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Gastrointestinal pythiosis is a severe, progressive and often a fatal disease, which is caused by the aquatic pathogen Pythium insidiosum. Treatment is challenging due to the disease's resistance to antifungal drugs. Surgical resection is frequently attempted in cases of pythiosis; however, it can be technically challenging. This report presents two dogs with decreased appetite, abdominal pain, progressive haematochezia, tenesmus and significant weight loss. With the medical histories of both being young canines, living in areas with access to natural water resources and with the main chronic gastrointestinal symptoms having not responded to symptomatic treatment, pythiosis was taken into consideration. Abdominal ultrasound revealed severe, diffuse thickening and loss of normal layering of the colonic wall. These findings led to a differential diagnosis between intestinal neoplasia and fungal disease. Full‐thickness biopsies were later performed, and immunohistochemistry staining was suggested for colonic pythiosis. Medical treatment for pythiosis was successful with a combination of oral terbinafine and prednisolone. However, therapy with itraconazole in case 1 did not improve the clinical signs, and in case 2, itraconazole was used after all clinical signs have improved for clinical control. Since then, there has been no recurrence of clinical signs until the time of preparing this report (19 months for case 1, 11 months for case 2 since the cessation of treatment). The treatment was successful based on clinical signs and ultrasonographic data, and the disease remission was not confirmed by advance imaging, monitoring of pythiosis enzyme‐linked immunosorbent essay concentration or repeat sampling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: eosinophilic enteritis; eosinophilic gastritis; eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease; GATA-3; pediatric subjects; T-bet EN eosinophilic enteritis eosinophilic gastritis eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease GATA-3 pediatric subjects T-bet 1042 1044 3 03/02/22 20220301 NES 220301 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The study was funded by Mayo Clinic, Phoenix Children's Hospital Foundation, and the Donald R. Levin Family Foundation. We recently examined T-bet and GATA-3 expression in biopsies from pediatric subjects with EoE, proton pump inhibitor-responsive EoE, and controls and found that both T-bet and GATA-3 expression were increased in EoE subjects.3 This study expands on our initial findings by examining these nuclear transcription factors in subjects with eosinophilic gastritis and/or duodenitis. Slides were digitized and analyzed as previously described.3 Percentages of T-bet+and GATA-3+ nuclei were correlated to tissue eosinophil counts and compared between EG/EoD cases and controls. [Extracted from the article]

Reports of cow's milk allergy (CMA) after neonatal gastrointestinal surgery have recently increased. In recent years it has been suggested that the development of CMA after gastrointestinal surgery in newborn infants is due to an immune function. In addition, the development of CMA might be synergistically exacerbated by congenital abnormalities of the intestinal mucosa, general conditional changes and local damage to the intestine by invasive surgery, and poor pre- or post-surgical nutrition. CMA manifests as a variety of symptoms, such as mild vomiting and bloody stool, decreased activity, poor oral intake, and ileus. CMA may also rarely cause gastrointestinal perforation. Here, we report the case of a newborn infant who developed CMA following repair of focal small intestinal perforation, in which eosinophilic enteritis was suspected to be a possible cause of anastomosis leakage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of clinical cases suggests that a kind of nematode larva, type X larva of the suborder Spirurina that inhabits firefly squids (Watasenia scintillans, or 'Hotaru-ika' in Japanese), can cause acute ileus in humans. However, the larva itself has rarely been found in the wall of the obstructed intestine. We describe here a case of acute ileus, in which a type X spirurina larva was found histologically. A 60-year-old Japanese man suffered from acute abdomen, and an emergency laparotomy revealed a marked stenosis of the ileum. Histological study of the surgically resected ileum showed severe eosinophilic enteritis and a nematode larva. The morphological features of this larva were identical to those of the type X spirurina larva. Interestingly, the larva that was found existed within a small blood vessel, suggesting that the larva migrans of type X spirurina can take place via vasculature. The patient in the present case did not recall ingesting raw squids prior to the onset of his disease. Hence, this indicates that even if the ingestion of raw firefly squids is uncertain, spirurina infection should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute ileus or eosinophilic enteritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on the araneid limb-like sign of eosinophilic enterocolitis on radiologic images, which refers to the spider leg-like appearance of contrast within mucosal sinuses compressed by diffusely thickened mucosal folds. The sign is unlikely to occur with neoplasms such as lymphoma or carcinoma. Its appearance is similar to the more well-known accordion sign in the colon usually attributed to pseudomembranous colitis.