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Indigenous peoples have cultivated biodiverse agroecosystems since time immemorial. The rise of metagenomics and high‐throughput sequencing technologies in biodiversity studies has rapidly expanded the scale of data collection from these lands. A respectful approach to the data life cycle grounded in the sovereignty of indigenous communities is imperative to not perpetuate harm. In this paper, we operationalize an indigenous data sovereignty (IDS) framework to outline realistic considerations for genomic data that span data collection, governance, and communication. As a case study for this framework, we use arthropod genomic data collected from diversified and simplified farm sites close to and far from natural habitats within a historic Kānaka ʻŌiwi (Indigenous Hawaiian) agroecosystem. Diversified sites had the highest Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) richness for native and introduced arthropods. There may be a significant spillover effect between forest and farm sites, as farm sites near a natural habitat had higher OTU richness than those farther away. We also provide evidence that management factors such as the number of Polynesian crops cultivated may drive arthropod community composition. Through this case study, we emphasize the context‐dependent opportunities and challenges for operationalizing IDS by utilizing participatory research methods, expanding novel data management tools through the Local Contexts Hub, and developing and nurturing community partnerships—all while highlighting the potential of agroecosystems for arthropod conservation. Overall, the workflow and the example presented here can help researchers take tangible steps to achieve IDS, which often seems elusive with the expanding use of genomic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Plant phenology, the timing of recurrent biological events, shows key and complex response to climate warming, with consequences for ecosystem functions and services. A key challenge for predicting plant phenology under future climates is to determine whether the phenological changes will persist with more intensive and long‐term warming.Here, we conducted a meta‐analysis of 103 experimental warming studies around the globe to investigate the responses of four phenophases – leaf‐out, first flowering, last flowering, and leaf coloring.We showed that warming advanced leaf‐out and flowering but delayed leaf coloring across herbaceous and woody plants. As the magnitude of warming increased, the response of most plant phenophases gradually leveled off for herbaceous plants, while phenology responded in proportion to warming in woody plants. We also found that the experimental effects of warming on plant phenology diminished over time across all phenophases. Specifically, the rate of changes in first flowering for herbaceous species, as well as leaf‐out and leaf coloring for woody species, decreased as the experimental duration extended.Together, these results suggest that the real‐world impact of global warming on plant phenology will diminish over time as temperatures continue to increase. See also the Commentary on this article by Wang & Niu, 245: 437–439. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution explores for the first time a 22‐line poem in a British Library manuscript, ‘To a young lady that kept a flea chay'nd in a box’, which can be convincingly ascribed to Edmund Waller. Its most famous relative is Donne's ‘The Flea’, but its ancestry differs. Moreover Waller's is addressed, as a playful compliment, to a child, not a lover. Several traditions combine in it: that deriving from the pseudo‐Ovidian Pulex; that of ‘multum in parvo’ in poetry of and beyond the English Renaissance; the French verse of the contemporary précieuses. Its close relationship to Waller's ‘To a very young Lady’/‘To my young Lady Lucy Sidney’ is examined. A coda places into the same tradition a ‘flea poem’ of the later seventeenth century by Joshua Barnes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although research investigating how organizational culture contributes to institutional failure has extensively conceptualized the causal factors (e.g. norms for behaving unsafely), how culture prevents such problems from being corrected is less well theorized. We synthesize theory on accidents, resilience and reliability and organizational learning to develop a conceptual model of 'corrective culture'. This relates to distributed norms and behaviours for three interconnected elements: the detection of problems ('identification'), appreciation of their meaning ('interpretation') and responses to prevent harm ('action'). To investigate the model, and its role in institutional failure, we combined natural language processing and qualitative analysis to examine 54 UK public inquiries published during 1990–2020. Our mixed‐methods analysis found that distributed malfunctions in identifying, interpreting and acting on problems cause a breakdown in organizations' 'corrective loops', which enables originating problems to compound and grow (e.g. risky, unsafe or poor conduct) and cause an institutional failure. We theorize that double‐loop learning is required to prevent this, whereby strong and unambiguous feedback compels organizations to acknowledge and address their problems in dealing with problems, thus enabling them to correctly identify, interpret and act on originating issues and thus prevent a spiral into failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Assess the impact of tracheostomy on postoperative morbidity and mortality and examine factors that predicted tracheostomy in head and neck flap patients. Study Design: Retrospective cohort January 2017 to December 2021. Setting: Single tertiary center. Methods: Adult patients undergoing head and neck flap reconstruction were included, excluding cutaneous reconstruction, laryngectomy, or with tracheostomy present at surgery. Patients were routinely extubated immediately following surgery. Univariate and multivariable analyses examined associations between tracheostomy and postoperative outcomes and identified predictors of tracheostomy. Results: We included 193 patients, 69 (35.8%) with tracheostomy and 124 (64.2%) without. Tracheostomy avoidance was associated with no difference in 30‐day mortality (P =.531) and with decreased likelihood of 30‐day complications (0.019), unplanned return to the operating room (0.021), and discharge to a facility (<0.001) and with 2.2 decrease in length of stay on multivariable analysis (confidence interval [CI]: 0.62‐3.82, P =.007). Four patients (2.1%) required reactive tracheostomy with no resulting mortalities. Significant associations with tracheostomy on multivariable analysis included bilateral neck dissections (odds ratio [OR]: 3.13, CI 1.12‐9.06, P =.030), number of resected mandibular subsites (OR: 2.65, CI: 1.50‐5.67, P =.0023), specimen volume (OR: 1.87, CI: 1.29‐2.71, P =.001), body mass index < 20 (OR: 3.80, CI: 1.24‐11.64, P =.019), mandibulectomy (OR: 0.04, CI: 0.01‐0.22, P <.001), forearm flap (OR: 0.15, CI: 0.05‐0.41, P <.001), oral cavity site (OR: 0.21, CI: 0.06‐0.73, P =.014), and age > 70 (OR: 0.33, CI: 0.14‐0.81, P =.016). Conclusion: Tracheostomy avoidance is safe in properly selected patients undergoing head and neck flap reconstruction. Multiple factors predicted tracheostomy, which may guide patient selection at other centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research focus on the phenology of plants has accompanied current trends in climate warming, because the two are inextricably linked. Warmer temperatures have led to advanced plant phenology in a range of systems, although some responses are species specific. However, other stressors, such as herbivory, can delay or advance plant phenology, and few studies have addressed the combined impact of these drivers. We experimentally warmed plots with open top chambers (OTCs) and simulated herbivory resistance to insect outbreaks with methyl jasmonate (MeJA), along an elevational climatic gradient. We then recorded vegetative and reproductive phenology in two functionally important dwarf shrubs, the deciduous Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) and the evergreen V. vitis‐idaea (lingonberry), to test the responses to the combined treatments. Based on earlier findings, we expected larger phenological responses at higher elevations and for bilberry. We found that in the year after MeJA application, both bilberry and lingonberry delayed vegetative and reproductive phenology, although responses were stronger in bilberry. Warming with OTCs weakly advanced phenology in both species, but combined effects were not consistent. We further examined the consequences of this altered phenology on reproductive output with multigroup piecewise structural equation modelling and found that herbivory resistance driven changes to phenology had a strong mediating effect on berry numbers, particularly under warmed conditions and mainly in the year after MeJA application. Synthesis. These results demonstrate the need to consider combined pressures in understanding the impacts of global change on plants and highlight that multiple drivers may have unidentified synergetic effects on species phenology and reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is strong evidence that landscape‐scale factors such as habitat diversity, composition and configuration are important drivers of declines in pollinators and pollination services. However, context and species‐specific responses make it challenging to draw general conclusions about the most important components of landscapes that support diverse and abundant pollinator communities.In this study, we took a functional‐traits approach to community assembly and tested the hypothesis that landscape properties act most strongly on pollinators indirectly, through their influence on flowering plant communities. Using plant and pollinator data from 96 landscapes in Britain, we tested the associations between plant and pollinator communities and local environmental factors, such as habitat cover and configuration, using path analysis based on Mantel and partial Mantel statistics.When all pollinators were considered, we found that the environmental factors had stronger links to the composition of flowering plant communities than to the composition of pollinator communities. Further, the flowering plant community was strongly linked to the pollinator community suggesting a mediating role between land use and pollinators. When separating the pollinator community into taxonomic groups, we found the same result for hoverflies, but wild bees were linked to both environmental factors and flowering plants.We further explored these links with structural equation models using the response‐effect trait framework as a guiding principle. We found strong evidence that land‐use composition and configuration influence the trait distribution and functional diversity of the pollinator community via plant community composition.These findings suggest that the indirect effect of land use on pollinators via flowering plants should be considered in informing the design of pollinator friendly landscapes and in future research of the effects of land use and management on wild pollinators. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intubation checklists have emerged as tools to reduce adverse events and improve efficiency during rapid sequence intubation (RSI) in pediatric emergency departments (PEDs). This study aimed to use multidisciplinary simulation (SIM) training as an educational tool to improve PED team performance during RSI scenarios through utilization of an RSI checklist. Methods: We created a checklist modeled after previously published PED checklists. PED multidisciplinary teams participated in video‐recorded SIM training sessions involving a scenario requiring intubation three times, first without interruption then while receiving our intervention of rapid‐cycle deliberate practice (RCDP) debriefing focusing on checklist utilization and team dynamics. Learners went through the scenario once more uninterrupted to apply learned skills. Team performance was evaluated via video review using the Simulation Team Assessment Tool (STAT) focusing on airway management and human factors sections. Scores were compared before and after intervention along with pre‐ and postintervention surveys. Results: A total of 483 learners participated in 64 SIM training sessions, 44 of whom met inclusion criteria and were included for data analysis. Scores increased postintervention for airway management, human factors and in total. Least‐squares mean differences for total, airway, and human factors scores were 9.55 (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.24–11.85), 4.22 (95% CI 2.91–5.52), and 5.33 (95% CI 3.86–6.8), respectively, which was statistically significant with p‐value of <0.001 across all categories. Surveys demonstrated improved role understanding and checklist utilization comfort postintervention. Conclusions: This study supports the benefit of multidisciplinary SIM training with RCDP‐style methodology as an educational method for improving airway management, teamwork skills, and RSI checklist utilization for PED staff. Incorporation of additional maintenance SIM sessions for ongoing education is likely to be further beneficial and would allow evaluation of degradation of skills over time following initial training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We examined associations among changes in anthropometry, regional adiposity, and inflammatory markers in Black and White women participating in intentional weight loss. Methods: A total of 104 women with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 self‐selected bariatric surgery (n = 66) or a diet and exercise program (n = 38). Anthropometric, dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry‐quantified regional adiposity, and inflammatory markers (C‐reactive protein [CRP], tumor necrosis factor α [TNF‐α], soluble TNF receptor I [sTNFRI], sTNFRII, interleukin [IL]‐6, and soluble IL‐1 receptor antagonist) were measured at baseline and 6 months. Results: Weight, BMI, visceral adipose tissue, and regional (android and gynoid) adiposity declined in the bariatric surgery group. Among bariatric surgery participants, Black women experienced declines of lesser magnitude in terms of weight and BMI than White women, but changes in regional adiposity and visceral adipose tissue did not differ. In the bariatric surgery group, decreases in weight and BMI were associated with decreases in CRP and IL‐6 among White women, but not Black women. Decreases in weight, BMI, and android fat were associated with increases in TNF‐α, sTNFRI, and sTNFRII among Black women, but not White women. Conclusions: Decreases in anthropometry and adiposity were observed among Black and White bariatric surgery participants; however, associations among changes in adiposity, anthropometry, and inflammation differed by race. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Licensed nonmedical, skin‐aware professionals (e.g., hairdressers, massage therapists, etc.) have the potential to identify skin cancer, but baseline knowledge may not be sufficient to accomplish this goal. Following educational intervention, self‐efficacy is one of the best surrogate metrics for behavior change. Curricula that increase knowledge and confidence levels can improve screening behaviors, but few have been tested for efficacy in this population Aims: We assessed whether an online curriculum could reliably improve skin screening knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of nonmedical professionals Patients/Methods: Skin‐aware professionals were recruited through the Oregon Health Authority and IMPACT Melanoma TM. Participants completed a pre‐survey, online training module, post‐survey, and one‐year follow‐up survey. We evaluated participants' indicated levels of concern for suspicious and nonsuspicious lesions relative to "gold standard" physician ratings. We also assessed confidence and self‐reported behavior change regarding talking to clients about skin cancer and recommending they see a provider to evaluate suspicious lesions Results: The pre‐survey was completed by 9872 skin‐aware professionals; 5434 completed the post‐survey, and 162 completed the one‐year follow‐up survey. Participants showed a significant improvement in ability to indicate the correct level of concern for all lesion types in concordance with "gold standard" physician ratings (p < 0.001). Participants reported increased comfort levels in discussing health‐related topics with their clients posttraining Conclusions: Our training module effectively increased skin‐aware professionals' knowledge, confidence, and concern for malignant lesions. Skin‐aware professionals may serve as a valuable extension of the skin self‐exam, but additional studies are needed to evaluate the impact of these curricula long‐term, including potential downstream consequences [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Peritonsillar abscess (PTA) is a common deep space head and neck infection, which can be diagnosed with or without computed tomography (CT). CT poses a risk for false positives, leading to unnecessary abscess drainage attempts without benefit, whereas needle or open aspiration without imaging could potentially lead to missed abscess in need of treatment. This study considered the utility and impact of obtaining CT scans in patients with suspected PTA by comparing outcomes between CT and non‐CT usage. Methods: Retrospective cohort analysis using TriNetX datasets compared the outcomes of two cohorts: PTA without CT and PTA with CT. Measured outcomes included incision and drainage; quinsy adenotonsillectomy; recurrent PTA; airway emergency/obstruction; repeat emergency department (ED) visits; and need for antibiotics, opiates, or steroids. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated using a cohort analysis. Results: The CT usage group had increased odds of receiving antibiotics (OR 3.043, [2.043–4.531]), opiates (OR 1.614, [1.138–1.289]), and steroids (OR 1.373, [1.108–1.702]), as well as a higher likelihood of returning to the ED (OR 5.900, [3.534–9.849]) and developing a recurrent PTA (OR 1.943, [1.410–2.677]). No significant differences were observed in the incidence of incision and drainage, quinsy adenotonsillectomy, or airway emergency/obstruction. Conclusion: Our study indicated that CT scans for PTA diagnosis were associated with increased prescription of antibiotics, opioids, steroids, return ED visits, and recurrent PTA. Future prospective trials are needed to determine if the use of CT scans indicates higher patient acuity that explains the potential negative outcomes. Level of Evidence: 2 Laryngoscope, 134:4911–4917, 2024 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the impact of the Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating (DAFNE) structured education programme on health outcomes and healthcare costs for people with type 1 diabetes in Ireland. The study found that completing the DAFNE programme was associated with lower distress, better quality of life, and no additional healthcare costs. However, the study had limitations, including missing data and potential biases. The findings suggest that DAFNE could be beneficial in the Irish clinical guideline, but caution is advised in interpreting the results due to the study's limitations and the changing landscape of diabetes care. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: Family planning among female physicians is harmed by high risks of infertility, workload burden, poor family leave policies, and gender discrimination. Many women report feeling unsupported in the workplace, despite national policies to protect against unfair treatment. Methods: This secondary analysis applied a modified version of the rigorous and accelerated data reduction technique to conduct a thematic analysis of comments to an open‐ended prompt. Comments were coded by multiple trained researchers then grouped and merged into illustrative themes via qualitative techniques. Results: Of 1004 responses to the quantitative survey, 162 physicians completed the open‐ended prompt. Initial codes (n = 16) were combined into eight groups including, from which three overarching themes were identified. Institutional barriers were highlighted with comments discussing the increased need for parental leave, part‐time options and the concern for academic or professional punishment for being pregnant and/or having children. Departmental barriers were explored with comments grouped around codes of discrimination/negative culture and challenges with breastfeeding/pumping and childcare. Personal barriers were discussed in themes highlighting the difficulties that female physicians faced around the timing of family planning, challenges with reproductive health and assistance, and alternative circumstances and/or decisions against family planning. Conclusion: Barriers to family planning in oncology exist across career domains from dysfunctional maternity leave to poor education on infertility risk. Solutions include improving institutional support, expanding parental leave, and general cultural change to improve awareness and promotion of family and career balance. Many female physicians report feeling unsupported in the workplace with respect to family planning and gender discrimination, despite national policies to protect against unfair treatment. This mixed‐methods study showed barriers to family planning in oncology exist across career domains from dysfunctional maternity leave to poor education on infertility risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This systematic review aimed to summarise and synthesise research conducted in psychiatric mother‐baby units (MBUs) in relation to patients, their families, or staff, published from 1st January 2016 to 1st May 2024. Method: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed‐method studies were included for review if they were published in peer‐review journals in English and reported research on MBUs between January 2016 and May 2024. From the initial yield of 10,007 unique studies, 53 studies were included for review. Results: MBU research was found to more frequently investigate maternal characteristics rather than the benefits of MBU treatment compared to studies conducted prior to 2016. Most studies that did investigate impact of admission showed favourable results, however few follow‐up studies and studies comparing MBU outcomes to other clinical settings were undertaken. Little research has been conducted to investigate the differential impacts of MBU admission on different diagnoses and long‐term (>1 year) patient outcomes. There was a dearth of research investigating partners of women in MBUs and few studies conducted on infant outcomes. Conclusions: MBUs were consistently found to improve mental health systems and mother‐infant attachment in patients after admission. More research investigating patient support networks and child health, impact of diagnosis on outcomes, and studies with adequate follow‐up are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws on research on infrastructure‐led development and urbanisation in Nairobi to explore the new urban geographies of rentier capitalism in Africa. Under the banner of Kenya's Vision 2030 national development strategy, Nairobi's agrarian hinterlands have been transformed by major road building projects. These initiatives have catalysed a peri‐urban property boom characterised by the conversion of agricultural and ranching land into urban real estate and the verticalisation of road corridors. The paper identifies four processes of land transformation driving this real estate market expansion: commodification; speculation; autoconstruction; and assetisation. Adopting a multi‐scalar conjunctural approach, it argues that rentier capitalism in this context is spatialised through the dramatic extension of real estate frontiers along the route of peri‐urban road corridors. Development along these corridors assumes a "grey" character that defies conventional formal–informal distinctions, enabling the extraction of large rentier profits and encouraging the further proliferation of frontier spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intricate relationship between local atomic arrangements and electronic states significantly influences the electrochemical properties of Li‐ion battery cathode materials. Despite decades of investigation, a consensus regarding the local atomic and electronic structure of LiNiO2 remains elusive. This ambiguity stems from the potential distortion of Ni sites, either via Jahn‐Teller (JT) distortion or bond disproportionation (BD), complicating the understanding of the charge compensation mechanism involving Ni and O. This study compares the structures of LiNiO2 and NaNiO2, a JT system, using an innovative approach that integrates bulk spectroscopy techniques on standardized interoperable samples for enhanced reliability. While X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and theoretical calculations fail to differentiate between the proposed scenarios, Raman spectroscopy highlights local structural distinctions between monoclinic NaNiO2 and rhombohedral LiNiO2. HAXPES confirms various formal oxidation states for Ni, supported by RIXS data indicating 3d8 states, emphasizing negative charge transfer from Ni and some bond disproportionation in LiNiO2. Regarding charge compensation, XRS and RIXS suggest oxygen hole involvement in redox activity, whereas Raman spectroscopy does not detect molecular oxygen. This comprehensive spectroscopic analysis highlights the importance of correlative characterization workflows in elucidating complex structural‐electrochemical relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To measure the prevalence and incidence of nursing home‐acquired pressure injuries in older adults residing in Sri Lankan nursing homes. Background: Pressure injury prevalence and incidence are indicators of safety and quality of care. A significant portion of the global population has a skin color dominated by the presence of melanin. Yet, the number of nursing home residents with darker skin tones who develop pressure injuries in nursing homes is relatively unknown. Design: Prospective multisite cohort study conducted in nine nursing homes in Sri Lanka. The sample comprised 210 residents aged ≥60 years old. Methods: Semi structured observations and chart audits were used to gather data from July to October 2023. Head‐to‐toe visual skin assessment to check for nursing home‐ acquired pressure injuries, Braden pressure injury risk scale and Fitzpatrick skin tone assessments were conducted on all recruited residents at baseline. All recruited residents were followed‐up weekly for 12 weeks until detection of a new pressure injury, death, discharge, or transfer. Results: Pressure injury point prevalence at baseline was 8.1% (17/210). Cumulative incidence was 17.1% (36/210). Incidence density was 15.8 per 1000 resident weeks. Most nursing home‐acquired pressure injuries were located on the ankle at baseline (29.4%; 5/17) and in the follow‐up period (27.8%; 10/36). Stage I pressure injuries were most common: 58.8% (10/17) and 44.4% (16/36) at baseline and during follow‐up respectively. Conclusions: About one in six nursing home residents developed a new pressure injury over the 12‐week follow‐up period. Despite staff and resource constraints, there remains a need to focus on the prevention of pressure injuries in Sri Lankan nursing homes. Clinical Relevance: Studies on the burden of pressure injuries among darker skin tone nursing home residents are lacking and the current evidence available are predominantly from Western countries. The findings of this study highlight the need of targeted preventive measures for nursing home residents with darker skin tones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There has been substantial progress made across multiple disciplines to emphasize the importance of perinatal mental health both for parents and offspring. This focuses on what has been termed the 'First 1000 Days' from conception to the child's second birthday. We argue that our understanding of this issue can go further to create an intergenerational approach to mental health. Despite the existence of theoretical frameworks and practical approaches to implementation, there are gaps in the understanding of perinatal and intergenerational mental health including which psychological mechanisms are implicated in the transmission of risk and resilience within the perinatal period; and how to leverage these into treatment approaches. Aims and Methods: In this paper, we explore the potential for mentalization as a candidate psychological approach to intergenerational mental health. Results: We contextualize this issue in terms of the points of contact between mentalization and broader theoretical models such as the social determinants of health and the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DoHaD) model. Further, we provide an overview of the existing evidence base for the relevance of mentalization to perinatal mental health. Discussion: Finally, we sketch out an outline model for integrating mentalization into perinatal and intergenerational mental health, highlighting several areas of opportunity to develop research and practice from diverse geographies and demographics. Here, we suggest that integration of mentalization with other conceptual frameworks such as DoHaD can mutually enrich the understanding of each model, pointing the way towards more effective early and preventative interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: HIV Pre‐Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) has been available in Wales since 2017. The coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic impacted UK sexual health services, leading to a reduction in service provision. There is a lack of research on the experiences of PrEP users during this time. Objective: We aimed to explore the experiences of PrEP users in Wales following the introduction of COVID‐19 pandemic measures. Methods: We conducted a secondary data analysis of two prior interview studies (DO‐PrEP and UPrEP). Data collection was undertaken between May 2020 and February 2021 using remote interviewing. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted. Participants were ≥18 years of age, residents of Wales, current or previous PrEP users, and men who have sex with men (MSM). Reflexive thematic analysis was conducted. Results: A total of 32 interviews were included in the analysis. Themes include the following: (1) PrEP use during COVID‐19, (2) sexual behaviour and relationship changes following COVID‐19 restrictions, (3) NHS service provision during the COVID‐19 pandemic, and (4) wider contextual effects of the pandemic. Participants reported a change in PrEP use (pausing or switching to event‐based PrEP). Participants reported reduced access to clinics and appointments. Support for changing to event‐based PrEP was varied. Social isolation resulted in varied responses to lockdown rules, especially in later lockdowns. Conclusion: This study provides patient perspectives on the challenges the COVID‐19 pandemic posed to PrEP use and access. It offers insights into the broader support needs around PrEP use when an individual's circumstances change. Flexible models of PrEP provision, which can be adapted to the patient's needs, will be essential as PrEP delivery extends into the wider community. Patient and Public Contribution: Both the DO‐PrEP and UPrEP studies received input from various stakeholders in the design of the topic guides for the study; these included public lay members, PrEP users, PrEP providers, and individuals involved with HIV advocacy and policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The hospital discharge process poses significant safety risks for older patients due to complexities in communication and coordination among stakeholders, leading to potential drug‐related problems post‐discharge. Adopting a person‐centred care (PCC) approach in medication communication by healthcare professionals (HCPs) is crucial to ensure positive health outcomes. This study aimed to explore the practice of PCC in medication communication between older patients and HCPs during the hospital discharge process. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study using non‐participatory direct observations of patient–HCP consultations during hospital discharge, followed by semi‐structured interviews with observed patients and, when applicable, their informal caregivers. Data collection occurred from October 2020 to May 2021 at two Swedish hospitals. We gathered data using an observational form and audio‐recorded all consultations and interviews. The data were analysed thematically using the systematic text condensation method. Results: Twenty patients were included (median age: 81 years [range: 65–94]; 9 female) in observations and 13 of them participated in interviews. Two patients were accompanied by an informal caregiver during the interviews. Three main themes were identified: (1) The impact of traditional authoritarian structures, depicts power dynamics between patients and their HCPs, showing how traditional structures influence the practice of PCC in medication communication during hospital discharge; (2) Consultation timing and mode not on patients' terms, describes suboptimal times and settings for consultations, along with the use of complex language that hinders effective communication; and (3) Discrepancy in expectations of self‐care ability, illustrates a mismatch between the self‐care guidance provided by HCPs during hospital discharge and the actual needs and preferences of patients and informal caregivers. Conclusion: Medication communication between older patients and HCPs during hospital discharge is frequently inconsistent with the practice of PCC. Not only must HCPs improve their communication strategies, but patients and their informal caregivers should also be better prepared for discharge communication and encouraged to participate in their care. This involvement would give them relevant knowledge and tailor communication to their individual needs, preventing problems in managing their medications after discharge. Patient or Public Contribution: An advisory group of six patients and/or informal caregiver contributors provided input on the study design, edited the consent forms, and helped develop the interview guide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contagious yawning (CY)—linked to physiological synchronization and possibly emotional contagion—occurs when one individual's yawn induces yawning in others. CY was investigated over different time windows (minutes from the triggering stimulus) via naturalistic or experimental studies (using real and video yawns, respectively) with contrasting results, especially in bonobos. We verified whether in bonobos result divergences may derive from different methods. We gathered yawning data on 13 bonobos at Twycross Zoo (UK) via a naturalistic (all‐occurrences observations) and experimental approach (by showing yawn/control video stimuli). Based on literature, we used 1‐ and 3‐min windows to detect CY. Due to fission‐fusion management, individuals could form permanent or non‐permanent associations (more/less familiar subjects under naturalistic setting). Video yawn stimuli may come from group mates/stranger models (more/less familiar subjects under the experimental setting). Stimulus type and time window affected CY modulating factors but not CY detection. Familiarity and age effect on CY showed opposite trends in 3‐min trials and 1‐min observations. CY was highest in oldest, non‐permanently (rather than permanently) associated subjects in the naturalistic setting, but in the youngest subjects and with ingroup (rather than outgroup) models in trials. The age effect differences on CY might be due to decontextualized yawns and immature subject curiosity toward videos. The reversed familiarity effect suggests CY's context‐dependent function in promoting social synchronization with socially distant group mates, as failing to coordinate as a group may lead to social disruption. Complementary methods are needed to fully understand motor replication phenomena. Highlights: In bonobos we checked for presence/modulation of yawn contagion—linked to synchronization and possibly emotional contagion—with both observational data (response to group‐mates' yawns) and experimental trials (response to video stimuli)Yawn contagion was highest in older and less familiar subjects in the naturalistic setting whereas it was highest in younger subjects and when the triggers were in‐group members (rather than strangers) in the experimental setting.These study results indicate that complementary approaches may be necessary to investigate yawn contagion as no one method explains it all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells have reached an impressive certified efficiency of 26.1%, with a considerable fraction of the remaining losses attributed to carrier recombination at perovskite interfaces. This work demonstrates how time‐resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy (TRPL) can be utilized to locate and quantify remaining recombination losses in perovskite solar cells, analogous to methods established to improve silicon solar cell passivation and contact layers. It is shown how TRPL analysis can be extended to determine the bulk and surface lifetimes, surface recombination velocity, the recombination parameter, J0, and the implied open‐circuit voltage (iVoc) of any perovskite device configuration. This framework is used to compare 18 carrier‐selective and passivating contacts commonly used or emerging for perovskite photovoltaics. Furthermore, the iVoc values calculated from the TRPL‐based framework are directly compared to those calculated from photoluminescence quantum yields and the measured solar cell Voc. This simple technique serves as a practical guide for screening and selecting multifunctional, passivating perovskite contact layers. As with silicon solar cells, most of the material and interface analysis can be done without fabricating full devices or measuring efficiency. These purely optical measurements are even preferable when studying bulk and interfacial passivation approaches, since they remove complicating effects from poor carrier extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on a digital platform which invited forced migrants to document their experiences during the Covid pandemic, resulting in an archive of digital materials, much of it relating to religion and spirituality: around 1000 contributions by around 800 asylum‐seekers, refugees and undocumented migrants. Using smartphones, they shared audio and video recordings, photos, texts, artworks, etc. The Covid Chronicles project, funded by the Open University, ran from March 2020 to June 2023. It was initiated by a group of academic researchers and forced migrants connected through volunteering with support organisations in UK cities and the Netherlands. Via personal networks and social media, the project extended its reach, snowball‐fashion. The bulk of contributions are from the UK and mainland Europe but eventually the project connected forced migrant individuals and groups worldwide. The content is hugely varied, but many contributors refer to religious and spiritual practices, frequently bearing witness to the solidarities created by care‐giving community actions and invoking ethical principles rooted in faith traditions. Many hoped that a better future might emerge from the crisis: this archive is as much about imagining viable futures as it is about documenting history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this feasibility study was to adapt and model a behavioural intervention for anxiety with autistic adults with moderate to severe intellectual disabilities. Method: Twenty‐eight autistic adults with moderate or severe intellectual disabilities, 37 carers, and 40 therapists took part in this single‐group non‐randomised feasibility study designed to test intervention feasibility and acceptability, outcome measures, and research processes. Results: The intervention was judged as feasible and acceptable by autistic adults with intellectual disabilities, carers, and therapists. Minor intervention revisions were suggested. Carers completed 100% of outcome measures and the missing data rate was low. Complying with legislation governing the inclusion of participants who lack capacity to decide whether they wanted to take part in this study led to an average 5‐week enrolment delay. Conclusion: The intervention and associated study processes were judged to be feasible and acceptable and should now be tested within a larger randomised trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Salivary gland cancers (SGC)‐social determinants of health (SDoH) investigations are limited by narrow scopes of SGC‐types and SDoH. This Social Vulnerability Index (SVI)‐study hypothesized that socioeconomic status (SES) most contributed to SDoH‐associated SGC‐disparities. Methods: Retrospective cohort of 24 775 SGCs assessed SES, minority‐language status (ML), household composition (HH), housing‐transportation (HT), and composite‐SDoH measured by the SVI via regressions with surveillance and survival length, late‐staging presentation, and treatment (surgery, radio‐, chemotherapy) receipt. Results: Increasing social vulnerability showed decreases in surveillance/survival; increased odds of advanced‐presenting‐stage (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.17), chemotherapy receipt (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.23); decreased odds of primary surgery (0.89, 0.84, 0.94), radiotherapy (0.91, 0.85, 0.97, p = 0.003) for SGCs. Trends were differentially correlated with SES, ML, HH, and HT‐vulnerabilities. Conclusions: Through quantifying SDoH‐derived SGC‐disparities, the SVI can guide targeted initiatives against SDoH that elicit the most detrimental associations for specific sociodemographics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mutations in KRAS are some of the most common across multiple cancer types and are thus attractive targets for therapy. Recent studies demonstrated that mutant KRAS generates immunogenic neoantigens that are targetable by adoptive T‐cell therapy in metastatic diseases. To expand mutant KRAS‐specific immunotherapies, it is critical to identify additional HLA‐I allotypes that can present KRAS neoantigens and their cognate T‐cell receptors (TCR). Here, we identified a murine TCR specific to a KRAS‐G12V neoantigen (7VVVGAVGVGK16) using a vaccination approach with transgenic mice expressing HLA‐A*03:01 (HLA‐A3). This TCR demonstrated exquisite specificity for mutant G12V and not WT KRAS peptides. To investigate the molecular basis for neoantigen recognition by this TCR, we determined its structure in complex with HLA‐A3(G12V). G12V‐TCR CDR3β and CDR1β formed a hydrophobic pocket to interact with p6 Val of the G12V but not the WT KRAS peptide. To improve the tumor sensitivity of this TCR, we designed rational substitutions to improve TCR:HLA‐A3 contacts. Two substitutions exhibited modest improvements in TCR binding avidity to HLA‐A3 (G12V) but did not sufficiently improve T‐cell sensitivity for further clinical development. Our study provides mechanistic insight into how TCRs detect neoantigens and reveals the challenges in targeting KRAS‐G12V mutations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate characteristics of autoimmunity in individuals who have a type 2 diagnosis and are relatives of children with type 1 diabetes. Methods: Pre‐diagnosis samples (median 17 months before onset) from relatives who were later diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were measured for autoantibodies to glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GADA), islet antigen‐2 (IA‐2A), zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A) and insulin (IAA) as well as the type 1 diabetes genetic risk score (GRS2). Associations between islet autoantibodies, insulin treatment and GRS2 were analysed using Fisher's exact and t‐tests. Results: Among 226 relatives (64% men; mean age at sampling 41 years; mean age 54 years at diagnosis), 32 (14%) were islet autoantibody‐positive for at least one autoantibody more than a decade before diagnosis. Approximately half of these (n = 15) were treated with insulin. GADA‐positivity was higher in insulin‐treated relatives than in non‐insulin‐treated relatives (12/18 [67%] vs. 6/18 [33%], p < 0.001). IAA‐positivity was observed in 13/32 (41%) of relatives with autoantibodies. GRS2 scores were increased in autoantibody‐positive relatives (p = 0.032), but there was no clear evidence for a difference according to treatment (p = 0.072). Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of measuring islet autoantibodies, including IAA, in relatives of people with type 1 diabetes to avoid misdiagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study examines the perceptions of the Australian public canvassed in 2021 during the COVID‐19 pandemic about their health system compared to four previous surveys (2008, 2010, 2012 and 2018). Methods: In 2021, a nationwide online survey was conducted with a representative sample of Australians (N = 5100) recruited via market research panels. The results were compared to previous nationwide Australian survey samples from 2018 (N = 1024), 2012 (N = 1200), 2010 (N = 1201) and 2008 (N = 1146). The survey included questions consistent with previous polls regarding self‐reported health status and overall opinions of, and confidence in, the Australian health system. Results: There was an increase in the proportion of respondents reporting positive perceptions at each survey between 2008 and 2021, with a significantly higher proportion of respondents expressing a more positive view of the Australian healthcare system in 2021 compared to previous years (χ2(8, N = 9645) = 487.63, p < 0.001). In 2021, over two‐thirds of respondents (n = 3949/5100, 77.4%) reported that following the COVID‐19 pandemic, their confidence in the Australian healthcare system had either remained the same (n = 2433/5100, 47.7%) or increased (n = 1516/5100, 29.7%). Overall, respondents living in regional or remote regions, younger Australians (< 45 years) and women held less positive views in relation to the system. In 2021, the most frequently identified area for urgent improvement was the need for more healthcare workers (n = 1350/3576, 37.8%), an area of concern particularly for Australians residing in regional or remote areas (n = 590/1385, 42.6%). Conclusions: Irrespective of disruptions to the Australian healthcare system caused by the COVID‐19 pandemic, Australians' perceptions of their healthcare system were positive in 2021. However, concerns were raised about inadequate workforce capacity and the cost of healthcare, with differences identified by age groups and geographical location. Patient or Public Contribution: Health consumer representatives from the Consumers Health Forum of Australia contributed to the co‐design, deployment, analysis and interpretation of the results of this survey. J.A. and L.W. from the Consumers Health Forum of Australia contributed to the development of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the design, modeling, and validation of high‐flow, fluid‐driven, membrane valves tailored specifically for applications in soft robotic systems are described. Targeting the piping problem in hyper‐actuated soft robots, two fluid‐driven membrane valve designs that can admit flows of up to 871 mg s−1$871 \textrm{ } \textrm{ } \text{mg} \textrm{ } \left(\text{s}\right)^{- 1}$ while weighing less than 20 g$false$ are introduced. A mathematical model to predict fluid flow by representing the displacement of the membrane as a scalar quantity influenced by the balance of pressures applied across the valve's ports is established. The model incorporates six parameters with direct physical relevance, enhancing its usefulness in valve design and system integration. In an experimental validation, flow rates with deviations within 4% are predicted and the onset of flow is correctly identified with an error rate of less than 1%. In addition, applications of these valves for flow amplification and for the creation of a fluid‐driven oscillator are experimentally demonstrated. This research contributes to the advancement of soft robotics by providing a tool for designing, optimizing, and controlling fluid‐driven systems and it lays the groundwork for the future development of embedded, fluid‐controlled valve networks that can be used to realize hyper‐actuated soft robotic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) was first included as a diagnostic category in 2013, and over the past 10 years has been adopted by the international eating disorder community. While greater awareness of these difficulties has increased identification, demand and enabled advocacy for clinical services, the heterogeneous nature of ARFID poses unique challenges for eating disorder clinicians and researchers. This commentary aims to reflect on some of these challenges, focussing specifically on the risk of viewing ARFID through an eating disorder lens. This includes potential biases in the literature as most recent research has been conducted in specialist child and adolescent eating disorder clinic settings, bringing in to question the generalisability of findings to the broad spectrum of individuals affected by ARFID. We also consider whether viewing ARFID predominantly through an eating disorder lens risks us as a field being blinkered to the range of effective skills our multi‐disciplinary feeding colleagues may bring. There are opportunities that may come with the eating disorder field navigating treatment pathways for ARFID, including more joined up working with multi‐disciplinary colleagues, the ability to transfer skills used in ARFID treatment to individuals with eating disorder presentations, and most notably an opportunity to provide more effective treatment and service pathways for individuals with ARFID and their families. However, these opportunities will only be realised if eating disorder clinicians and researchers step out of their current silos. Highlights: Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) has been adopted by the eating disorder community, leading to expectations of existing services providing effective care and treatment in the context of a limited evidence‐base and the absence of robust clinical guidelines.By viewing and researching ARFID predominantly via an eating disorder lens, we are potentially creating biases in the literature, limiting generalisability of findings to the broad spectrum of individuals affected by ARFID and not considering the range of effective skills our colleagues may bring to treatment.Navigating the development of ARFID pathways brings with it significant opportunities but these are dependent on the eating disorder community looking beyond the eating disorder lens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantifying the cost‐effectiveness of alternative sampling methods is crucial for efficient biodiversity monitoring and detection of population trends. In this study, we compared the cost‐effectiveness of three novel sampling methods for detecting changes in koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) occupancy: thermal drones, passive acoustic recorders and camera trapping. Specifically, we fitted single‐season occupancy‐detection models to data recorded from 46 sites in eight bioregions of New South Wales, Australia, between 2018 and 2022. We explored the effect of weather variables on daily detection probability for each method and, using these estimates, calculated the statistical power to detect 30%, 50% and 80% declines in koala occupancy. We calculated power for different combinations of sites (1–200) and repeat surveys (2–40) and developed a cost model that found the cheapest survey design that achieved 80% power to detect change. On average, detectability of koalas was highest with one 24‐h period of acoustic surveys (0.32, 95% CI's: 0.26, 0.39) compared to a 25‐ha flight of drone surveys (0.28, 95% 0.15, 0.48) or a 24‐h period of camera trapping consisting of six cameras (0.019, 95% CI's: 0.014, 0.025). We found a negative quadratic relationship between detection probability and air temperature for all three methods. Our power and cost analysis suggested that 148 sites surveyed with acoustic recorders deployed for 14 days would be the cheapest method to sufficiently detect a 30% decline in occupancy with 80% power. We recommend passive acoustic recorders as the most efficient sampling method for monitoring koala occupancy compared to cameras or drones. Further comparative studies are needed to compare the relative effectiveness of these methods and others when the monitoring objective is to detect change in koala abundance over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical education research (ClinEdR) is a growing field that aims to ensure the way healthcare professionals are taught and learn is evidence‐based. There is growing interest in how this evidence is generated in a robust, timely and cost‐effective fashion. In this 'How to ...' paper, we draw on relevant literature and our own experiences to offer suggestions on how novice researchers can navigate entry into the field of ClinEdR. We summarise key resources for those at the earliest stages of their interest in ClinEdR and scholarship and provide personal experiences of networking, collaborating and balancing research with a clinical or teaching role. This paper will be of interest to those at any stage in their clinical career with little to no experience of ClinEdR, but the enthusiasm to get started. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To examine whether polygenic risk scores (PRS) for neuroticism, depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are higher in individuals manifesting trans‐diagnostic risk factors for the development of major mental disorders and whether PRS enhance prediction of early onset full‐threshold disorders. Methods: Using data from the Brisbane Longitudinal Twin Study, we examined individual PRS for neuroticism, depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, recorded evidence of subthreshold syndromes and family history of mood and/or psychotic disorders and noted progression to trans‐diagnostic clinical caseness (onset of major mental disorders) at follow‐up. We undertook multivariate, receiver operating curve and logistic regression analyses that were adjusted for known variables of influence (age, twin status, and so on). Results: Of 1473 eligible participants (female = 866, 59%; mean age 26.3 years), 28% (n = 409) met caseness criteria for a mood and/or psychotic disorder. All PRS were higher in cases versus non‐cases but associations with different levels of risk were inconsistent. The prediction of caseness (reported as area under the curve with 95% confidence intervals [CI]) improved from 0.68 (95% CI: 0.65, 0.71) when estimated using clinical risk factors alone up to 0.71 (95% CI: 0.69, 0.73) when PRS were added to the model. Logistic regression identified five variables that optimally classified individuals according to caseness: age, sex, individual risk characteristics, PRS for depression and mental health case status of cotwins or siblings. Conclusions: The findings need replication. However, this exploratory study suggests that combining PRS with other risk factors has the potential to improve outcome prediction in youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare, painful neutrophilic dermatosis characterized by rapidly progressing skin ulcers. Despite the importance of local wound care in managing PG, there is no consensus or evidence‐based guidelines. This systematic review aimed to investigate local wound care strategies for PG. A comprehensive search of Embase, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library yielded 1213 references, from which 269 studies were included, covering 351 patients. The most reported treatment methods included sharp debridement (11%), topical corticosteroids (27%) and non‐adherent dressings (12%). However, no clear correlation between these treatments and healing outcomes was found likely due to confounding factors such as varied wound sizes, superinfection and inconsistent reporting. Additionally, directed wound care regimens have not been able to show statistical significance for healing outcomes. Our study describes the current local wound care landscape and underscores a critical gap in the current literature regarding standardized treatment protocols for PG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contradictory results in the extant literature suggests that additional risk factors should be considered when exploring the impacts of maternal smartphone use on mother‐infant relationships. This study used cluster analysis to explore whether certain risk factors were implicated in mother‐infant dyads with high smartphone use and low mother‐infant responsiveness. A cross‐sectional survey of 450 participants in the UK measured infant social‐emotional development, maternal depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms, wellbeing, social support, smartphone use, and mother‐infant responsiveness. Participants were predominantly White (95.3%) and living with a partner (95.2%), with infants who were born full‐term (88.9%). Cluster analysis identified three clusters characterized as; cluster (1) "infant at risk" showing high infant development concerns, high maternal smartphone use, and low mother‐infant responsiveness; cluster (2) "mother at risk" showing high maternal depressive, anxiety, and stress scores, low social support, high maternal smartphone use, and low mother‐infant responsiveness, and cluster (3) "low risk" showing low maternal smartphone use and high mother‐infant responsiveness. Significant differences were found between all risk factors, except for maternal smartphone use and mother‐infant responsiveness between clusters 1 and 2 suggesting that both clusters require early intervention, although interventions should be tailored towards the different risk factors they are presenting with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing urbanisation, there is a growing disconnect between soil, food, and people, centred around those relying on Western food production models. This 'wicked' problem is challenging sustainable soil use and food insecurity. Knowledge of soils through scientific studies alone are unable to address this problem, and we need to extend the boundaries of soil science for real progress to be made. We present a conceptual framework for understanding the reciprocal connections between soil, food, and people in local food production systems in Aotearoa New Zealand, applying principles and practices from a transdisciplinary research methodology. The resultant Food‐Landscape Networks framework consists of seven factors that support understanding the inherent connections between soil, food, and people. The factors are: soil health, land suitability, climate, productivity, food quality, well‐being, and engagement. These factors have been identified from weaving together mātauraka (the Kāi Tahu mita [dialect] is used in this text, where the 'ng' diagraph is replaced with 'k', e.g., mātauranga = mātauraka) Māori (Māori knowledge, culture, worldview, and values) and soil science using the He Awa Whiria, Braided Rivers, epistemological framework. Mātauraka Māori guides the traditionally reductionist discipline of soil science into a more holistic space, in an Aotearoa New Zealand context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 15‐month‐old, grey, Thoroughbred filly presented for investigation of a 6‐week history of corneal oedema and blepharospasm on the right eye (OD). The filly was otherwise healthy. Following ophthalmic examination, glaucoma on the OD was diagnosed. A space occupying mass within the anterior chamber was documented on transpalpebral ultrasonographic examination. This mass obliterated most of the anterior intraocular structures on the peripheral nasal side (corneal endothelium and drainage angle), leading to secondary glaucoma. After systemic and topical treatment addressing secondary glaucoma, the corneal oedema reduced. The mass was visualised as an irregularly rounded brown structure associated with the iris on the peripheral nasal side of the anterior chamber. Given the filly's signalment, location and appearance of the mass, a tentative diagnosis of intraocular melanoma was made and enucleation was performed. Histopathological evaluation of the globe revealed solid sheets of heavily pigmented melanocytic cells, disrupting the normal ciliary body architecture and extending into the iris and subretinal. The cells were pleomorphic, polyhedral to round with occasional spindle‐shaped cells, and contained moderate to large amounts of granular black‐brown pigment (melanin). The iridal component expanded into the anterior chamber, with cells directly opposed to Descemet's membrane, with loss of the endothelium and expanding and occluding the filtration angle in this area. The lesion infiltrated locally into the edge of the sclera, but did not extend through the sclera, though occasional perivascular clusters of melanophages were observed within the scleral stroma adjacent to the optic nerve. Diagnosis of a uveal melanocytic neoplasm was confirmed, with characteristics similar to only one reported case. This is a unique case of a rapidly growing, invasive, uveal melanoma in a young horse. Intraocular melanoma should be considered as a differential diagnoses for glaucoma in grey horses, regardless of the age and absence of melanocytic skin lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study involving both observations and simulations furthers our understanding of water transport in the Martian northern polar region, a critical component of the global water cycle, and explores strengths and weaknesses in simulations of the polar atmosphere. Observations of the northern polar winter by the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter show extensive water ice clouds over the polar ice cap throughout the 300–3 Pa (∼10–50 km) vertical column within the vortex during the entire winter season. The observations also indicate that the vortex evolves throughout its depth on a broad range of timescales, from sub‐diurnal to seasonal. Time sequences of these data together with results from a Mars global circulation model and Ensemble Mars Atmosphere Reanalysis System reanalysis (EMARS) are used to study the evolution of the winter polar atmosphere and to examine dynamic mechanisms for transporting water across the vortex boundary. Model simulations and reanalysis show a similar temperature structure to observations, although they struggle to reproduce some of the detailed features such as the extent of polar warming above the vortex and the magnitude of the temperature minima inside the vortex. The free run simulation also fails to capture the vertically distributed water ice cloud due to a general absence of transport across the vortex boundary. EMARS results, with assimilated MCS temperatures, show a greater amount of water entering the vortex at pressures below 200 Pa, leading to a more vertically extended cloud within the vortex and improving agreement with observations. Plain Language Summary: This study explores the winter atmosphere of the northern polar region of Mars and examines how winds move water into this region, which is important for understanding the cycling of water between the atmosphere and the Martian ice caps. The study uses both spacecraft observations of the atmosphere (from which we can infer temperature, dust, and water ice clouds), along with computer simulations that are guided by observations (from which we get greater space and time coverage, and gain additional insights on winds and water vapor). The Martian polar vortex, which serves as a boundary to the polar regions, varies considerably on sub‐daily, daily, and seasonal time scales. Computer simulations that are guided by observations show a greater transport of water by the wind at higher altitudes, which is consistent with the greater vertical extent of water ice clouds in winter polar regions, as seen in observations. Similarities and differences between observations and model simulations are also discussed, which motivate future modeling to better represent water transport into the vortex aloft and therefore a better depiction of the water cycle. Key Points: Improved Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) observations reveal a complex northern winter polar vortex evolving on multiple timescalesWater enters the northern winter polar vortex in the middle atmosphere (10–50 km) on Mars, forming a vertically extended ice cloudAgreement of model and observed ice cloud distribution in the north polar region is improved by assimilation of temperature observations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction/Aims: Objective outcome measures in children undergoing treatment for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) are lacking. The aim of the study was to record serial grip strength and motor nerve conduction studies to assess interval change. Methods: This was a retrospective review of 16 children (8 females and 8 males; median age, 9.7 years; interquartile range, 6–13 years) with CIDP followed at a tertiary children's hospital from 2013 to 2021. Subjects were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Right and left grip strength measurements were obtained at each clinic visit using a handheld dynamometer. Annual right median motor nerve conduction study data were recorded during the study period. Results: Mean duration of follow‐up was 2.9 years. Grip strength (right: 0.19 kg/month, p < 0.001; left 0.23 kg/month, p < 0.001) and median F‐wave latencies (−0.23/month, p = 0.015) showed significant improvement over time. Akaike information criterion showed time + IVIG frequency <21 days as best fit for grip strength and distal compound muscle action potential amplitude. Discussion: Our study results indicate serial grip strength measurements are a feasible and objective way to assess motor strength improvement in children with CIDP receiving immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The social and economic constructs of the United Kingdom (UK) provide a fertile food environment for the dramatic expansion in the ultra‐processed food (UPF) market, driving increased UPF consumption. This has coincided with the significant increase in the incidence and prevalence of non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, with an inherent impact on morbidity and mortality. Our review aims to assess the current epidemiological and public health trends in the United Kingdom, specifically examining consumption of UPFs and subsequent development of NCDs, summarizing existing meta‐analytical and experimental approaches. First, we address important socioeconomic and psychosocial domains that may contribute to increased availability and consumption of UPF. Additionally, we explore the putative mechanistic basis for the association between UPFs and NCDs: partly attributable to their energy density, the macro‐ and micronutrient composition (including high refined carbohydrate, saturated, and trans fats composition, in addition to low fiber and protein content), and artificially engineered additives and other compounds that adversely affect health in inadequately researched pathophysiological pathways. This review highlights the importance of promoting minimally processed diets to both clinical and political decision makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of biosolids to agricultural land has been identified as a major pathway of microplastic (MP) pollution to the environment. Very little research, however, has been done on the MP content of biosolids within Canada. Fifteen biosolid samples from different treatment processes (liquid, dewatered, pelletized, and alkali‐stabilized) were collected from 11 sources across southern Ontario to quantify and characterize the MP load within them. All samples exhibited MP concentrations ranging from 188 200 (±24 161) to 512 000 (±28 571) MPs/kg dry weight and from 4122 (±231) to 453 746 (±38 194) MPs/kg wet weight. Field amendment of these biosolids can introduce up to 3.73 × 106 to 4.12 × 108 MP/ha of agricultural soil. There was no significant difference in the MP concentrations of liquid, dewatered, and pelletized samples; but a reduction in MP content was observed in alkali‐stabilized biosolids. Fragments composed 57.6% of the MPs identified, while 36.7% were fibers. In addition, MPs showed an exponential increase in abundance with decreasing size. Characterization of MPs confirmed that polyester was the most abundant, while polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, polyacrylamide, and polyurethane were present across the majority of biosolid samples. The results of the present study provide an estimate of the potential extent of MP contamination to agricultural fields through the amendment of biosolids. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:793–806. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the readability of patient‐facing educational information about the most common otolaryngology diagnoses on popular social media platforms. Study Design: Cross‐sectional study. Setting: Social media platforms. Methods: The top 5 otolaryngologic diagnoses were identified from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Database. Facebook, Twitter, TikTok, and Instagram were searched using these terms, and the top 25 patient‐facing posts from unique accounts for each search term and poster type (otolaryngologist, other medical professional, layperson) were identified. Captions, text, and audio from images and video, and linked articles were extracted. The readability of each post element was calculated with multiple readability formulae. Readability was summarized and was compared between poster types, platforms, and search terms via Kruskal‐Wallis testing. Results: Median readability, by grade level, by grade level, was greater than 10 for captions, 5 for image‐associated text, and 9 for linked articles. Captions and images in posts by laypeople were significantly more readable than captions by otolaryngologists or other medical professionals, but there was no difference for linked articles. All post components were more readable in posts about cerumen than those about other search terms. Conclusions: When examining the readability of posts on social media regarding the most common otolaryngology diagnoses, we found that many posts are less readable than recommended for patients, and found that posts by laypeople were significantly more readable than those by medical professionals. Medical professionals should work to make educational social media posts more readable to facilitate patient comprehension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]