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To study the effect of a dye on the photoluminescence (PL) properties of metal complexes, a series of gold(I) complexes were synthesized, containing a 7‐amino‐4‐methylcoumarin luminophore. The complexes are comprised of a coumarin moiety featuring different ancillary ligands, specifically N‐heterocyclic carbenes, triphenylphosphine, and diphenyl‐2‐pyridylphosphine. The synthesized gold(I) complexes are luminescent both in solution and the solid state at room temperature and 77 K. Complexes of different nuclearity, i.e., mono‐, di‐ and trinuclear compounds were synthesized. A clear trend between the nuclearity and the quantum yields can be seen. The coumarin dye not only improves the PL properties, but also enhances the luminescence of trinuclear clusters, which are otherwise known to be weak emitters in solution. The optical absorption properties were investigated in detail by quantum chemical calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translation abstract Life cycle assessment in structural and façade designThe following article describes the implementation of life cycle assessment methods as a design and decision‐making tool in the planning processes of an engineering practice. The application is explained using practical project examples in structural and facade engineering. Specific design scenarios are shown. It is described which design decisions were supported and influenced by corresponding analyses and how they developed during the project. Specific calculation examples serve as a practical illustration and are intended to provide inspiration for structural and facade planners. The current building and planning legal framework is briefly explained in order to evaluate the methods presented in terms of their effect on the ecological footprint of buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryomyces antarcticus, a melanized cryptoendolithic fungus endemic to Antarctica, can tolerate environmental conditions as severe as those in space. Particularly, its ability to withstand ionizing radiation has been attributed to the presence of thick and highly melanized cell walls, which—according to a previous investigation—may contain both 1,8‐dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) and L‐3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA) melanin. The genes putatively involved in the synthesis of DHN melanin were identified in the genome of C. antarcticus. Most important is capks1 encoding a non‐reducing polyketide synthase (PKS) and being the ortholog of the functionally characterized kppks1 from the rock‐inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola. The co‐expression of CaPKS1 or KpPKS1 with a 4′‐phosphopantetheinyl transferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in the formation of a yellowish pigment, suggesting that CaPKS1 is the enzyme providing the precursor for DHN melanin. To dissect the composition and function of the melanin layer in the outer cell wall of C. antarcticus, non‐melanized mutants were generated by CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated genome editing. Notwithstanding its slow growth (up to months), three independent non‐melanized Δcapks1 mutants were obtained. The mutants exhibited growth similar to the wild type and a light pinkish pigmentation, which is presumably due to carotenoids. Interestingly, visible light had an adverse effect on growth of both melanized wild‐type and non‐melanized Δcapks1 strains. Further evidence that light can pass the melanized cell walls derives from a mutant expressing a H2B‐GFP fusion protein, which can be detected by fluorescence microscopy. In conclusion, the study reports on the first genetic manipulation of C. antarcticus, resulting in non‐melanized mutants and demonstrating that the melanin is rather of the DHN type. These mutants will allow to elucidate the relevance of melanization for surviving extreme conditions found in the natural habitat as well as in space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe convective storms are among the most dangerous weather phenomena and accurate forecasts mitigate their impacts. The recently released suite of AI‐based weather models produces medium‐range forecasts within seconds, with a skill similar to state‐of‐the‐art operational forecasts for variables on single levels. However, predicting severe thunderstorm environments requires accurate combinations of dynamic and thermodynamic variables and the vertical structure of the atmosphere. Advancing the assessment of AI‐models toward process‐based evaluations lays the foundation for hazard‐driven applications. We assess the forecast skill of the top‐performing AI‐models GraphCast, Pangu‐Weather and FourCastNet for convective parameters at lead‐times up to 10 days against reanalysis and ECMWF's operational numerical weather prediction model IFS. In a case study and seasonal analyses, we see the best performance by GraphCast and Pangu‐Weather: these models match or even exceed the performance of IFS for instability and shear. This opens opportunities for fast and inexpensive predictions of severe weather environments. Plain Language Summary: Over the past year, several global AI‐based weather models were released and produce a similar quality of forecasts as traditional weather models. AI‐models are very fast and computationally cheap to produce forecasts. The evaluation of AI‐models has largely focused on single atmospheric variables at certain heights. To forecast specific phenomena, such as thunderstorms, a combination of variables must be accurate at multiple heights. Here we use the output of AI‐models to derive thunderstorm‐related ingredients. We compare 10‐day‐forecasts between the AI‐models GraphCast, Pangu‐Weather and FourCastNet and a state‐of‐the‐art traditional weather model while using a reanalysis data set as the reference. The example of a tornado outbreak in the southern United States shows that all models are capable of forecasting thunderstorm ingredients multiple days in advance. To obtain a robust assessment, we evaluate the entire thunderstorm season in 2020 in North America, Europe, Argentina, and Australia, where severe thunderstorms occur frequently. Two of the three AI‐models achieve similar or even better results than the traditional weather model while being much cheaper to operate computationally. Forecasting thunderstorm parameters directly, instead of calculating them afterward, is likely to produce even better results. This opens opportunities for rapid and accessible forecasts for severe thunderstorm phenomena. Key Points: AI‐based global weather models produce forecasts with sufficient accuracy to derive instability and shear metrics skillfullyThe best AI‐based weather models are capable of competing with state‐of‐the‐art numerical weather predictions of instability and shearThis is a major step toward computationally inexpensive and fast convective outlooks [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Methods Results Conclusion The long‐term prognosis of treated phenylketonuria (PKU) is a controversial issue. A controlled long‐term study was performed to assess the neuropsychological outcome in adult patients with early treated PKU.We investigated 27 patients aged 34–55 years (median age: 47 years) and 19 healthy controls, matched for age and socio‐economic status. Patients and controls were assessed for their full‐scale IQ (FSIQ), attention and information‐processing abilities. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was performed in all patients. Neuropsychological assessments and MRI were repeated at a 15‐year follow‐up.In the entire interval of 15 years, cognitive performance of patients and controls remained unchanged. Older adult patients showed poorer cognitive performance at all assessment times compared to young adult patients and controls. Cognitive performance showed no correlation to MRI results. FSIQ, however, was significantly correlated with blood phenylalanine levels in the adolescent years of adult patients older than 47 years.Cognitive performance in adult patients with early treated PKU does not seem to deteriorate in a 15 years interval. Neuropsychological assessment revealed constant modest neurocognitive impairment in patients older than 47 years. This seems to refer to an early relaxation of diet that was recommended when the older patients were adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexural and lateral torsional buckling of sandwich panels using consistent buckling curves Sandwich panels are quick and cost‐efficient solutions in the field of modular and cold room construction, which allow buildings to be realized without load‐bearing substructures. This means that the sandwich panels are used as load‐bearing wall components taking over loads from other components and are therefore exposed not only to lateral but also to axial loads. With increasing building height, thus increasing slenderness of the sandwich panels stability issues govern the design. Different stability phenomena result from the position of the resulting load from the ceiling construction and the superstructures on top of it. Therefore, in addition to flexural buckling under centric and eccentric load the combined loading from flexural buckling and lateral‐torsional buckling becomes relevant. This paper presents a consistent approach for the derivation of buckling curves of axially loaded sandwich panels as well as the corresponding verification route, forming the basis of an easy and economic stability design of such components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer type and second leading cause of cancer‐related deaths worldwide, requiring novel drug‐delivery concepts. ITC@ZrO(TocP)/ZrO(FdUMP) core@shell nanocarriers (designated ITC‐FdUMP‐NC) with the clinically relevant chemotherapeutics irinotecan (ITC) and fluoro‐2′‐deoxyuridine‐5′‐phosphate (FdUMP) (active derivative of 5′‐fluorouracil/5‐FU) are a new type of nanocarrier with high drug payload (22 wt% of lipophilic ITC: particle core; 10 wt% of hydrophilic FdUMP: particle shell). The nanocarriers are tested in different CRC cell lines, a normal cell line, and rectal cancer patient‐derived organoids (PDOs). Fluorescence‐labeled nanocarriers show efficient uptake by all CRC cells and allow to distinctly track the intracellular trafficking toward endolysosomal compartments. Although free chemotherapeutic drugs exhibit a greater potency in 2D cell cultures, ITC‐FdUMP‐NC demonstrate equivalent cytotoxic efficacies as the freely dissolved drugs in the more complex 3D rectal cancer PDOs. The sustained drug‐release profile of the nanocarriers contrasts favorably with conventional free drugs, potentially enhancing the therapeutic outcome in vivo. With a chemotherapeutic cocktail comparable to the clinically applied FOLFIRI (ITC + 5‐FU), the ITC‐FdUMP‐NC represent a novel type of nanocarrier with high anti‐tumor effect and high drug payload, offering a promising strategy to circumvent chemoresistance and to improve therapy efficacy in vivo with less side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bautechnik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper finds robust evidence that economic freedom improves the quality of education. This is probably mainly because economic freedom incentivizes parents to invest in high‐quality education for their children and helps them to do so. It also incentivizes and helps both governments and private providers to deliver high‐quality education. The paper uses two different indicators of educational quality: PISA scores and the World Bank's harmonized test scores. The magnitudes of the estimated effects of economic freedom on both indicators are substantial. They are even larger once the indirect impact of economic freedom via GDP per capita and, to a lesser extent, once the indirect impact via government education expenditure is taken into account. The paper uses data on up to 49 countries for PISA scores and up to 137 countries for World Bank scores. It accounts for the endogeneity of economic freedom and controls for all major determinants of educational quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Limited data exist on the mid‐ to long‐term masticatory capacity of mandibular overdenture (IOD) wearers, particularly regarding the use of posterior implants to retention. Objectives: To periodically evaluate mastication of IOD wearers, comparing the effectiveness of two to four implants to retain the prosthesis. Methods: In a randomised controlled clinical trial, 20 complete edentulous patients (14 women), aged 51–84 years (mean age 69.1 ± 9.6), received new bimaxillary complete dentures (CD). After adaptation, baseline measurements of masticatory performance (X50) and swallowing threshold were conducted using the sieving method. Patients were then randomly assigned to groups: control (two intra‐foraminal regular implants) and experimental (two intra‐foraminal regular implants and two extra‐short posterior implants) (n = 10 each). After 4 months, implants were splinted, and a new mandibular IOD was fabricated with bar/clip retention. Mastication was reassessed after 6, 12, and 48 months, and data analysed with repeated measures ANOVA and Sidak's post hoc (α = 0.05). Results: Despite a loss of two patients per group, masticatory performance significantly improved after mandibular IOD installation (p =.031) in both groups (p =.670). A second improvement was observed after 6 months (p =.027), with no subsequent changes (p >.05). Swallowing threshold improvements were noted with IOD, and no discernible differences between groups were observed (p >.05). Conclusion: Masticatory function significantly improved after mandibular IOD installation, with the number of implants demonstrating minimal influence. Clinical Trial Registration: The present study was not registered in a public database, as mandated. It is important to note that the recommendation for registration was initiated in 2017 by the Committee of Medical Journal Editors, while patient inclusion in the research took place in 2016. Given that the data presented in this manuscript cover a follow‐up period of up to 4 years post‐surgical intervention, delayed registration was not feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Se3Cl3]2[SnCl6] (1) and [BMIm]2[Ga8As6Cl16O14] (2) are prepared by Lewis‐acid‐base reaction of SnCl2 with SeCl4 and As2O3 with GaCl3/[BMIm]Cl at room temperature and at 60 °C. 1 contains [ClSe−Se−SeCl2]+ cations with an Se3 unit and isolated octahedral [SnCl6]2− anions. The cation was yet only obtainable via Se0/Se4+ synproportionation in liquid SO2 with AsF5. The [Ga8As6Cl16O14]2− anion in 2 consists of two central edge‐sharing GaO6 octahedra, surrounded by pseudo‐tetrahedral AsO3 units and tetrahedral GaCl3O and GaCl2O2 units. Moreover, an almost planar central Ga4O4 ring surrounded by six GaAs2O3 rings is characteristic, which was not described before. The title compounds are characterized by X‐ray diffraction based on single crystals and powders, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and optical spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study is to offer an original interpretation in two fields of research: the first, of contemporary Jewish philosophy, and the second, to the continental and specifically deconstructionist method. I wish to achieve this by analysing a new deconstructionist text of the French, Jewish, post‐structuralist, feminist contemporary thinker—Hélène Cixous, which has thus far received little scholarly attention at all, and even less in its contributions to deconstructionism and Jewish philosophical thought. Focusing on this text, I concentrate on its Jewish and philosophical aspects—Gare d'Osnabrück à Jérusalem—The Osnabrück Station in/to Jerusalem.This study will centre on Cixous’ treatment of theodicy—the theological problem of evil and suffering—contextualising her position in the thought of the post‐war French cultural milieu of Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques Derrida. I will examine the position Cixous develops on theodicy—which is to resist it, and move towards a position of anti‐theodicy. I show how she develops this position, which is through a deconstructionist and hermeneutical reading of the biblical figure of Job. I then trace further theological issues arising from her anti‐theodicy, of the roles of exile and return in this text—especially in Cixous’ positioning of Osnabrück as ‘Jerusalem’. The study is set alongside the ‘Hauntology’ theory of Jacques Derrida. I claim that Cixous’ work can be enhanced through a hauntological reading, but that she ultimately re‐defines this position to advance her own thinking. This study offers questions beyond this particular text: first, relating to the role of deconstructionism in portraying theological issues, especially theodicy, and second, of the contributions, complex as they may be, to contemporary Jewish philosophical discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On road‐bridges hot asphalt is installed to provide a level and waterproof surface. That wearing surface, however, needs occasional renewal. On a number of steel highway‐bridges it has been observed that after such asphalt‐renewal fatigue‐cracks have increasingly occurred at the welds of orthotropic bridge‐decks. The German Federal Highway Research Institute has assigned a research project to RWTH Aachen University to evaluate the response of steel‐bridges to time‐ and location‐dependent, nonlinear temperature profiles. Since FEM‐software with the needed level of detailing could not provide solutions for long large‐span bridges, a software‐based lamella‐model was developed. This model enables the partition of the bridge into rectangular beam‐lamella, precisely considers the nonlinear temperature and calculates the inner forces and displacements along the bridge. This paper presents the theoretical background of the lamella‐program as well as results calculated exemplary for a 742m‐long German highway‐bridge including validation with in situ temperature and strain measurements during asphalting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel prefabricated steel‐concrete composite girder is proposed, which aims to provide an economic and sustainable solution for small bridge construction. The girder consists of composite dowels and concrete slabs. The depth of composite girder is analyzed in a span range of 8‐20m. A continuous deck joint between the simply supported bridge is proposed to enhance the durability of the girder. Carbon emissions from construction materials are compared between different schemes. The efficiency of the schemes is evaluated through Live Load Structural Index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was undertaken to analyze whether the rate of breakthrough seizures in patients taking antiseizure medication (ASM) who have been seizure‐free for at least 12 months varies among different types and etiologies of epilepsy. Given the relative ease of achieving seizure freedom with ASM in patients with post‐ischemic stroke epilepsy, we hypothesized that this etiology is associated with a reduced risk of breakthrough seizures. Methods: We defined a breakthrough seizure as an unprovoked seizure occurring while the patient was taking ASM after a period of at least 12 months without seizures. Data were analyzed retrospectively from a tertiary epilepsy outpatient clinic. Patients were eligible for inclusion if they either had a breakthrough seizure at any time or a seizure‐free interval of at least 2 years. Our primary endpoint was rate of breakthrough seizures. We conducted univariable and multivariable analyses to identify variables associated with breakthrough seizures. Results: Of 521 patients (53% females, median age = 49 years) included, 29% had a breakthrough seizure, which occurred after a median seizure‐free interval of 34 months (quartiles = 22, 62). When controlling for clinically relevant covariates, breakthrough seizures were associated with post‐ischemic stroke epilepsy (odds ratio [OR] =.267, 95% confidence interval [CI] =.075–.946), genetic generalized epilepsy (OR =.559; 95% CI =.319–.978), intellectual disability (OR = 2.768, 95% CI = 1.271–6.031), and the number of ASMs previously and currently tried (OR = 1.203, 95% CI = 1.056–1.371). Of the 151 patients with breakthrough seizures, 34.3% did not reachieve terminal 12‐month seizure freedom at the last visit. Significance: This is the first study to show an association between type and etiology of epilepsy and risk of breakthrough seizures. Our data suggest that epilepsies in which seizure freedom can be obtained more easily also exhibit a lower risk of breakthrough seizures. These findings may help to better counsel seizure‐free patients on their further seizure prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Including seaweed in cattle feed has gained increased interest, but it is important to take into account that the concentration of toxic metals, especially arsenic, is high in seaweed. This study investigated the arsenic species in milk from seaweed‐fed cows. RESULTS: Total arsenic in milk of control diets (9.3 ± 1.0 μg As kg−1, n = 4, dry mass) was significantly higher than seaweed‐based diet (high‐seaweed diet: 7.8 ± 0.4 μg As kg−1, P < 0.05, n = 4, dry mass; low‐seaweed diet: 6.2 ± 1.0 μg As kg−1, P < 0.01, n = 4, dry mass). Arsenic speciation showed that the main species present were arsenobetaine (AB) and arsenate (As(V)) (37% and 24% of the total arsenic, respectively). Trace amounts of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and arsenocholine (AC) have also been detected in milk. Apart from arsenate being significantly lower (P < 0.001) in milk from seaweed‐fed cows than in milk from the control group, other arsenic species showed no significant differences between groups. CONCLUSION: The lower total arsenic and arsenate in seaweed diet groups indicates a possible competition of uptake between arsenate and phosphate, and the presence of AC indicates that a reduction of AB occurred in the digestive tract. Feeding a seaweed blend (91% Ascophyllum nodosum and 9% Laminaria digitata) does not raise As‐related safety concerns for milk. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

T‐prolymphocytic leukaemia (T‐PLL) is the most common mature T‐cell leukaemia in Central Europe and is often manifested by rapidly increasing lymphocytosis, marked bone marrow infiltration and splenomegaly. In 10–15% of cases, the diagnosis is made by incidental findings in otherwise asymptomatic patients. Here we report a case of T‐PLL that initially became symptomatic due to the presence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Initially, emergency coronary angiography with consecutive emergency 5‐coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) was performed. Leukocytosis was found perioperatively and T‐PLL (with TCL1 rearrangement) was subsequently diagnosed. Despite known potential cardiotoxicity, the patient was treated with the anti‐CD52 antibody alemtuzumab with a gradual dose increase from 3 mg to 30 mg per day. Systemic alemtuzumab therapy resulted in the complete remission of T‐PLL in the bone marrow without any impairment to cardiac function. The patient was then eligible to undergo a consolidating allogeneic stem cell transplant (alloSCT). The reported case shows that T‐PLL can also become initially symptomatic through an acute coronary syndrome on the basis of complex coronary heart disease. Targeted antileukaemic therapy with the monoclonal antibody alemzutumab can lead to effective systemic cytoreduction without cardiac dysfunction even in patients with severe cardiac disease, although cases of cardiotoxicity have been reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zerovalent magnesium (Mg(0)) nanoparticles are prepared in the liquid phase (THF) by reduction of MgBr2 either with lithium naphthalenide ([LiNaph]) or lithium biphenyl ([LiBP]). [LiBP]‐driven reduction results in smaller Mg(0) nanoparticles (10.3±1.7 nm) than [LiNaph]‐driven reduction (28.5±4 nm). The as‐prepared Mg(0) nanoparticles are monocrystalline (d101=245±5 pm) for both types of reduction. Their reactivity is probed by liquid‐phase reaction (THF, toluene) in suspension near room temperature (20–120 °C) with 1‐bromoadamantane (AdBr), chlortriphenylsilane (Ph3SiCl), trichlorphenylsilane (PhSiCl3), 9H‐carbazole (Hcbz), 7‐azaindole (Hai), 1,8‐diaminonaphthalene (H4nda) and N,N'‐bis(α‐pyridyl)‐2,6‐diaminopyridine (H2tpda) as exemplary starting materials. The reactions result in the formation of 1,1'‐biadamantane (1), [MgCl2(thf)2]×Ph6Si2 (2), [Mg9(thf)14Cl18] (3), [Mg(cbz)2(thf)3] (4), [Mg4O(ai)6]×1.5 C7H8 (5), [Mg4(H2nda)4(thf)4] (6) and [Mg3(tpda)3] (7) with 40–80 % yield. 1 and 2 show the reactivity of Mg(0) nanoparticles for C−C and Si−Si coupling reactions with sterically demanding starting materials. 3–7 represent new coordination compounds using sterically demanding N−H‐acidic amines as starting materials. The formation of multinuclear Mg2+ complexes with multidentate ligands illustrates the potential of the oxidative approach to obtain novel compounds with Mg(0) nanoparticles in the liquid phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discussed are two picolinate appended bispidine ligands (3,7‐diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane derivatives) in comparison with an earlier described bis‐pyridine derivative, which are all known to strongly bind CuII. The radiopharmacological characterization of the two isomeric bispidine complexes includes quantitative labeling with 64CuII at ambient conditions with high radiochemical purities and yields (molar activities >200 MBq/nmol). Challenge experiments in presence of EDTA, cyclam, human serum and SOD demonstrate high stability and inertness of the 64Cu‐bispidine complexes. Biodistribution studies performed in Wistar rats indicate a rapid renal elimination for both 64Cu‐labeled chelates. The bispidine ligand with the picolinate group in N7 position was selected for further biological experiments, and its backbone was therefore substituted with a benzyl‐NCS group at C9. Two tumor target modules (TMs), targeting prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), overexpressed in prostate cancer, and the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) in fibrosarcoma, were selected for thiourea coupling with the NCS‐functionalized ligand and lysine residues of TMs. Small animal PET experiments on tumor‐bearing mice showed specific accumulation of the 64Cu‐labeled TMs in PSCA‐ and FAP‐overexpressing tumors (standardized uptake value (SUV) for PC3: 2.7±0.6 and HT1080: 7.2±1.25) with almost no uptake in wild type tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbonyl cluster compound [GeRu6(CO)18HI] is unique in regard to its structure and bonding with a GeRu6 cluster core, a planar GeRu4HI unit, extensive multi‐center bonding, and an aromatic ring current similar to benzene (9‐10 nA T−1). The open‐shell cluster core is a Ge‐centered five‐membered Ru4(Ru2) ring with CO ligands and an additional H and I atom, each bridging two Ru atoms on opposite sides of the cluster core. The compound is prepared at 130 °C in a weakly‐coordinating ionic liquid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to evaluate the effect of probiotics‐containing beverages on dental caries development by a systematic review and meta‐analysis (PROSPERO CRD42021258010). PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were assessed (up to October 2023) for randomized placebo‐controlled trials that evaluated the consumption of probiotics‐containing beverages having dental caries as endpoint. Risk of bias assessment (Cochrane Handbook) was performed for all studies. Risk ratio (RR), standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI), were calculated for caries prevalence and caries increment, respectively. Meta‐analysis was performed. Qualitative analysis of more than 2000 individuals aged from 1 to 84 years (9 studies) showed inconsistent effects of these probiotics‐containing beverages. Synthesis of more than 1000 children and adolescents did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference in the proportion of individuals with cavitated lesions (RR 0.60 [95 % CI 0.34 to 1.08]; n = 2), but a significantly smaller increment of both cavitated and non‐cavitated carious lesions (SMD −0.23 [95 % CI −0.39 to −0.08]; n = 4) was related to the consumption of probiotics‐containing beverages. Certainty of evidence for caries prevalence and caries increment were moderate and low, respectively. Current evidence is not substantial to strengthen the impact of these beverages on caries development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halide double perovskites (DPs), such as Cs2AgBiX6 (X = Br/Cl), are emerging semiconductors for optoelectronic applications, offering less toxic alternatives compared to lead halide perovskites. Although exhibiting an indirect bandgap, Cs2AgBiCl6 DP nanocrystals (NCs) show bright photoluminescence spectra characterized by a spectrally broad red emission centered ≈650 nm and a narrower blue emission band centered at 425 nm. However, the origin of both emission bands is still under debate. In this paper, it is shown that silver (Ag) plays a crucial role in the explanation of both emission bands observed in these DP NCs. The trapping of holes in Ag vacancies leads to a spatial localization of the hole wave function on the scale of the lattice constant. This provides k‐values for the hole wave function at all boundaries of the Brillouin zone and thus favors the recombination with electrons at the L‐point. Accordingly, a thermally activated behavior of the red photoluminescence with an activation energy of 56 meV is observed. It is further shown that the high‐energetic blue emission band originates from lecithin ligands attached to the NC surface. Surprisingly, their emission spectrum coincides exactly with the plasmon resonance of Ag nanoclusters, located on the surface of the DP NCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the construction industry, re‐use of components has the potential to play a crucial role in reducing CO2 emissions. The direct re‐use of components is particularly suitable for steel structures because they have a high degree of prefabrication and can be dismantled with a minimum of deterioration. However, for structural applications of re‐used components, there is the need for establishing concepts and rules for evaluation, reclaiming, stockage, placing on the market, structural design and installation. Safety assessment and design of re‐used steel components will be essential for creating a system that fosters the re‐use in the construction market. Against this background, and in order to promote the re‐use of steel components as one of the key measures to reduce carbon emissions of the European construction sector and its contribution to achieving the climate goals, the article outlines key aspects for confidently designing re‐used steel components according to Eurocode 3. This includes defining the scope and implementing a technical action plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in extreme precipitation with global warming (GW) and associated uncertainties are major challenges for climate adaptation. To project future extreme precipitation on different time and intensity scales (return periods [RPs] from 1 to 100 a and durations from 1 h to 3 days), we use a novel convection‐permitting (CP), multi‐global climate model ensemble of COSMO‐CLM regional simulations with a transient projection time (1971–2100) over Germany. We find an added value of the CP scale (2.8 km) with respect to the representation of hourly extreme precipitation intensities compared to the coarser scale with parametrized deep convection (7 km). In general, the return levels (RLs) calculated from the CP simulations are in better agreement with those of the conventional observation‐based risk products for the region for short event durations than for longer durations, where an overestimation by the simulation‐based results was found. A maximum climate change signal of 6–8.5% increase per degree of GW is projected within the CP ensemble, with the largest changes expected for short durations and long RPs. Analysis of the uncertainty in the climate change signal shows a substantial residual standard deviation of a linear approximation, highlighting the need for transient data sets instead of time‐slice experiments to increase confidence in the estimates. Furthermore, the ensemble spread is found to be smallest for intensities of short duration, where changes are expected to be based mainly on thermodynamic contributions. The ensemble spread is larger for long, multi‐day durations, where a stronger dependence on the dynamical component is ascribed. In addition, an increase in spatial variance of the RLs with GW implies a more variable future climate and points to an increasing importance of accounting for uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Functional Ecology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Taking advantage of a large ensemble of Convection Permitting‐Regional Climate Models on a pan‐Alpine domain and of an object‐oriented dedicated analysis, this study aims to investigate future changes in high‐impact fall Mediterranean Heavy Precipitation Events at high warming levels. We identify a robust multi‐model agreement for an increased frequency from central Italy to the northern Balkans combined with a substantial extension of the affected areas, for a dominant influence of the driving Global Climate Models for projecting changes in the frequency, and for an increase in intensity, area, volume and severity over the French Mediterranean. However, large quantitative uncertainties persist despite the use of convection‐permitting models, with no clear agreement in frequency changes over southeastern France and a large range of plausible changes in events' properties, including for the most intense events. Model diversity and international coordination are still needed to provide policy‐relevant climate information regarding precipitation extremes. Plain Language Summary: Despite growing computational resources and multiple model developments, projecting future changes in the high‐impact Mediterranean Heavy Precipitation Events remains both a numerical and scientific challenge. The present study takes advantage of the recent availability of a relatively large ensemble of high resolution Regional Climate Models (2–3 km), which represent a step change in the simulation of precipitation extremes, and of an object‐oriented approach, allowing us to track the convective precipitating systems on an hourly basis. Looking at future changes in fall Mediterranean Heavy Precipitation Events at high warming levels, we identify a robust multi‐model agreement for an increased frequency from central Italy to the northern Balkans combined with a substantial expansion of the affected areas, and an increase in intensity, area, volume and severity over the French Mediterranean. However, considerable uncertainties remain in terms of frequency over parts of the domain arising from uncertainty in changes in large scale weather patterns, and in terms of degree of intensification for the most intense events. It suggests the need for model diversity and for more coordinated high resolution climate projections with careful selection of different driving global models in order to provide policy‐relevant climate information regarding precipitation extremes. Key Points: High‐resolution ensemble and object‐oriented approach offer a unique opportunity to study changes in Mediterranean extreme precipitationRobust agreement is found for an increase in intensity, volume and severity for future French Mediterranean Heavy Precipitation EventsEven at convection‐permitting scale, considerable uncertainty remains regarding the degree of intensification of the most extreme events [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electronic states and exciton binding energies of layered Ruddlesden‐Popper (RP) metal‐halide perovskites can be tailored through changes of their chemical composition, yielding multi‐phase systems with complex energy cascades. Ultrafast photoexcitation relaxation with transfer dynamics into domains of increasing layer number has been reported for these materials. Here, ultrafast optical spectroscopy is used to report an unexpected excitation energy dependence of photoexcitation relaxation dynamics in mixed‐dimensional benzylammonium cesium lead iodide RP perovskite (BeA2CsPb2I7) thin films, which gives rise to spectrally broadband luminescence over the visible region. Using transient absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy it is found that excitations, which are formed in the n = 2 RP‐phase after photoexcitation with ≈0.2 electron volt excess energy, transfer to higher layer number RP‐phases on unexpectedly slow timescales of tens of picoseconds. Further, it is observed that such excitations are initially optically passive. Notably, luminescence occurs under these conditions from multiple RP‐phases with optical bandgaps across the visible range, yielding broadband luminescence. The results hold potential for realization of broadband white‐light emitters and other light‐emitting devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed halide perovskite nanocrystals in the form of cesium/formamidinium lead triiodide ((Cs:FA)PbI3) offer great potential for efficient and stable solar cells. To date, large‐scale production with roll‐to‐roll compatible deposition methods remains difficult and requires detailed research on each involved processing step. Here, a proof‐of‐concept study about slot‐die coating (printing) the active layer of (Cs:FA)PbI3‐based nanocrystal solar cells is presented. Structural and morphological changes during ligand exchange of long‐chain oleic acid and oleylamine by Pb(NO3)2, and top‐layer FAI passivation are investigated. Ligand exchange improves the processability of the nanocrystal layer and enhances charge transport. It also changes texture from face‐on toward edge‐on orientation as grazing‐incidence X‐ray scattering studies indicate. Ligand exchange and FAI passivation redshift photoluminescence and prolong charge carrier lifetime in the printed nanocrystal films. The proof‐of‐concept feasibility of printing metal halide perovskite nanocrystal films for solar cells is shown by building 20 devices with a median power conversion efficiency of 6.39%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of European design regulations for re‐used steel components Until steel production becomes thoroughly CO2‐neutral, it is important to explore and expand alternative ways of constructing climate‐neutral buildings with steel. This includes, in contrast to recycling and retrofitting of old steel structures, the re‐use of steel components. While some European countries already trade and regularly utilize used steel components, this is not yet the case in Germany. The reason for this is the lack of regulations, not only on the technical and scientific side but also in terms of regulation. There are no guidelines for a market with traded construction products in general. Re‐using steel components is particularly beneficial because they are easy to dismantle, store, and flexible for re‐use. In principle, there is no obstacle to the technical regulation of used steel components in a new building context. Currently, an additional annex is being developed in EN 1990‐2 for demolition and processing. For the design of re‐used steel components, which is the focus of the article discussing conditions, concepts, and procedures, an ad‐hoc group has recently been formed in CEN/TC250/SC3, developing proposals for additional design rules. This article also addresses the connection of these rules to EN 1990‐2, which incorporates the specifications of the current CEN/TS 17440. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: In patients with epilepsy and sustained seizure freedom, guidelines recommend considering discontinuation of antiseizure medication (ASM) based on shared decision‐making. This study aims to identify factors associated with non‐discontinuation of ASM in seizure‐free patients. Methods: Retrospective data from three sites of an academic outpatient clinic were analyzed. Adult patients with epilepsy who have been seizure‐free for ≥24 months on ASM monotherapy were included. The primary end‐point was non‐discontinuation of ASM, defined as no discontinuation or no dose reduction of ≥25% at the last outpatient clinic visit in the ultimate seizure‐free interval. Secondary end‐points included frequency of discussion on discontinuation attempts between patients and physicians, adherence to ASM discontinuation decisions, and post‐discontinuation seizure outcomes. Results: Out of 338 included patients, 81.7% did not discontinue ASM and did not reduce its dose, 11.5% discontinued ASM and 6.8% had a significant dose reduction. Factors independently associated with non‐discontinuation of ASM were history of focal to bilateral or generalized tonic–clonic seizures (odds ratio [OR] 2.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08–5.06), history of breakthrough seizures (OR 3.32, 95% CI 1.10–10.04), history of failed attempts to discontinue or reduce the ASM dose (OR 4.67, 95% CI 1.03–21.11) and higher ASM load at the index visit (OR 6.10, 95% CI 2.09–17.78). Discontinuation attempts were made during the entire period of seizure freedom and were most commonly undertaken ≥10 years after the last seizure. Conclusions: This study provides insights into factors associated with the shared decision‐making process regarding ASM discontinuation in seizure‐free patients and highlights the importance of considering individual patient characteristics and seizure history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatigue class combination model for the consideration of weld imperfections in fatigue verification Fabrication‐related imperfections occur in every weld, and these play a particularly important role in steel structures subject to fatigue loading. These weld imperfections influence the fatigue strength of the welded joint. However, the link between the fatigue strength values and the quality level of the welded joints has so far been inadequate. The sizes of tolerable weld imperfections are specified acc. to EN 1090‐2, EN 1993‐1‐9 and EN ISO 5817, but they have been determined without scientific background. The true limit values are unknown. This provided the occasion to develop a methodology to determine FAT classes depending on the size of the weld imperfections. Based on fatigue tests of welded details of the cruciform joint and the transverse stiffener with imperfections, numerical investigations were carried out using the finite element method and local fatigue concepts. The results of these calculations provide a quantitative relationship between fatigue strength and size of individual weld imperfections. In addition, the fatigue class combination model was developed in a probabilistic way to efficiently account for multiple imperfections in the FAT class. Since time‐consuming rework of welds can be eliminated in the future when the presented method is applied, the verification concept for sufficient safety against fatigue failure is improved in terms of cost and resource efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiO2−CeO2−Pt hollow nanospheres (1 wt‐% Pt) are realized using a liquid‐phase strategy using NaCl as a template. The NaCl template is first coated with TiO2 and thereafter with CeO2 via the hydrolyzation of TiCl(OiPr)3 and Ce(OiPr)4 as suitable alkoxides. Finally, the NaCl template is removed by washing with water. The resulting @TiO2−CeO2 hollow nanospheres (□: inner cavity) exhibit an outer diameter of 140–180 nm, a wall thickness of 30–40 nm, an inner cavity of 80–100 nm, a specific surface area of 210 m2/g, a pore volume and area of 0.08 cm3/g and 191 m2/g, mainly with micropores ≥5 Å and ≤14 Å. The hollow nanosphere support is impregnated with Pt nanoparticles, using two different methods – a wet‐chemical deposition (Pt(ac)2, acetone, 25 °C) and a supercritical fluid reactive deposition (SFRD) process ([Pt(COD)Me2], supercritical CO2, 80 °C, 15.6 MPa) resulting in an uniform size distribution with Pt nanoparticles 2.5±0.1 nm (TiO2−CeO2−PtWCD) and 2.3±0.1 nm (TiO2−CeO2−PtSFRD) in size. The catalytic properties of the TiO2−CeO2−Pt hollow nanospheres are evaluated for CO oxidation between 50 and 500 °C. A promising catalytic activity and stable light‐out/light‐off temperatures are observed especially for the TiO2−CeO2−PtSFRD sample, indicating the suitability of hollow nanospheres as high‐porosity catalyst material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear optical materials are essential in areas such as nanophotonics, optical information processing, and biomedical imaging. However, nanomaterials employed for these diverse applications to date are efficient only for one type of nonlinear optical activity. Herein, the first multimodal nonlinear optically active class of nanomaterials based on lanthanide‐doped lithium niobate nanoparticles, which simultaneously exhibit unprecedentedly efficient second and third harmonic generation, as well as up‐conversion photoluminescence, is reported. These dielectric nanoparticles retain their high nonlinear optical conversion efficiency both as powder and as aqueous colloidal solution. The high stability also allows for the fabrication of optically active biocompatible micron‐sized fibers and polymer‐based 3D‐printable objects, as well as for fingerprint detection. Finally, the first 8‐bit coding platform purely based on multimodal nonlinear optical activity originating from different parametric and nonparametric processes is demonstrated, showcasing the technological potential of these materials for both anti‐counterfeiting and advanced optical information processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present some parts of our Maths for Engineers teaching concept: above all, motivation: sometimes mathematics teachers observe that engineering students, for example, perceive the maths concepts as a useless evil for them and therefore learn with little motivation and sustainability. When the maths concepts are later used in other subjects, the students do not know how to apply them and teachers do not value the maths education very highly. We solve the motivation problem by linking the mathematics with the subject education: the maths exercise program contains tasks from the subject education at that moment when the necessary maths concepts are available; examples can be found here: https://tud.link/y33m. In this contribution we will document our experience in achieving this maths‐subject‐link and the success by motivating students. Other parts of our teaching concept are: (1.) making recordings of lecture and tutorial available so that students can decide whether to attend the face‐to‐face lecture or watch the video 'flipped‐classroom‐style' at home: 4/5 of our students choose face‐to‐face but use the recordings for review. (2.) Instead of TWO small‐group‐tutorials per week, we offer ONE central‐tutorial and ONE small‐group‐tutorial per week: We are documenting the success of this change based on student views and on changes in exam scores: the pass rate did not change, but we are observing a raised midfield. (3.) by means of our extra credit rules: https://tud.link/6r84 we evoke (a) group work, (b) that students continuously 'stay on task' throughout the semester, as well as (c) keep reviewing what they have learned so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article celebrates the 80th birthday of Martin Jansen, a renowned chemist known for his diverse synthesis strategies and broad range of compounds. Jansen's scientific career, spanning from academia to industry, has been marked by numerous awards and international recognition. His work, characterized by a focus on binary compounds and chemical bonding, has left a significant scientific legacy with around 1400 publications. Jansen's impact extends beyond his research, as he has mentored and inspired many successful academics and industry professionals. [Extracted from the article]

Zerovalent chromium nanoparticles (2.2±0.2 nm in size) are prepared in the liquid phase (THF) by reduction of CrCl2 with lithium naphthalenide ([LiNaph]). The deep black Cr(0) nanoparticle suspensions in THF are colloidally and chemically highly stable. On the other hand, the Cr(0) nanoparticles are highly reactive, e. g. when in contact to O2, H2O, or other oxidizing agents. To probe the reactivity of the Cr(0) nanoparticles in the liquid phase near room temperature (50–80 °C), they are reacted with different coordinatively demanding, N−H, S−H or O−H acidic reactants. This includes the amines 2,2′‐dipyridylamine (HDPA), 2‐(1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)pyridine (HImPy) and carbazole (HCbz), the thiol 2‐mercaptopyridine (HMPy), and benzoic acid (HBz) as a carboxylate. As a result, the five novel compounds [Cr(DPA)3], [Cr(ImPy)3] ⋅ HImPy, [Cr(MPy)3] ⋅ 0.5 Tol (Tol: toluene), [Na2Cr(Cbz)4(THF)3], and [Cr2(Bz)4(THF)2] are obtained. [Cr(DPA)3] and [Cr(ImPy)3] ⋅ HImPy show Cr(III) coordinated by nitrogen only; [Cr(MPy)3] ⋅ 0.5 Tol shows a coordination of Cr(III) by both N and S atoms. [Na2Cr(Cbz)4(THF)3] and [Cr2(Bz)4(THF)2] contain Cr(II) and exhibit an infinite chain‐like structure and pairs of chromium atoms with fourfold binding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A strategy to engineer the stacking of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) dyes based on non‐statistical metallosupramolecular self‐assembly is introduced. For this, the DPP backbone is equipped with nitrogen‐based donors that allow for different discrete assemblies to be formed upon the addition of Pd(II), distinguished by the number of π‐stacked chromophores. A Pd3L6 three‐ring, a heteroleptic Pd2L2L′2 ravel composed of two crossing DPPs (flanked by two carbazoles), and two unprecedented self‐penetrated motifs (a Pd2L3 triple and a Pd2L4 quadruple stack), were obtained and systematically investigated. With increasing counts of stacked chromophores, UV/Vis absorptions red‐shift and emission intensities decrease, except for compound Pd2L2L′2, which stands out with an exceptional photoluminescence quantum yield of 51 %. This is extraordinary for open‐shell metal containing assemblies and explainable by an intra‐assembly FRET process. The modular design and synthesis of soluble multi‐chromophore building blocks offers the potential for the preparation of nanodevices and materials with applications in sensing, photo‐redox catalysis and optics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Due to price developments, steel composite columns have lost significant market shares to prefabricated reinforced concrete columns in recent years. Using high‐strength steel (HSS) in composite columns may offer a way of reviving the market for these kinds of columns. There are different ways of using HSS for composite columns, however, many are associated with the use of welds. Welding of HSS can lead to cold and hot cracks, while also causing high residual stresses which can lead to a decrease of the load bearing capacity. Hollow section composite columns with embedded solid core cross‐sections and using HSS may offer a way to solve this problem. Round hollow sections with embedded solid core as a composite column have so far only been investigated for steel grades up to S460. Within the scope of German FOSTA research project P1501, a concept for a test setup is derived to investigate hollow sections with embedded solid core as a composite column made of HSS. The experimental results will be used as the basis for further numerical studies, which will be discussed within the scope of this paper. Based on these models, parametric studies will be conducted in the future to validate design concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]