGRP mAbs showed safety and effectiveness when administered concomitantly with other mAbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in shape of the palatal vault after maxillary expansion with hyrax expander (HE) and leaf expander (LE), using 3D Geometric Morphometric Analysis. Setting and Sample Population: Overall, 250 patients (110 M, 140 F) with maxillary transverse deficiency were selected for this study. In this study, 127 subjects were treated with HE, 123 with LE. Materials and Methods: Digital dental models were obtained pre‐treatment (T0) and after 12 months from the cementation of the device (T1) and processed by means of a digital scanner. Linear and morphometric analyses were conducted to determine the effects of each appliance on dental measurements and palatal shape, and a multiple linear regression was performed to analyse the influence of anchorage and appliance type on final shape. Results: Morphometric analysis showed that there was a lowering of the palatal vault in the HE group, while in the LE group it remained unchanged: the difference in palatal shape at time T0 and T1 was statistically significant in both treatments (HE vs. LE). In the HE group, the change in shape also included the upper part of the palatal vault in the vertical dimension, while in the LE group the change in shape interested mainly palatal shelves and the lower portion of the palate. Conclusions: Both LE and HE produce clinically significant changes in the morphology of the palatal vault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of dental rotational movements using clear aligners with different attachment configurations. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study analysed 212 teeth from 89 patients undergoing Invisalign treatment. Digital models were analysed after the virtual treatment plan (ST1) and after the first treatment phase (ET1) to evaluate the effective clinical rotational movement. The rotational movements of incisors, canines, and bicuspids were measured using data from the Clincheck Movements Table. ST1 and ET1 were compared to determine the actual rotational movement achieved (ST1‐ET1). The presence or absence of attachments (rectangular or optimized) on teeth was analysed. The accuracy of rotational movements among attachment types was compared using the Kruskal‐Wallis test. Multiple linear regressions were conducted with accuracy as the dependent variable and tooth type, gender, and age as predictors. Results: Optimized attachments had the highest median accuracy (70%), followed by rectangular (65%), and without attachment (63%), with no significant differences (p =.5). There were no significant differences across age groups, genders, or tooth types. Baseline accuracy was 68.62% (95% CI: 56.03–81.20, p <.001). Age was a significant predictor (estimate = −0.30, 95% CI: −0.58 – −0.03, p =.032), indicating decreased accuracy with increasing age. The model's R2 was 0.046, with an adjusted R2 of 0.003, indicating minimal variance explained. Conclusion: The addition of attachment configurations to clear aligners improves rotational accuracy, but not significantly. Further advancements in these configurations are needed to enhance the performance of the aligners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tau pathology spread into neocortex indicates a transition from healthy aging to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Connectivity between tau epicenters and later accumulating regions of cortex has been proposed as a mechanism of tau spread, but how this relationship changes with greater AD pathology burden or genotype is not understood. We investigated tau accumulation in two key regions, precuneus and inferior temporal cortex, using resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) and longitudinal PET imaging from a multicohort sample of cognitively unimpaired older adults. We examined how baseline tau PET, Aβ PET, and ApoE4 genotype status interact with rsFC between hippocampus and these downstream regions to predict rate of tau accumulation in neocortex. We found that the 3‐way interaction between connectivity, baseline tau, and baseline Aβ or ApoE4 status was associated with neocortical tau accumulation in precuneus and inferior temporal cortex. In addition, baseline tau, Aβ, and ApoE4 status also moderated the association between connectivity and rate of memory decline. Together, these results suggest that the extent and distribution of future tau accumulation may be predicted by the interaction of baseline connectivity, AD pathology, and genetic risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: After the relaxation of COVID‐19 mitigation measures, we observed a dramatic increase in pyogenic infections. Based on this observation, we retrospectively analysed all cases of invasive bacterial infections of brain, lung and complicated ear–nose–throat (ENT) infections, in the period from 1 August to 31 March from the years 2018–2019 to 2022–2023. Methods: The study was conducted in two Paediatric Emergency Departments, at IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo' of Trieste and at Treviso Hospital. Electronic medical records were searched for all cases with a definitive diagnosis at discharge of mastoiditis, suppurative cervical lymphadenitis, retropharyngeal, parapharyngeal and peritonsillar abscess (ENT group), bacterial brain abscesses, epidural empyema, subdural empyema (central nervous system group), thoracic empyema and necrotising pneumonia (lung group). Results: In 2022–2023, we observed an increase in infections compared to the previous years. Total number of cases were 22, 29, 8, 27 and 63 in 2018–2019, 2019–2020, 2020–2021, 2021–2022 and 2022–2023, respectively. The greater increase occurred in thoracic empyema, with a peak incidence of +120% in 2022–2023 in respect of 2021–2022. Conclusion: We reported an important increase in paediatric bacterial complicated infections in two North East Italian regions, possibly correlated with the relaxation of COVID‐19 social distancing measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent years, the number of hip replacement patients receiving radiation therapy has steadily increased. In parallel, strategies have been developed to reduce metal artifacts in computed tomography (CT) images and improve the accuracy of dose calculation algorithms. However, in certain situations, knowledge of the type of prosthesis material is required to accurately determine the dose distribution. Purpose: This study aims to identify physical materials in hip prostheses to correctly assign them in the treatment planning system and improve dose calculation accuracy. Methods: We first verified the validity of the extended CT mass density calibration curve measured on titanium (Ti) and stainless steel (SS) metal inserts of two different diameters. Then using dedicated reference objects of various circular diameters, we developed a method based on interpolation functions to differentiate between Ti and SS material groups. Forty data sets from 18 patients were used to validate our method on two different reconstruction kernels: a standard Br44f and the electron DirectDensity (Sd40f) kernels from Siemens. Results: Hounsfield units (HU) of Ti and SS inserts were found to vary widely depending on insert diameter, CT spectrum, and reconstruction kernels due to cupping artifacts. The largest HU difference (‐79%) was obtained for SS at 70 kV with Br44f when the diameter increased from 8 to 30 mm. Therefore, under these conditions, the extended CT‐density calibration curve is not recommended for heavy metal density determination. Using our interpolation‐based method, we achieved excellent detection (100%) and material differentiation (100%) results for stems in both reconstruction kernels. At CT energies between 110 and 140 kV, the detection and material differentiation rates were 93.3% and 92.9% for the heads and 93.3% and 92.9% for the acetabular cups, respectively, with the Br44f. Similarly, the use of Sd40f resulted in detection and differentiation rates of 94.7% and 100% for the heads and 100% and 95.0% for the acetabular cups, respectively. Conclusion: This method makes it possible to differentiate between hip prosthesis materials and correctly assign them to the Ti or SS group without prior knowledge of the prosthesis type, regardless of the reconstruction kernels. In combination with the Acuros XB (Varian) or Monte Carlo dose algorithms, excellent dosimetric accuracy can be achieved even in the vicinity of hip prostheses. By performing basic measurements, the method can be adapted to other CT units and reconstruction kernels, replacing the use of an extended CT‐density calibration curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic literature review (SLR) assessed the humanistic and economic burden of focal epilepsy and primary generalized tonic–clonic seizures (PGTCS) in adults to evaluate these domains in both populations and identify evidence gaps to inform future research. A search was conducted on December 7, 2022, using MEDLINE and Embase to identify studies published from 2012 onwards reporting humanistic burden (patient‐reported or caregiver‐reported outcomes or utilities, qualitative evaluations), economic burden (productivity loss, caregiver and societal costs of epilepsy), and sleep‐related outcomes. Of the 2830 citations identified, 136 were included. Most studies were in the focal epilepsy population; very few studies reported outcomes in the PGTCS population. The presence of epilepsy‐specific instruments varied based on the domain evaluated. Epilepsy exerted considerable humanistic and economic burden. Indicators of poor disease control (e.g., high seizure frequency, resistance to anti‐seizure medications, polypharmacy) increased epilepsy burden. Seizure frequency and type, disease severity, and polypharmacy also affected work productivity. Adults with epilepsy, particularly focal epilepsy, reported higher indirect costs, more sick days accrued, and early entry into retirement. Caregivers similarly reported high productivity loss and absenteeism related to caregiving duties. The results of this SLR highlight the high humanistic and economic burden of focal epilepsy and PGTCS, although limited data were available for the PGTCS population. The results include patient‐reported outcome data specific to focal epilepsy and PGTCS, expanding the limited humanistic burden evidence identified in previous reviews, and show the effect of poor disease control on individuals' lives and as a driver of indirect costs. Plain Language Summary: Our systematic literature review identified studies that evaluated the impact of focal epilepsy and primary generalized tonic–clonic seizures on patients and their caregivers. We found that focal epilepsy negatively impacted patients' mental health and sleep and was associated with higher indirect costs and lower work productivity in people with more severe disease. The impact of primary generalized tonic–clonic seizures on patients was rarely reported, and future research is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent advances in multivariate pattern recognition have fostered the search for reliable neuroimaging‐based biomarkers in psychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia. These approaches consider the complex pattern of alterations in brain function and structure, overcoming the limitations of traditional univariate methods. To assess the reliability of neuroimaging‐based biomarkers and the contribution of study characteristics in distinguishing individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) from healthy controls (HCs), we conducted a systematic review of the studies that used multivariate pattern recognition for this objective. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies on SSD classification using multivariate pattern analysis on magnetic resonance imaging data. We employed a bivariate random‐effects meta‐analytic model to explore the classification of sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) across studies while also evaluating the moderator effects of clinical and non‐clinical variables. Results: A total of 119 studies (with 12,723 patients with SSD and 13,196 HCs) were identified. The meta‐analysis estimated a SE of 79.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 77.1%–81.0%) and a SP of 80.0% (95% CI, 77.8%–82.0%). In particular, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Global Assessment of Functioning scores, age, age of onset, duration of untreated psychosis, deep learning, algorithm type, features selection, and validation methods had significant effects on classification performance. Conclusions: Multivariate pattern analysis reliably identifies neuroimaging‐based biomarkers of SSD, achieving ∼80% SE and SP. Despite clinical heterogeneity, discernible brain modifications effectively differentiate SSD from HCs. Classification performance depends on patient‐related and methodological factors crucial for the development, validation, and application of prospective models in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the long‐term tectono‐stratigraphic evolution of active extensional faulting is crucial for unraveling the mode through which continental rifting propagates in space and time. The Pliocene‐Quaternary L'Aquila Intermontane Basin (AIB) in central Apennines offers a natural laboratory for studying a propagating continental rift. Seismicity is related to NW‐SE‐striking normal faults that have been accommodating crustal stretching since the Late Pliocene. Through a multidisciplinary approach integrating field, mineralogical, geochemical (C‐O stable and clumped isotopes) and geochronological (40Ar/39Ar, U‐Th) analyses, this study focuses on the structural connection between the Mount Pettino Fault (MPF) and the Paganica Fault, two active, left‐stepped basin boundary faults of the AIB. A two‐stage tectono‐stratigraphic evolution is proposed during transition from localized to delocalized deformation and fault linkage. Stage‐1 (pre‐Middle Pleistocene) corresponds to nucleation and growth of the MPF, characterized by a ∼5 m thick exhumed fault core, consisting of an isotopically closed cataclasite (T (∆47) ∼33–50°C). Stage‐2 corresponds to the development of a distributed zone of NW‐SE and E‐W extensional faulting in the overlay zone with the Paganica Fault, which is interpreted as a transfer zone linking the basin boundary faults, with maximum long‐term slip rates comparable to those of the connected faults. Structurally controlled circulation of meteoric fluids promoted carbonate veining and travertine formation (T (∆47) ∼8°C). U‐Th carbonate dating of Stage‐2 mineralizations constrains the tectonic activity in the transfer zone at least at ∼182–331 ka. Implications on the tectono‐stratigraphic evolution and on the seismotectonic scenario of the AIB are discussed, providing geodynamic inference at regional scale. Plain Language Summary: We studied how crustal stretching has been accommodated in the Apennine Mountains of central Italy during the Middle‐Late Pleistocene. By studying the L'Aquila Intermontane Basin, a Late Pliocene‐Quaternary sedimentary basin bounded by extensional faults, we investigated how the basin boundary faults evolve and connect over time. Using a variety of methods including fieldwork, mineralogical, geochemical and geochronological analyses, we focused on the overlapping zone between the Mount Pettino and the Paganica active extensional faults. We found that the Mount Pettino Fault experienced a two stage evolution, with the first stage involving the growth of the fault zone at depth, followed by exhumation and connection with the Paganica Fault. Fault linkage was associated with formation of diffuse carbonate veining and travertine deposition during the ∼182–331 ka time lapse. Such tectonic interaction contributed to reshape the basin architecture, transforming it from two separated, internally drained sub‐basins into a single, interconnected basin with external drainage. Results contribute to refine our understanding of how active extensional faulting nucleated, developed and interacted in space and time in the central Apennines. Key Points: En‐echelon seismogenic faults in L'Aquila Basin exhibit polyphase tectonic activity with stages of nucleation, localization and interactionTransition from soft‐ to hard‐linkage controlled basin evolution and Middle‐Upper Pleistocene sedimentationTectonic interplay among the various seismogenic faults regulate the seismotectonic setting of the region [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Myocardial T1ρ mapping techniques commonly acquire multiple images in one breathhold to calculate a single‐slice T1ρ map. Recently, non‐selective adiabatic pulses have been used for robust spin‐lock preparation (T1ρ,adiab). The objective of this study was to develop a fast multi‐slice myocardial T1ρ,adiab mapping approach. Methods: The proposed‐sequence reduces the number of breathholds required for whole‐heart 2D T1ρ,adiab mapping by acquiring multiple interleaved slices in each breathhold using slice‐selective T1ρ,adiab preparation pulses. The proposed‐sequence was implemented with two interleaved slices per breathhold scan and was quantitatively evaluated in phantom experiments and 10 healthy‐volunteers against a single‐slice T1ρ,adiab mapping sequence. The sequence was demonstrated in two patients with myocardial scar. Results: The phantom experiments showed the proposed‐sequence had slice‐to‐slice variation of 1.62% ± 1.05% and precision of 4.51 ± 0.68 ms. The healthy volunteer cohort subject‐wise mean relaxation time was lower for the proposed‐sequence than the single‐slice sequence (137.7 ± 5.3 ms vs. 148.4 ± 8.3 ms, p < 0.001), and spatial‐standard‐deviation was better (18.7 ± 1.8 ms vs. 21.8 ± 3.4 ms, p < 0.018). The mean within‐subject, coefficient of variation was 5.93% ± 1.57% for the proposed‐sequence and 6.31% ± 1.92% for the single‐slice sequence (p = 0.35) and the effect of slice variation (0.81 ± 4.87 ms) was not significantly different to zero (p = 0.61). In both patient examples increased T1ρ,adiab (maximum American Heart Association‐segment mean = 174 and 197 ms) was measured within the myocardial scar. Conclusion: The proposed sequence provides a twofold acceleration for myocardial T1ρ,adiab mapping using a multi‐slice approach. It has no significant difference in within‐subject variability, and significantly better precision, compared to a 2D T1ρ,adiab mapping sequence based on non‐selective adiabatic spin‐lock preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the challenges involved in detecting ancient ayahuasca, a traditional hallucinogenic drink from the Amazon region, which is prepared using Banisteriopsis caapi liana and other plants, by utilizing advanced analytical techniques. The presence of harmine and harmaline in Andean archaeological findings has led certain authors to speculate that the Banisteriopsis liana may have been the source plant responsible for their occurrence. Consequently, the utilization of this liana can be traced back to at least 500 CE. However, a combination of archaeological, ethnobotanical, biochemical and analytical chemistry considerations has rendered uncertain the true origins of the presence of harmine and harmaline in ancient mummies and artifacts. Thus, the archaeological evidence does not convincingly prove the ancient usage of ayahuasca. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are artificial receptors equipped with selective recognition sites for target molecules. One of the most promising strategies for protein MIPs relies on the exploitation of short surface‐exposed protein fragments, termed epitopes, as templates to imprint binding sites in a polymer scaffold for a desired protein. However, the lack of high‐resolution structural data of flexible surface‐exposed regions challenges the selection of suitable epitopes. Here, we addressed this drawback by developing a polyscopoletin‐based MIP that recognizes recombinant proteins via imprinting of the widely used Strep‐tag II affinity peptide (Strep‐MIP). Electrochemistry, surface‐sensitive IR spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations were employed to ensure an utmost control of the Strep‐MIP electrosynthesis. The functionality of this novel platform was verified with two Strep‐tagged enzymes: an O2‐tolerant [NiFe]‐hydrogenase, and an alkaline phosphatase. The enzymes preserved their biocatalytic activities after multiple utilization confirming the efficiency of Strep‐MIP as a general biocompatible platform to confine recombinant proteins for exploitation in biotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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