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The flesh of the Pinctada radiata pearl oyster from coastal Tunisia is considered as a high source of n‐3 and n‐6 and its shell nacre layer is a promising osteogenic biomaterial. Fatty acid (FA) analysis showed that the major components found in total FA (TFA) were 14:0, 16:0, and 18:0 saturated FA (SFA); 16:1, 18:1, and 20:1 monoenoic FA; 20:4n‐6 (ARA), 22:5n‐3 (DPA). Characteristically high levels of 20:5n‐3 (EPA) and 22:6n‐3 (DHA) (6.53–89.75 mg/100 g TFA) polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) were found, respectively, in the TFA of nacre and flesh. Evaluated the effects in vitro of lipids extracted from nacre (Ln) and from flesh (Lc) of P. radiata on growth and the differentiation of osteoblasts. Cytotoxicity tests (3‐(4, 5‐dimethylthiazolyl‐2)‐2, 5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide [MTT] and lactic acid dehydrogenase c [LDH]) demonstrated that both extracts are nontoxic. Alizarin Red staining was used in an osteoblast differentiation model using the osteoblast MC3T3‐E1 cell line. It showed that the FA of both extracts induced osteoblast differentiation leading to mineralization. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) showed a significantly higher expression of osteocalcin (Bglap) and runt‐related transcription (Runx2) in MC3T3‐E1 cells in the presence of Ln. No difference of osteopontin (Spp1) and Collagen type I (Col1a1) genes compared to the control was observed. In conclusion, these results supported, obtained from our in vitro experimental model used, the interest/potential of lipids extracted from nacre and P. radiata flesh to stimulate bone formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present work was to study the effect of season on phospholipids and triacylglycerols (TAG) of mantle and tentacles of female and male wild Sepia officinalis. The identified phospholipids were phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn), phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), and phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), and PtdEtn was the major fraction. Results showed apparent seasonal variation of phospholipid content, particularly with female samples. Fatty acid composition of phospholipid classes showed a differentiation much more in the proportions than in the diversity of fatty acids. Results showed that the major saturated fatty acids were 16:0 and 18:0, the major monounsaturated fatty acids were 18:1 and 20:l, and the major polyunsaturated fatty acids were docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3) (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3) (EPA). The results relative to TAG demonstrated significant variations. Principal component analysis confirmed the seasonal and sexual effects. This study could be appropriate for the improvement of consistent monitoring of phospholipid and TAG accumulation in cephalopod, which might be important for both physiological studies and food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of two different drying methods, traditionally by sun and controlled temperatures of 45, 50, 60 and 70 °C and relative humidity of 20 and 30% on the chemical composition of Sepia officinalis. When compared to fresh samples, lipid content increased under both drying methods whereas protein levels significantly increased only under controlled conditions. Drying procedures increased the percentage of saturated fatty acids mainly in sun-dried samples and at high temperature (70 °C). A significant decrease in the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids was detected in sun-dried samples. No significant differences were found between the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids of fresh cuttlefish and those under controlled conditions. The highest value of malondialdehyde in mantles was observed in sun-dried samples, while in tentacles the highest level was seen at 70 °C. The highest level of advanced oxidation protein products was noted in traditionally sun-dried samples. The results obtained showed that 45-50 °C and 20-30% humidity conserved the value of proteins and lipids more than traditional drying. Results of this study may be suitable for developing a reliable industrial index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and the fatty acid profile of mantle and tentacle of male and female Sepia officinalis, sampled at four seasons from the Mediterranean sea of Tunisia. S. officinalis were found to be rich in glycogen, protein and oil, and significant differences were observed between samples. The level of saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acid showed significant variability among sex and during seasons. DHA and EPA, as polyunsaturated fatty acids, were the most abundant in all samples (14.8-27.8 % and 10.4-18.3 %, respectively). Oleic acid was the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acids (1.63-4.52 %). Σn3 and Σn6 was remarkably different between seasons and among sex. This study could be suitable for the development of reliable guide of fatty acid accumulation in cephalopod. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]