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The growing focus on health management and smart technology advancements have propelled the use of wearable sensors in healthcare and human body motion analysis, particularly in preventing work‐related upper limb musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) through guided exercises. However, most available wearable medical sensors are rigid, bulky, and incapable of in situ recognition of the comprehensive motion of human body. Here, a conformal self‐powered inertial displacement sensor (CSIDS) with geometric optimization for in situ noninvasive inertial data acquisition is proposed. Leveraging template‐assisted processing and COMSOL simulation, the geometric configurations of tribo‐layer materials, specifically focusing on the curvature of semicylindrical protrusions is systematically altered. This enhancement significantly improves the detection accuracy of joint range of motion. The features of shoulder joint bending angles and linear accelerations of the humerus are accurately captured using a deep learning model based on multilayer perceptron (MLP) networks, resulting in an exceptional recognition accuracy of 99.38% and 99.58%. Compared to traditional TENG wearable sensors that can only identify single metrics, CSIDS achieves a more comprehensive health assessment through inertial data detection. This system provides early warning for shoulder joint diseases, prevents MSDs, and extends to smart wearables for comprehensive joint health and ergonomic monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge of ensuring reliability for high‐efficiency technology, multiple‐input‐multiple‐output orthogonal‐frequency‐division‐multiplexing (MIMO‐OFDM), in wireless frequency‐selective fading environments persists. In this article, the concept of spreading a symbol's energy is proposed as a viable solution to enhance transmission reliability for MIMO‐OFDM systems. And an energy‐spreading‐transform (EST)‐based MIMO‐OFDM transceiver is developed. Following the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) performed by the conventional MIMO‐OFDM transmitter, an orthogonal transformation called the EST is introduced. This transform spreads the energy of a symbol across the entire frequency domain and all time slots. The EST is coupled with the improved iterative detection algorithm named EST‐partial decision (PD)‐iterative‐interference‐cancellation (EST‐PD‐IIC) to maximize and leverage the potential diversity gain. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme approaches the performance bound when signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) is about 21dB for 16‐ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16‐QAM). Complexity analysis illustrates that the computational complexity of the evolved EST‐PD‐IIC algorithm is lower than that of the famous vertically Bell laboratory layered space‐time detector (V‐BLAST) when the antenna array size is greater than 3×3$3\times 3$. In summary, the proposed scheme is practical for providing high‐quality communication in multi‐path fading environments and can even enable a reliable communication without channel encoding when Eb/N0 exceeds a threshold in 5G‐Advanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2015, the Indian Ocean exhibits an exceptionally weakened CO2 uptake, highlighting strong interannual variability of ocean carbon sink. By utilizing multiple ocean CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) data and a state‐of‐the‐art ocean biogeochemical model, we show that the 2015 ocean CO2 anomaly is characterized by a basin‐wide amplification of ocean pCO2, differing from ocean pCO2 responses to other Indian Ocean Dipole events (e.g., 1997 and 2019). The distinct ocean pCO2 anomaly is attributed to an amplified warming and an unprecedented weakening Indonesian Throughflow under the influence of co‐occurrence of positive IOD and extreme El Niño in 2015. The amplified warming drives higher ocean pCO2 in the western and central Indian Ocean, while the ITF transports anomalously high ocean pCO2 water from the Pacific Ocean to the southeastern Indian Ocean. This newly identified ocean carbon response provides deeper insights into the Indian Ocean carbon interannual variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orbital degree of freedom plays a crucial role in governing the physical and chemical properties of solid materials, and it is widely investigated in the fields of physics, material science, and chemistry. Typically, orbital‐energy‐related scenarios, such as d‐band center or electron occupancy, have been discussed in the catalytic materials, since they can control the surface‐adsorbate bonding strength to modulate the catalytic activity. However, the impact of orbital morphology, that is the "posture" of orbitals on catalysts' surfaces, has never been studied. Here the importance of 3d‐orbital morphology on the activity of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in a strongly correlated oxide α‐Ti2O3 is highlighted. Superior ORR performance is observed in α‐Ti2O3 (Ti3+:3d1) than that of the anatase and rutile TiO2 (Ti4+:3d0), with higher Faradaic efficiency (87.3%) and H2O2 selectivity (93.2%). More importantly, a novel orbital‐morphology‐based mechanism is developed and the orbital morphology dominates the catalytic activity by determining the surface‐adsorbates d–p orbital hybridization via orbitals' overlap, resulting in a crystal‐plane‐dependent ORR activity in α‐Ti2O3. The work reveals the strong interplay between the orbital morphology, d–p hybridization, and ORR activity, which broadens the fundamental understanding of catalysts from a new view of the orbital degree of freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) have garnered recognition for their potential in the synthesis of pivotal pharmaceutical compounds. However, their utilization in the context of piperidone synthesis remains an area ripe for exploration. In this study, we examine the performance of an alcohol dehydrogenase derived from Corynebacterium glutamicum (CgADH) using a substrate analogue functional screening (SAFS) method to elucidate its substrate specificity. To improve the catalytic activity of CgADH, a phenylalanine/alanine‐scanning and iterative saturation mutation (PAS‐ISM) method was used. The most active variant, I151F/I195A, exhibited a remarkable 10.6‐fold increase in catalytic activity compared to the wild‐type. Structural analysis revealed that the introduction of residues 151F and 195A led to a remodeling of the substrate‐binding pocket, enabling additional p‐π hydrophobic interactions with the substrate, ultimately promoting a more favorable substrate binding pose. This study introduces the SAFS screening method, which enables the identification of enzymes with no sequence homology to known enzymes. Furthermore, the application of PAS‐ISM presents an efficient approach for the engineering of alcohol dehydrogenases. These findings open up promising avenues to expand the utility of ADHs in the synthesis of piperidone, thereby advancing the field of pharmaceutical chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the risk of women who have survived borderline ovarian tumors (BOT) developing second primary malignancies (SPM). Methods: This work employed the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program to conduct a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with BOT. The SEER stat software was used to calculate the standardized incidence ratio (SIR). Cases with pathologic diagnosis and for which information on prognostic factors were available were obtained and analyzed using the Fine and Gray model, with non‐SPM death as a competing event. Results: The risk of developing SPM among BOT survivors was not elevated compared with that expected in the general population (SIR 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.80–0.96) between 1975 and 2017. Of 3661 patients with BOT diagnosed between 1977 and 2000, 477 patients (13.03%) experienced the development of SPM during the median follow up of 19.43 years and the cumulative incidence of SPM over a span of 25 years was 15.52%. Patients with mucinous BOT (P = 0.028), age older than 50 years (P < 0.001), or no lymph node dissection (P = 0.042), had a higher cumulative incidence of SPM in univariate analysis. In the multivariable competing risk analysis, performing lymphadenectomy (subdistribution hazard ratios [sdHR] 0.79, 95% CI 0.64–0.98), age (sdHR 1.03, 95% CI 1.02–1.03) could strongly predict the risk of SPM. Conclusion: In contrast to ovarian cancer, women with BOT were not more prone to develop SPM. Synopsis: Women with borderline ovarian tumors do not exhibit heightened susceptibility to secondary primary malignancies, in contrast to previous findings for invasive epithelial ovarian cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monsoon is the primary force behind the upper‐layer circulation system and regulates eddy activity in the South China Sea (SCS). Using satellite observations and a state‐of‐the‐art oceanic reanalysis, this study examines transferring processes of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) during the SCS Summer Monsoon (SCSSM) onset (20th May on average). The SCSSM onset transforms surface winds from easterly to southwesterly, increasing EKE in the southwestern SCS by surface wind work. Despite the persistent energy input from wind work, EKE growth ceases during the first 20 days after SCSSM onset. An EKE budget analysis suggests that most energy input dissipates in the mixed layer due to the high wind speed, which explains the EKE stagnation. Additionally, eddy‐mean flow interactions transfer kinetic energy from eddies to mean flows during the SCSSM onset. The Vietnam coastal upwelling system provides available potential energy to EKE on the offshore side through buoyancy work. Our study reveals energy‐transferring processes from the summer monsoon to eddy activity and dissipation in the SCS, with implications for understanding multiscale dynamic evolutions during the monsoon transition. Plain Language Summary: The South China Sea (SCS) has received much attention for its unique ocean dynamics impacted by monsoons. While the SCS monsoon is known to modulate the seasonal variation in SCS circulation, the effects of the intraseasonal monsoon oscillations on the oceanic eddy activity remain unclear. Generally, ocean circulation and eddy activity get stronger when surface winds strengthen. However, this study reports a stagnation of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) after the SCS summer monsoon onset in the southern SCS despite the persistent energy input from the surface winds. EKE budget results show that high‐speed wind changes the current structure and greatly intensifies ocean dissipation. This study provides a new perspective on ocean energy‐transferring processes under the SCS monsoon transition and will benefit ocean circulation modeling and prediction in the future. Key Points: Eddy kinetic energy (EKE) growth stagnates for 20 days in eastern Vietnam after the South China Sea Summer Monsoon onsetDissipation due to the high wind speed explains the EKE stagnation as a dominant energy sinkThe formation of the upwelling system changes the energy transfer process and modulates the eddy‐mean flow interaction [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to realize portable pathogen diagnostics with easier quantitation, digitization and integration, we develop a ready‐to‐use electrochemical sensing strategy (Iso‐E‐Codelock) for real‐time detection of isothermal nucleic acid amplification. Bridged by a branched DNA as codelock, the isothermal amplicon is transduced into increased current of an electrochemical probe, holding multiple advantages of high sensitivity, high selectivity, signal‐on response, "zero" background and one‐pot operation. Through a self‐designed portable instrument (BioAlex PHE−T), the detection can be implemented on a multichannel microchip and output real‐time amplification curves just like an expensive commercial PCR machine. The microchip is a rebuilding‐free and disposable component. The branch codelock probe can be customized for different targets and designs. Such high performance and flexibility have been demonstrated utilizing four virus (SARS‐CoV‐2, African swine fever, FluA and FluB) genes as targets, and two branch (3‐way and 4‐way) DNAs as codelock probes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trastuzumab is widely used in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐positive gastric cancer (GC) therapy, but ubiquitous resistance limits its clinical application. In this study, we first showed that CD44 antigen is a significant predictor of overall survival for patients with HER2‐positive GC. Next, we found that CD44 could be co‐immunoprecipitated and co‐localized with HER2 on the membrane of GC cells. By analyzing the interaction between CD44 and HER2, we identified that CD44 could upregulate HER2 protein by inhibiting its proteasome degradation. Notably, the overexpression of CD44 could decrease the sensitivity of HER2‐positive GC cells to trastuzumab. Further mechanistic study showed that CD44 upregulation could induce its ligand, hyaluronan (HA), to deposit on the cancer cell surface, resulting in covering up the binding sites of trastuzumab to HER2. Removing the HA glycocalyx restored sensitivity of the cells to trastuzumab. Collectively, our findings suggested a role for CD44 in regulating trastuzumab sensitivity and provided novel insights into HER2‐targeted therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ras GTPase‐activating proteins (Ras GAPs) act as negative regulators for Ras proteins and are involved in various signalling processes that influence cellular functions. Here, the function of four Ras GAPs, UvGap1 to UvGap4, was identified and analysed in Ustilaginoidea virens, the causal agent of rice false smut disease. Disruption of UvGAP1 or UvGAP2 resulted in reduced mycelial growth and an increased percentage of larger or dumbbell‐shaped conidia. Notably, the mutant ΔUvgap1 completely lost its pathogenicity. Compared to the wild‐type strain, the mutants ΔUvgap1, ΔUvgap2 and ΔUvgap3 exhibited reduced tolerance to H2O2 oxidative stress. In particular, the ΔUvgap1 mutant was barely able to grow on the H2O2 plate, and UvGAP1 was found to influence the expression level of genes involved in reactive oxygen species synthesis and scavenging. The intracellular cAMP level in the ΔUvgap1 mutant was elevated, as UvGap1 plays an important role in maintaining the intracellular cAMP level by affecting the expression of phosphodiesterases, which are linked to cAMP degradation in U. virens. In a yeast two‐hybrid assay, UvRas1 and UvRasGef (Ras guanyl nucleotide exchange factor) physically interacted with UvGap1. UvRas2 was identified as an interacting partner of UvGap1 through a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay and affinity capture‐mass spectrometry analysis. Taken together, these findings suggest that the UvGAP1‐mediated Ras pathway is essential for the development and pathogenicity of U. virens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: There are large differences in clinical manifestations and biological markers between elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis (EPRA, age >60) and younger patients with RA (YPRA, age ≤60), partly owing to variations in the immune system of different age groups. Here, we focused on the changes of immune cell infiltration in YPRA and EPRA. Methods: The R packages "ssGSEA" and "GSEA" were used to identify the changes in immune cell infiltration and immune‐related pathways between the two groups. The R packages "WGCNA" and "DEseq2" were used to screen and verify age‐related differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Hub genes were identified using Cytoscape and cytoHubba. Spearman correlation coefficient was conducted to evaluate correlations between hub age‐related genes and immune cells. Results: Compared with 54 established YPRA, several immune cells and immune‐related pathways were markedly decreased in 29 EPRA synovial tissues. Moreover, 78 age‐related DEGs related to amino acid and glycosphingolipid synthesis and metabolism were identified. USP2 and ARG2 were verified to be upregulated in EPRA, signifying that these two genes could effectively distinguish YPRA and EPRA and have potential as biomarkers. In addition, we found that USP2 was significantly negatively correlated with B cells and monocytes, while there was a significant negative association between ARG2 and T cells. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study is the first to systematically analyze changes in immune cell infiltration between YPRA and EPRA patients and obtain hub age‐related genes, which may provide the basis for illuminating the pathogenesis of EPRA and informing treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interactions between drugs and proteins play a pivotal role in determining the pharmacological effects and disposition of drugs within the human body. This study focuses on exploring the interaction between nitrendipine and lysozyme/human serum albumin. Spectroscopic analysis indicated a compound static quenching, indicative of the formation of stable complexes between the drug and proteins. The addition of vitamin C or naringin resulted in a decrease of the binding constant between nitrendipine and lysozyme/human serum albumin. The presence of these compounds may disrupt the interactions between the drug and proteins, potentially leading to an increased concentration of free nitrendipine in the bloodstream. Nitrendipine binds more easily to human serum albumin at 310 K, and human serum albumin has an average binding site ratio with nitrendipine approximately 0.1 higher than that with lysozyme. Vitamin C has a greater impact on the binding constant of nitrendipine to human serum albumin and lysozyme. Compared to the binary system of proteins with the drug, the ternary system with the addition of vitamin C at 310 K reduces the binding constants of lysozyme and human serum albumin by 85%. In conclusion, this study explores the significance of considering drug–protein interactions in understanding drug behavior and potential drug–food interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Great Whirl (GW) and the Socotra Gyre (SoG), two prominent anticyclonic eddies in the western Arabian Sea, exhibit strong dynamic interactions. This study reports a case of the merging of the GW and the SoG recorded by Argo floats in September 2019. Combined with satellite observations and a state‐of‐the‐art ocean reanalysis, we show that the merging process was first detected at the subsurface layer (∼150 m depth) rather than the surface. As the original water inside the GW is cooler than the SoG, the merging created a baroclinic structure between the eddies. The density gradients associated with the baroclinic structure drive strong subsurface geostrophic currents following the thermal wind relationship, leading to the fast merging at 100–200 m depth. Energy analysis shows that the predominant energy source for the merged eddy was the barotropic and baroclinic instability. The dissipative processes caused the rapid decay of the merged eddy. The merging process induced submesoscale activities and promoted ocean vertical exchanges south of Socotra Island. Plain Language Summary: The Great Whirl (GW) and the Socotra Gyre (SoG) are two large clockwise eddies in the western Arabian Sea. Ocean observations caught the merging process of these two eddies in September 2019. The Argo floats detected the process first at the subsurface layer. Ocean reanalysis reveals that the water inside the GW was cooler than the SoG, which led to the density difference that enhanced the subsurface flow. The subsurface flow transported the warm and salty water from the SoG faster than the surface in the interior of the eddy. During the merging process, the smaller‐scale motions led to increased surface chlorophyll concentrations in the region, with replenished nutrients and dissolved oxygen. Key Points: The merging process of the Great Whirl (GW) and the Socotra Gyre (SoG) was faster at the subsurface, resulting from density gradientsThe barotropic and baroclinic instability provided the predominant energy for the mergingThe merging process stimulated submesoscale activities and promoted ocean vertical exchanges [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the most extensive natural energy on earth, ocean wave energy is regarded as a difficult energy to be fully and efficiently utilized because of its low frequency and multi‐direction movement. Herein, a versatile blue energy triboelectric nanogenerator (VBE‐TENG) fabricated by using dual‐mode output terminals with charge excitation strategy is reported, which can harvest varying water‐wave energy effectively. Benefiting from the rolling ball on a specific track and the compression rebound characteristics of a spring sheet steel, the carrier can be driven along a specific path through random ocean wave energy, and then the energy is converted into electricity by VBE‐TENG. A high peak output power of 34.3 mW is obtained, 2.5 times as much as that of current highest record based on a device unit in blue energy TENG. In addition, the TENG can light 256 LEDs and continuously power commercial electronic devices in wave environments. The average peak voltage of contact‐separation TENG is converted into virtual signal via Labview software to provide wave height monitoring as a self‐powered sensing system. This work provides a new approach in blue energy TENG toward practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical infrastructures such as cyber‐physical energy systems (CPS‐E) integrate information flow and physical operations that are vulnerable to natural and targeted failures. Safe, secure, and reliable operation and control of CPS‐E is critical to ensure societal well‐being and economic prosperity. Automated control is key for real‐time operations and may be mathematically cast as a sequential decision‐making problem under uncertainty. Emergence of data‐driven techniques for decision making under uncertainty, such as reinforcement learning (RL), have led to promising advances for addressing sequential decision‐making problems for risk‐based robust CPS‐E control. However, existing research challenges include understanding the applicability of RL methods across diverse CPS‐E applications, addressing the effect of risk preferences across multiple RL methods, and development of open‐source domain‐aware simulation environments for RL experimentation within a CPS‐E context. This article systematically analyzes the applicability of four types of RL methods (model‐free, model‐based, hybrid model‐free and model‐based, and hierarchical) for risk‐based robust CPS‐E control. Problem features and solution stability for the RL methods are also discussed. We demonstrate and compare the performance of multiple RL methods under different risk specifications (risk‐averse, risk‐neutral, and risk‐seeking) through the development and application of an open‐source simulation environment. Motivating numerical simulation examples include representative single‐zone and multizone building control use cases. Finally, six key insights for future research and broader adoption of RL methods are identified, with specific emphasis on problem features, algorithmic explainability, and solution stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eastern boundary current of the tropical Indian Ocean (IO) connects the equatorial/south tropical IO, contributing to the meridional heat and salinity exchange. As a part of the IO tropical gyre, the meridional current in the eastern IO tropical gyre (East Sumatra Current, ESC) flows southward in the mean state. However, the route of this current varies with months. Drifter trajectories display an exceptional route that turns southeastward before reaching Sumatra in the austral winter and spring, considered the interior ESC. This study uses observations and reanalysis data sets to investigate the seasonal structure and forcing mechanisms behind the interior ESC. The velocity is decomposed into geostrophic and wind‐driven components. The results suggest that the geostrophic component plays a dominant role in the ESC recirculating early from April to June. The southward geostrophic currents are mainly caused by positive zonal temperature gradients, which are induced by both the cold anomaly of the Chagos Dome and the warm water carried by the Indonesian Throughflow, particularly in April and May. Meanwhile, the annual Rossby wave contributes to the temperature anomaly of the Chagos Dome. During the monsoon that prevails after July, the wind‐driven component increases and becomes the primary forcing, accompanying the slowdown of geostrophic velocity. Therefore, the local wind stress, wave propagation, and water mass transport account for the formation of the seasonal interior ESC. Plain Language Summary: The eastern boundary current of the tropical Indian Ocean (ESC) is an important ocean current that contributes to the heat‐salinity exchange of the Indian Ocean (IO) tropical gyre. By using drifters and reanalysis data sets, the routes and seasonal evolution of ESC are investigated. The drifter trajectories reveal an exceptional route, which is closer to the interior IO. Indonesian Throughflow brings warm water into the southeast tropical Indian Ocean and induces the positive gradient together with the cold anomaly of the Chagos Dome. The zonal gradient of potential temperature accounts for the formation of the interior ESC. Furthermore, the formation of ESC cannot be fully explained by geostrophic currents. The wind‐driven currents indicate an enhancement effect of the ESC during the austral winter, together forcing the interior ESC. Key Points: Drifter trajectories display an exceptional route of the meridional current in the eastern Indian Ocean tropical gyreThe positive zonal gradient of potential temperature dominates the southward vertical shear in the southeast tropical Indian OceanThe formation of the interior East Sumatra Current is due to the prevailing monsoon, wave propagation, and water mass transport [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A middle‐aged woman presented to our hospital with a chief complaint of a mass on the left shoulder for 1 year. The initial lump was small with no pain or tenderness, and the patient had not sought medical attention for numbness in the left shoulder. Clinical examination showed a mass on the left shoulder measuring 11 × 8 × 3 cm approximately with no apparent skin damage or ecchymosis. No limitations in left shoulder joint movements were observed, and the patient exhibited normal movement of the left elbow joint, wrist joint, and metacarpophalangeal joint. Moreover, the left radial artery was palpable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds are important legume crops and an important source of dietary proteins and carbohydrates. Therefore, it is important to develop strategies to improve salt tolerance in common beans. In this study, transcriptome and metabolome analyses were conducted on local common bean variety under salt stress at the sprout stage for a period of 0, 12, and 24 h. Results showed that phenylpropanoid pathways (including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism) and flavonoid pathways (including flavonoid biosynthesis and flavone and flavonol biosynthesis) played an important role in controlling responses to salt stress as evidenced by analysis of differentially expression genes, common expression patterns, WCGNA, and differentially altered metabolites (DAMs) analyses. In addition, exploration of the activities of 4‐coumarate‐CoA ligase (4CL), caffeoyl‐CoA O‐methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), peroxidase (POD), chalcone isomerase (CHI), dihydroflavonol‐4‐reductase (DFR), and flavonol synthase (FLS) further showed that phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways participate in plant responses to salt stress. Moreover, the phenylpropanoid pathways and flavonoid pathways were found to be potential pathways regulating plant response to salt stress based on transcriptome and metabolome analysis. The activities of 4CL, CCoAOMT, POD, CHI, DFR, and FLS revealed that these pathways are crucial to the regulation of plant responses to salt stress. These findings provided theoretical basis for further improvement of salt tolerance in common bean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the sea level (SL) changes on the interdecadal timescale in the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) in response to the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) in 20 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models. The analysis suggests that the interdecadal sea level pattern variation in the Thermocline Ridge of the Indian Ocean (TRIO) area coincides with the IPO phases and is mainly caused by fluctuations of surface forcing over the TIO. Changes in tropical wind stress curl (WSC) mainly induce the SL variability on the interdecadal timescale associated with IPO in the TRIO region in both observations and models. The stochastic wind forcing and its interaction with the ocean's internal variability produce significant interdecadal SL fluctuation in the southeast Indian Ocean. We evaluated the ability of 20 CMIP6 models to capture interdecadal variations in sea level teleconnections. We found that about 75% of models reproduce decadal fluctuations related to IPO pretty well. The interdecadal variations of the SL in the western TIO emerge primarily in response to westward propagating downwelling Rossby waves induced by the WSC in the central‐south TIO in MMM, and models as in observations. Pacific IPO‐related anomalies primarily spread through the oceanic pathways of the Maritime Continent in the eastern Indian Ocean. Further, the IPO induces changes in the western Indian Ocean WSC through atmospheric pathways, which in turn causes Rossby waves to move westward, affecting the southwest Indian SL. Almost all the models and MMM show interdecadal SL variations in TIO associated with IPO. This study is beneficial as interdecadal prediction research on SL has a significant societal need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Senescent cells are the critical drivers of atherosclerosis formation and maturation. Mitigating senescent cells holds promise for the treatment of atherosclerosis. In an atherosclerotic plaque microenvironment, senescent cells interact with reactive oxygen species (ROS), promoting the disease development. Here, we hypothesize that a cascade nanozyme with antisenescence and antioxidant activities can serve as an effective therapeutic for atherosclerosis. An integrated cascade nanozyme with superoxide dismutase‐ and glutathione peroxidase‐like activities, named MSe1, is developed in this work. The obtained cascade nanozyme can attenuate human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) senescence by protecting DNA from damage. It significantly weakens inflammation in macrophages and HUVECs by eliminating overproduced intracellular ROS. Additionally, the MSe1 nanozyme effectively inhibits foam cell formation in macrophages and HUVECs by decreasing the internalization of oxidized low‐density lipoprotein. After intravenous administration, the MSe1 nanozyme significantly inhibits the formation of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E‐deficient (ApoE−/−) mice by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation and then decreases the infiltration of inflammatory cells and senescent cells in atherosclerotic plaques. This study not only provides a cascade nanozyme but also suggests that the combination of antisenescence and antioxidative stress holds considerable promise for treating atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevations in circling branched‐chain amino acids (BCAAs) levels associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Morus alba L. water extracts (MLE) show hypoglycemic function, but the precise mechanism remains obscure. This study is designed to investigate the association of the antidiabetes effect of MLE with the BCAAs co‐metabolism modulated by host and gut microbiota. Tissue‐specific expressions of BCAA‐catabolizing enzymes were detected by RT‐PCR and western blot, respectively. The components of the intestinal microflora were analyzed by high‐throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed that MLE administration improved blood glucose and insulin level, decreased inflammatory cytokines expression, and lowered serum and feces BCAAs levels. Furthermore, MLE reversed the abundance changes of the bacterial genera correlated with serum and feces BCAAs, such as Anaerovorax, Bilophila, Blautia, Colidextribacter, Dubosiella, Intestinimonas, Lachnoclostridium, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136, Oscillibacter, and Roseburia. Functionality prediction indicated that MLE potentially inhibited bacterial BCAAs biosynthesis, and promoted the tissue‐specific expression of BCAAs catabolic enzyme. More importantly, MLE had obvious impacts on BCAA catabolism in germ‐free‐mimic T2DM mice. Those results indicated that MLE improving T2DM‐related biochemical abnormalities is associated with not only gut microbiota modification but also the tissue‐specific expression of BCAAs catabolic enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the influence of historical geological and climatic events on the evolution of flora and fauna in the Tibetan Plateau has been a hot research topic. The Qilian Mountain region is one of the most important sources of biodiversity on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. Many species existed in the region during the Pleistocene glacial oscillation, and the complex geographical environment provided suitable conditions for the survival of local species. The shrinkage, expansion, and transfer of the distribution range and population size of species have significant effects on genetic diversity and intraspecific differentiation. To reveal the effects of geological uplift and climate oscillation on the evolution of fish populations in the Qilian Mountains, we investigated the genetic structure, phylogenetic relationship, and phylogeographical characteristics of genus Triplophysa species in the Qilian Mountains using the mitochondrial DNA gene (COI), three nuclear genes (RAG1, sRH, and Myh6) and 11 pairs of nuclear microsatellite markers. We collected 11 species of genus Triplophysa living in the Qilian Mountains, among which Triplophysa hsutschouensis and Triplophysa papillosolabiata are widely distributed in the rivers on the northern slope of the Qilian Mountains. There was a high degree of lineage differentiation among species, and the genetic diversity of endemic species was low. The different geographical groups of T. papillosolabiata presented some allogeneic adaptation and differentiation, which was closely related to the changes in the river system. Except for the population expansion event of T. hsutschouensis during the last glacial period of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (0.025 MYA), the population sizes of other plateau loach species remained stable without significant population expansion. Starting from the east and west sides of the Qilian Mountains, T. hsutschouensis, and T. papillosolabiata showed two species colonization routes in opposite directions. The geological events of the uplift of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau and the climatic oscillation of the Quaternary glaciation had a great influence on the genetic structure of the plateau loach in the Qilian Mountains, which promoted the genetic differentiation of the plateau loach and formed some unique new species. The results of this study have important guiding significance for fish habitat protection in the Qilian Mountains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triboelectric–electromagnetic hybridized nanogenerator (TEHG) is confirmed as an effective energy harvesting for Internet of Things. However, it is still a great challenge to gain a high‐output triboelectric‐nanogenerator (TENG) and to perfectly combine TENG with electromagnetic generator (EMG). Herein, a TEHG composed of space confined multi‐layer‐stack TENG (SM‐TENG) and stack compression promoted flux change EMG is proposed. The interaction of magnets on the rotor with the magnets on the stator makes contact–separation of the SM‐TENG and changes the magnetic flux of EMG in rotation process, reducing wear and deformation of TENG. A voltage multiplier circuit (VMC) with a Zener diode is employed to enhance SM‐TENG performance and maintain stable output. The output charge and current of four SM‐TENG units reach 3.2 µC and 385 µA at rotatory speed 60 rpm, and the voltage of four EMG reaches 8.09 V. The perfect combination and synergetic utilization of triboelectrification, charge excitation, and electromagnetic induction in a single device are realized. The integrated TEHG can power 12 bulbs (2 W) and 16 thermo‐hygrometers, and a Bluetooth thermo‐hygrometer to transmit wireless signals to a mobile phone. This work provides a new strategy for high efficient integration and utilization various mechanisms in one energy‐harvesting device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observations of Argo profiles and TAO/TRITON array confirm the significant seasonality of the barrier layer (BL) and temperature inversion (TI) in the northeastern tropical Pacific (NETP). Statistical result of the occurrence based on the Argo profiles reveals a bimodal variability of the BL, with two peaks in July and October. This bimodal seasonality of BL is attributed to the out‐of‐phase variations of the eastern Pacific fresh and warm pools. The fresh and warm pools both expand westward from May to July, when the Inter‐Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) becomes intense and broad. Heavy rainfall is the dominant contributor to the extension of the fresh and warm pools, leading to a high frequency of thick BL (40%). This frequent thick BL provides a precondition for its another development after August. The fresh pool is stable from August to November, while the warm pool contracts sharply. The cold tongue becomes active due to a prevailing trade wind and horizontal advection transports surface cold water to the northeastern warm pool. This cold advection deepens the isothermal layer and contributes to a frequent TI (30%) and thick BL (46%). The results suggest that the ITCZ rainfall and northward cold advection from equator dominate the upper layer stratification of NETP in summer and autumn, respectively. Plain Language Summary: The marine barrier layer (BL) features strong salinity stratification at the base of a surface mixed layer insulating water exchange between the surface and subsurface. The formation mechanisms of the BL in the northeastern tropical Pacific are analyzed based on the observations of Argo floats and the TAO/TRITON array. The BLs show a bimodal seasonality with two peaks in July and October. The atmospheric forcing leads to extensions of the warm and fresh pools in the summer and causes the BL formation. Temperature inversions (TIs) occur frequently during the boreal autumn, with the surface temperature lower than the subsurface 1.82°C in October. The warm pool contracts sharply during autumn due to the development of the cold tongue, which causes frequent TIs and thickens the BLs. The out‐of‐phase changes in the warm and fresh pools result in bimodal seasonality and different formation mechanisms. Key Points: The bimodal barrier layer seasonality is due to the out‐of‐phase variabilities of the fresh and the warm poolsThe heavy rainfall and equatorial ocean dynamics dominate the upper layer stratification in summer and autumn, respectivelyThe cold transport by the cold tongue deepens the isothermal layer, contributing to the temperature inversion and thick barrier layer [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Atherosclerosis is a main cause of multiple cardiovascular diseases, and cell damage of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was reported to participate in the development of atherosclerosis. In this study, we aimed to study the action of Astragaloside IV (ASV) on AS development using in vitro AS cell model. Methods: MTT assay, EdU staining assay, and flow cytometry were utilized for detection of cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. The protein expression of histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9), Bax, Bcl‐2, p‐P65, P65, p‐IκBα, and IκBα was gaged using western blot. The angiogenesis was evaluated by tube formation assay. The inflammatory response was evaluated by ELISA kits. SOD activity and MDA level were detected using the matched commercial kits. RT‐qPCR was used for HDAC9 mRNA expression measurement. Results: Oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL) significantly repressed cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and enhanced apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in HUVECs. ASV addition could alleviate ox‐LDL‐caused cell damage in HUVECs. Moreover, HDAC9 was overexpressed in AS patients and AS cell model. Functionally, HDAC9 knockdown also exhibited the protective role in ox‐LDL‐treated HUVECs. In addition, ASV treatment protected against ox‐LDL‐induced damage in HUVECs via targeting HDAC9. ASV could inactivate the NF‐κB pathway via regulating HDAC9 in AS cell model. Conclusion: ASV exerted the protective effects on ox‐LDL‐induced damage in HUVECs through the HDAC9/NF‐κB axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of organic dyes in water and their consequent detrimental effect to ecological environment have attracted worldwide extensive attention. It is urgent to develop rapid and efficient method to degrade organic dyes. In this paper, an efficient CdZnS/SnS2/SnO2 heterojunction is successfully prepared by sequential template approach and hydrothermal method. Comparison with CdZnS and SnS2/SnO2, the heterogeneous structure of CdZnS/SnS2/SnO2 greatly enhances the photocatalytic degradation ability of Rhodamine B (RhB). The apparent reaction rate of CdZnS/SnS2/SnO2 heterostructure is around 12.71 and 16.69 times higher than those of SnS2/SnO2 and CdZnS, respectively, reaching 0.0267 min−1. After CdZnS/SnS2/SnO2 photocatalysis of RhB solution, the BOD/COD ratio increases from 0.168 to 0.725, indicating that the biodegradability is greatly improved. It has been proved that ⋅OH, ⋅O2−, h+ and e− are the main active species involved in the degradation process. In addition, the CdZnS/SnS2/SnO2 exhibits good stability and reusability, with little change in the photocatalytic activity after five cycles. Its superior removal activity is mainly due to the formation of heterojunction improved light harvesting and enhanced separation efficiency. This work provides a new insight for photocatalytic degradation of organic dye wastewater by solar light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that Kawasaki disease is a medium-sized vessel vasculitis primarily which affect young children. Topics include examines patients with KD present with recurrent fever and the hallmark constellation of polymorphous skin rash, mucositis, limbal-sparing conjunctivitis, extremity changes and unilateral cervical lymphadenopathy.

Introduction: Adoptive cellular therapy with tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) has demonstrated promising clinical benefits in several solid tumors, but the efficacy of this therapy might be compromised by the "prone‐to‐exhaustion" phenotype of TIL and poor persistence in vivo. This calls for a robust expansion process to produce a large number of cells for clinical usage while at the same time maintaining favorable anti‐tumor function and memory phenotype. Previous studies showed that the PI3K‐AKT signaling pathway plays a key role in the regulation of T cell activation, differentiation and memory formation. Method: We modulated the PI3K‐AKT pathway in TIL isolated from cervical and ovarian cancer by application of AKT or PI3K inhibitors or CRISPR knockout of AKT1 and/or AKT2, and characterized their effects on TIL phenotype and effector function. Mechanistic study was further performed with RNA‐seq analysis of AKT1/2 KO TIL in comparison to control TIL. Result: The inhibition of either PI3K or AKT led to an increase in the population of effector CD8+ T cells with upregulation of activation markers, elevated CD39−CD69− memory T cells, and significantly enhanced cytotoxicity when cocultured with tumor cell lines and patient‐derived tumor samples. Moreover, dual knockout of AKT1 and AKT2 largely phenocopies the functional impact of AKT or PI3K inhibition on TIL. This result was further validated by RNA‐seq analysis indicating that AKT1/2 ablation primarily regulates T cell differentiation and function‐related programs. Conclusion: Modulation of PI3K‐AKT signaling represents a promising strategy to enhance TIL stemness and cytotoxicity and improve the clinical outcome of current TIL‐based therapy to treat solid tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunoassays are currently not available in commercial kits for the quantification of valproic acid, vigabatrin, pregabalin, and gabapentin, which also cannot suffer the limitations of interferences of substances with similar structures. Chromatography is a good alternative to immunoassay. In this study, a simple and robust non‐derivatization gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of the above four drugs in human plasma was developed and validated for therapeutic drug monitoring purposes. This method employed benzoic acid as the internal standard with hydrochloric acid for plasma acidification and ACN for precipitate protein. The supernatant was directly injected into gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry for analysis. Good linearity was obtained with linear correlation coefficients of the four analytes of 0.9988–0.9996. Extraction recoveries of valproic acid, vigabatrin, pregabalin, and gabapentin were respectively in the ranges of 91.3%–94.5%, 90.0%–90.9%, 90.0%–92.1%, and 88.0%–92.2% with the relative standard deviation values less than 12.6%. Intra‐ and inter‐batch precision and accuracy, and stability assays were all acceptable. Taken together, the novel method developed in this study provided easy plasma pretreatment, good extraction yield, and high chromatographic resolution, which has been successfully validated through the quantification of valproic acid in the plasma of 46 patients with epilepsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exercise training is the cornerstone component of pulmonary rehabilitation, which results in symptom‐reducing, psychosocial, and health economic benefits for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. However, the potential mechanisms of its action are poorly understood. This study conducted serum metabolomics using ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography–Q‐Exactive tandem mass spectrometry to determine the metabolic changes in COPD rats, and the effects of exercise training on improvement in COPD were further investigated. Twelve differential metabolites—which are primarily related to tryptophan metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, riboflavin metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, and lysine degradation—were identified in relation to COPD. After the intervention of exercise training, the levels of most metabolites were restored, and the changes in five metabolites were statistically significant, which suggested that exercise training provided effective protection against COPD and might play its role by rebalancing disordered metabolism pathways. This work enhanced our comprehension of the protective mechanism of exercise training on COPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Faithful meiotic progression ensures the generation of viable gametes. Studies suggested the male meiosis of plants is sensitive to ambient temperature, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive.Here, we characterized a maize (Zea mays ssp. mays L.) dominant male sterile mutant Mei025, in which the meiotic process of pollen mother cells (PMCs) was arrested after pachytene.An Asp‐to‐Asn replacement at position 276 of INVERTASE ALKALINE NEUTRAL 6 (INVAN6), a cytosolic invertase (CIN) that predominantly exists in PMCs and specifically hydrolyses sucrose, was revealed to cause meiotic defects in Mei025. INVAN6 interacts with itself as well as with four other CINs and seven 14‐3‐3 proteins. Although INVAN6Mei025, the variant of INVAN6 found in Mei025, lacks hydrolytic activity entirely, its presence is deleterious to male meiosis, possibly in a dominant negative repression manner through interacting with its partner proteins. Notably, heat stress aggravated meiotic defects in invan6 null mutant. Further transcriptome data suggest INVAN6 has a fundamental role for sugar homeostasis and stress tolerance of male meiocytes.In summary, this work uncovered the function of maize CIN in male meiosis and revealed the role of CIN‐mediated sugar metabolism and signalling in meiotic progression under heat stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, has become a promising environment energy harvesting technology. However, traditional TENG, based on the coupling of contact electrification and electrostatic induction, generates alternating current (AC) directly, which requires a rectifier to obtain direct current (DC) before being used to drive electronics. There are a few methods to obtain DC output including mechanical rectifier, phase coupling, air breakdown, and Schottky contact. But to achieve high output and high durability of DC‐TENG, new exploration is desired. In this study, a novel DC‐TENG is proposed, which greatly improves the output performance by designing a mechanical time‐delay switch and an alternative blank‐tribo‐area. The working mechanism of the DC‐TENG is analyzed theoretically and verified by experiments. It is found that the blank‐tribo‐area promotes charge accumulation, while the mechanical time‐delay switch realizes DC output. This DC‐TENG can light up 1888 LEDs in series at 60 rpm and drive 24 hygro‐thermographs in parallel with 120 rpm. The ultra‐high average power density of 4.2 W m−2 is achieved, much higher than previous works. The DC‐TENG displays high durability and retains 92% initial output after 120 000 cycles. This st provides a feasible strategy to boost the output performance of DC‐TENG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subduction and export of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) is important for the heat, freshwater, carbon, and nutrient budgets of the world's oceans. Three types of AAIW are identified by applying an unsupervised machine learning approach to individual Argo profiles. The likely sources and pathways of these AAIWs are indicated by the locations and magnitudes of the salinity and oxygen extrema. The Southeast Pacific AAIW forms north of the Subantarctic Front (SAF) in the west corner of the Drake Passage and is exported north into the subtropical gyre. The South Pacific AAIW forms in the South Pacific along the SAF and is transported through the Drake Passage, thereby becoming a saliter and denser AAIW. The circumpolar AAIW, the coldest and freshest AAIW, has a circumpolar source and is injected into the ocean interior in the Brazil‐Malvinas confluence. The results clarify different types of AAIW have different origins. Plain Language Summary: The formation and export of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) strongly influence the global climate system by redistributing heat, freshwater, carbon, and nutrients from high latitudes to the tropics. Thanks to an increasing number of observations from autonomous instruments and Argo floats, our understanding of the sources and pathways of AAIW has deepened in recent decades. Even so, there is controversy about the formation of AAIW. Unlike previous studies using traditional property‐driven classification, we apply an unsupervised classification technique to automatically classify the Argo temperature and salinity profiles and identify three types of AAIWs from the regimes in the Southern Ocean. The classification results are consistent with previous studies. Moreover, we find that different types of AAIW form in different regions. This paper shows that the machine learning technique benefits us in dealing with a large data set and identifying AAIW classes that is hard to distinguish by the traditional property‐driven classification method. Key Points: An unsupervised learning approach, the profile classification model (PCM), is applied to classify Argo temperature and salinity profilesPCM identifies three types of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) in the Southern Ocean and reveals their locations and boundariesThe Polar Frontal Zone in the South Pacific sector is established as the source region for AAIW formation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Argo and multi‐satellite observations, this study investigates the asymmetric response of sea surface salinity (SSS) to two extreme positive and negative Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events in the southern tropical Indian Ocean (TIO). During positive IOD events, the easterly wind anomalies trigger zonal freshwater advection along the equator, decreasing SSS, while cold sea surface temperature (SST) depress the convective precipitation in the southeastern TIO (SETIO), increasing the SSS. Contrast SSS anomalies along the equator and in the SETIO show opposite phases during positive and negative IOD events. These SSS anomalies have enhanced in recent years, reaching the strongest in the extreme negative IOD in 2016 and positive IOD in 2019. The case study shows that positive SSS anomalies occurred in the southern TIO during both positive and negative IOD events in 2016 and 2019, suggesting significant asymmetry in SSS. Analysis of the mixed layer salinity budget shows that the local precipitation and the entrainment associated with the upwelling Rossby waves played an essential role in the SSS increase in 2016, while the decreased precipitation and horizontal advection caused by the westward South Equatorial Current contributed to the SSS increase in 2019. Further analyses suggest that SSS response is more sensitive to thermocline shoaling than deepening, and SSS response to precipitation is greater at shallower mixed layer than at deeper ones, which is the main reason for the asymmetric response of the SSS to negative and positive IOD events. Plain Language Summary: Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is one of the leading climate modes in the Indian Ocean, which impacts changes in temperature, precipitation, and salinity. This study reveals significant asymmetric responses in SSS during the decay phase of positive and negative IOD events. During the mature phase of positive and negative IOD events, there are opposite changes in sea surface temperature, atmospheric circulation, rainfall, and SSS in the equatorial and southeastern tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO). However, SSS increases in the SETIO during the decay phase of both positive and negative IOD events, revealing an asymmetric feature. This asymmetric structure of SSS anomalies has strengthened recently and reached extremes in the 2016 negative IOD event and the 2019 positive IOD event. The upwelling (downwelling) Rossby waves play an important role in the asymmetric response of SSS anomalies in the southern TIO since the SSS response is more sensitive to thermocline shoaling than deepening, and the shallower mixed layer may imply the SSS response to precipitation anomaly. Key Points: Contrast sea surface salinity (SSS) anomalies occur in the equatorial and southeastern tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) during the mature phases of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)SSS anomalies are out of phase during positive and negative IOD events but show an asymmetric change in the southern TIOThe asymmetry is due to different SSS responses to precipitation and thermocline changes associated with the ocean Rossby waves [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) usually experiences high rotor current and DC capacitor link voltage spikes during system fault events. In this paper, a novel data‐driven approach is proposed to enhance DFIG performance under fault scenarios. An advanced reinforcement learning algorithm called guided surrogate‐gradient‐based evolution strategy (GSES) is used to control the DFIG power and capacitor DC‐link voltage by adjusting the optimal reference signals. This controller is able to prevent the DFIG rotor from over‐current risk and maintain grid‐connected operation. The proposed GSES‐based control algorithm was evaluated through simulations on a 3.6‐MW DFIG in the PSCAD/EMTDC software. Results have validated the effectiveness of the proposed GSES‐based control algorithm in improving DFIG performance under various fault scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatio‐temporal characteristics of the interannual variability and long‐term trend of the marine heatwaves (MHWs) and related dynamic mechanisms in the western equatorial Indian Ocean (WEIO) are investigated using satellite observations. A prominent MHW hot spot is found in a region of the WEIO (48°E−54°E, 2°S–2°N), with a mean MHWs' intensity, duration, and frequency of 1.54°C, 13.33 days, and 1.97 times, respectively. MHWs in the hot spot region have significant interannual variability after removing the long‐term trend, associated with Indo‐Pacific major climate modes. In 1982/1983, 1983/1984, 1987/1988, 1997/1998, 2006/2007, 2009/2010, 2011/2012, 2012/2013, 2014/2015, 2015/2016, and 2019/2020, the MHWs occurred with longer duration, higher frequency, and more total days. These years correspond to a positive Indian Ocean Dipole, or an El Niño event, or both. The occurrence of MHWs accompanied by anomalous positive sea surface height suggests that oceanic planetary wave processes modulate MHWs in the WEIO. Westward‐propagating downwelling equatorial Rossby waves triggered by anomalous equatorial easterly winds drive the convergence of warm upper‐ocean water and weaken the upwelling of cool subsurface water, which favor anomalously warm sea surface temperature (SST) and the occurrence of MHWs. In addition, the westward‐propagating off‐equatorial downwelling Rossby waves in the southern tropical Indian Ocean also affect MHWs in the WEIO through the propagation and reflection of waves. The annual MHW frequency, duration, and total days in the hot spot region increase up to 1.56 times, 4.95 days, and 31.72 days per decade, respectively, related to the significant increase in mean SST under global warming. Plain Language Summary: Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are anomalous warming events in the ocean that can be disastrous for the global marine ecosystem and lead to local socioeconomic losses. The western equatorial Indian Ocean (WEIO), as the western pole of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and the upwelling region where the Indian Ocean monsoon prevails, experiences strong MHWs. This study shows the characteristics and dynamic mechanisms of MHWs in the WEIO. The MHWs had a significant interannual variability during 1982–2020, associated with the positive IOD and El Niño events. It was found that oceanic planetary wave processes cause the occurrence of MHWs in the WEIO. Westward‐propagating downwelling equatorial Rossby waves and off‐equatorial downwelling Rossby waves in the southern tropical Indian Ocean increase sea surface temperature in the WEIO by suppressing upwelling and entrainment. Under global warming, increasing frequency, duration, and annual days of MHWs are found in the WEIO. Global warming is consistently one of the main causes of extreme warm events. Understanding the characteristics and mechanisms that drive the occurrence of MHWs in the WEIO is a step toward predicting these extreme events. Key Points: Marine heatwaves in the western equatorial Indian Ocean (WEIO) have significant interannual variability related to the Indo‐Pacific climateMarine heatwaves in the WEIO are mainly driven by westward‐propagating downwelling equatorial Rossby waves and off‐equatorial Rossby wavesThe frequency and duration of marine heatwaves exhibited significant increasing trends in the WEIO from 1982 to 2020 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pearl River Estuary and adjacent seas in South China Sea are frequently affected by tropical cyclones (TCs). Previous in situ and remote sensing studies have found that typhoons can enhance phytoplankton biomass and induce blooms in this region. However, the mechanistic links between phytoplankton blooms and typhoons have not been well understood due to the interplay of multiple complex processes along the land‐ocean‐atmosphere interface. Here, we constructed an integrated modeling system with the marine ecosystem and sediment components for the China Great Bay Area. By using the integrated modeling system, we quantitatively investigated the phytoplankton response to hydrological conditions variations under Typhoon Hato (2017), a strong typhoon case. Passive tracer experiments showed that with high river discharge induced by heavy rainfall, the residence time within Lingding Bay is as short as 15 days, less than half of that under the climatological discharge. The increase in freshwater pulse washes out the phytoplankton biomass within Lingding Bay. While for the offshore region, the analysis of various source and sink terms for the offshore region's post‐typhoon response showed that the increase of phytoplankton biomass in the first week was because of the uplift of nutrient‐rich subsurface water, while in the second week, it was due to the seaward propagation of nearshore high phytoplankton biomass water. While riverine nutrients support phytoplankton growth in the third week, a large part of phytoplankton biomass was lost to zooplankton grazing, showing the system shifted from the bottom‐up control to the top‐down control. Plain Language Summary: Several previous satellite‐based studies observed phytoplankton blooms within the Pearl River estuary‐coastal system after the passage of Typhoons. However, the mechanisms controlling the occurrence of the bloom are not very well known. Here, we introduce a comprehensive modeling system to quantitatively diagnose the relative importance of multiple processes in regulating the phytoplankton bloom from the inner bay to the outer shelf. By taking a strong typhoon case, Hato (2017), as an example, we found that much of the phytoplankton was washed out of the Lingding Bay after Hato. The nearshore phytoplankton bloom occurred 2 weeks after Hato's arrival due to the increased terrestrial runoff after heavy rainfall. For the offshore region, storm‐induced upwelling also played a role in increasing the phytoplankton biomass, in addition to the impact from the river discharge. However, the offshore bloom did not occur due to the high grazing impact from the zooplankton. Key Points: An integrated modeling system was constructed for the Pearl River Estuary to diagnose the phytoplankton response after Typhoon HatoThe increased discharge after Hato halved the residence time and doubled the decay rate of the water mass within Lingding BayThe uplifted nutrient‐rich subsurface water and the riverine nutrient export jointly support the offshore phytoplankton bloom [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although charge excitation is an effective approach to achieve high charge density for triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), high output charge is limited by air‐breakdown. Due to capacitor structure, there are two ways to reduce the influence of air‐breakdown in TENG: decrease in thickness and increase in permittivity of dielectric film. Obviously, the increase in permittivity is more reliable in applications. Herein, a double‐layer TENG shared with one floating metal electrode is proposed, on which charge is injected by a self‐excitation circuit. An ultrafast self‐polarization effect is found in two barium titanate filled poly(vinylidene fluoride) composite films in the TENG by high electrical field produced from the floating electrode. According to comparison and analysis, the speed of polarization to saturation of dielectric composite films in self‐charge excitation approach is ≈3 times faster than that of external‐charge excitation. Optimization of various parameters is investigated to enhance the output performance of the TENG. A large output charge density of 1.67 mC m–2 is achieved in the atmosphere with 40% relative humidity due to self‐polarization effect of the dielectric composite film. This study provides insights into understanding the polarized behavior of molecules in dielectrics and further optimizing the output performance of TENGs in self‐charge excitation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modification of triboelectric materials is an important means to improve the output performance of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), and the surface charge or ion implantation is an effective way among many modification methods. However, the output enhancement via optimizing triboelectric materials is still limited. Herein, a fast surface charge injection technique based on air breakdown effect is reported, which utilizes an excitation circuit to realize the directional accumulation of charge. Consequently, the output charge density of the Polyimide (PI) film after charge injection reaches 880 µC m‐2, which is the highest of the series of modified triboelectric materials. Moreover, a novel charge transfer mechanism with electrostatic induction competition is proposed, in which significant difference between surface charge density and output charge density is highlighted clearly. Meanwhile, the method of quantifying surface charge density is further given. This work provides a more effective method for the modification of dielectric materials and also offers an important insight towards the charge transfer mechanism in TENG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The charge space‐accumulation effect is one of most effective strategies to boost output performance of the sliding mode triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with AC output, by which the shielding layer greatly prevents the air breakdown on the sliding interface and the blank triboarea with charge dissipation on its surface promotes charge accumulation. However, charge dissipation speed depends on the properties of materials and these charges are lost in the air. Herein, a novel strategy is proposed to capture dissipation charge in charge space accumulation area for further enhancing output performance of the sliding TENG. DC output electrodes based on the coupling of triboelectrification and air‐breakdown is designed on both sides of the slider to quickly and completely collect the dissipation charge on the stator and accumulated charge on dielectric tribolayer of slider. Hence, the device has multichannel output to improve output charge to 98%. A new recorded average power density of 5.74 W m–2 Hz–1, 14 times higher than previously reported, is obtained. The coupling relationship between AC and DC output is systematically studied. This work provides a new idea for improving the output and energy harvesting efficiency of TENGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the blood loss, transfusion rates and complications between the aspirin and non‐aspirin group in unilateral and bilateral total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) with a nested case–control design. Methods: The present study retrospectively selected TKA cases from the Joint Arthroplasty Database at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2014 to December 2019 following strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, and divided them into the aspirin and non‐aspirin group based on the use of aspirin preoperatively. Bleeding was measured by blood loss, transfusion rate, drainage volume, hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit (HCT), while complications (cardiovascular events, venous thromboembolism events, cerebrovascular events and wound events) were compared between the groups. Student's unpaired t‐test and Mann–Whitney U‐test were used to compare the differences of continuous variables between the two groups while chi‐square test and Fisher's exact test were applied in categorical variables. Results: A total of 560 patients with unilateral TKA and 285 patients with bilateral TKA were extracted. Among these, 280 patients used aspirin preoperatively. No other differences were found in demographic and surgical characteristics between the two groups except for the proportion of coronary artery diseases (P < 0.001). For primary outcomes, there was no significant higher blood loss and transfusion rate in the aspirin group, while the drainage of aspirin group was higher than the control group in bilateral TKAs (P = 0.043). The HGB and HCT of the aspirin group was significant lower in both unilateral and bilateral TKAs at POD5 (P < 0.05). For complications, there was a lower vascular related complication rate in aspirin group after unilateral TKAs (P = 0.040), but the wound event rate in aspirin group was higher than the control group (P = 0.049). Conclusions: Preoperative use of aspirin could prevent vascular related events during the perioperative period of TKA. However, it might also increase the risk of bleeding and wound complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the multimodel ensemble of 22 models in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), the present manuscript found that in response to increasing CO2, the South Asian high (SAH) displays the opposite response over its southern region in the upper troposphere: an anticyclonic response at 100 hPa and a weak (insignificant) cyclonic response at 200 hPa. This opposite response is a product of tropospheric warming. In response to increasing CO2, the troposphere warms, with the potential temperatures peaking at 150–200 hPa over the northern Indian Ocean (IO). With transportation by local vertical motion (ascendance over the northeastern IO and descendance over the northwestern IO), various changes in vertical temperature advection with height form at 100 and 200 hPa. Finally, the changes contribute to a decrease in the ω response with pressures at 100 hPa but an increase in the ω response with pressures at 200 hPa over the northwestern IO. Over the northwestern IO, ω change is inversely related to pressure. At 100 hPa, the sign of ω changes with pressure, which yields distinct vorticity forcing over the northeastern and northwestern IO. This causes an anticyclonic response, which may generate zonal vorticity advection and balance the vorticity forcing. At 200 hPa, the contribution is roughly opposite to that at 100 hPa. In addition, although diabatic heating contributes to the vertical profile of ω, it yields the same‐sign vorticity response at 100 and 200 hPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]