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Summary RNA‐dependent RNA Polymerases (RdRPs) synthesize double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) from a single‐stranded RNA (ssRNA) template. In plants, dsRNAs produced by RdRPs can be further processed into small interfering RNA (siRNAs) with different lengths, ranging from 21 to 24 nucleotides (nt). These siRNAs play a pivotal role in various biological processes, including antiviral responses, transposable elements silencing, DNA methylation, and the regulation of plant reproduction and development. Recent research has reported significant progress in uncovering the molecular mechanisms of plant RNA‐DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 2 (RDR2), a representative RdRP involved in the RNA‐directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway. These discoveries provide a molecular basis underlying the principles of RdRP function and offer insights into potential advancements in crop breeding and antiviral defense strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The traditional treatment of diabetic wounds is unsatisfactory. Exosomes isolated from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) promote the healing of diabetic wounds. However, whether the exosomes secreted by interferon (IFN)‐γ‐pretreated BMSCs have an enhanced therapeutic effect on diabetic wound healing and the relevant mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: In this study, we isolated exosomes from the corresponding supernatants of BMSCs with (IExos) or without IFN‐γ treatment (NExos). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to investigate the proliferation, migration, and tube formation under different treatments in vitro. Diabetic mice were induced by intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin, and a circular full‐thickness dermal defect was then made on the back of each mouse, followed by a multisite subcutaneous injection of phosphate buffered saline or exosomes. Hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) staining, Masson's trichrome staining, and histological analysis were performed to assess the speed and quality of wound healing. Results: NExos treatment accelerated the healing of diabetic wounds by promoting angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro, and IExos exhibited superior therapeutic efficiency. MicroRNA (miR)‐126‐3p was significantly increased in IExos, and exosomal miR‐126‐3p promoted angiogenesis and diabetic wound healing via its transfer to HUVECs. miR‐126‐3p regulates SPRED1 by directly targeting the 3′‐UTR. Mechanistically, IFN‐γ‐pretreated BMSCs secreted miR‐126‐3p‐enriched exosomes, which enhanced the function of HUVECs and promoted angiogenesis via the SPRED1/Ras/Erk pathway. Conclusion: Exosomal miR‐126‐3p secreted from IFN‐γ‐pretreated BMSCs exhibited higher therapeutic efficacy than NExos in diabetic wound healing by promoting angiogenesis via the SPRED1/Ras/Erk axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer is a commonly diagnosed disease worldwide, with non‐small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) accounting for ≈ 85% of cases. Cigarette smoke is an environmental exposure promoting progression of NSCLC, but its role is poorly understood. This study reports that smoking‐induced accumulation of M2‐type tumor‐associated macrophages (M2‐TAMs) surrounding NSCLC tissues promotes malignancy. Specifically, extracellular vesicles (EVs) from cigarette smoke extract (CSE)‐induced M2 macrophages promoted malignancy of NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo. circEML4 in EVs from CSE‐induced M2 macrophages is transported to NSCLC cells, where it reduced the distribution of ALKBH5 in the nucleus by interacting with Human AlkB homolog H5 (ALKBH5), resulting in elevated N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) modifications. m6A‐seq and RNA‐seq revealed suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2)‐mediated activation of the Janus kinase‐signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK‐STAT) pathway by regulating m6A modification of SOCS2 via ALKBH5. Down‐regulation of circEML4 in EVs from CSE‐induced M2 macrophages reversed EVs‐enhanced tumorigenicity and metastasis in NSCLC cells. Furthermore, this study found that smoking patients showed an increase in circEML4‐positive M2‐TAMs. These results indicate that smoking‐induced M2‐TAMs via circEML4 in EVs promote the NSCLC progression through ALKBH5‐regulated m6A modification of SOCS2. This study also reveals that circEML4 in EVs from TAMs acts as a diagnostic biomarker for NSCLC, especially for patients with smoking history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minichromosome Maintenance protein 10 (MCM10) is essential for DNA replication initiation and DNA elongation in yeasts and animals. Although the functions of MCM10 in DNA replication and repair have been well documented, the detailed mechanisms for MCM10 in these processes are not well known. Here, we identified AtMCM10 gene through a forward genetic screening for releasing a silenced marker gene. Although plant MCM10 possesses a similar crystal structure as animal MCM10, AtMCM10 is not essential for plant growth or development in Arabidopsis. AtMCM10 can directly bind to histone H3‐H4 and promotes nucleosome assembly in vitro. The nucleosome density is decreased in Atmcm10, and most of the nucleosome density decreased regions in Atmcm10 are also regulated by newly synthesized histone chaperone Chromatin Assembly Factor‐1 (CAF‐1). Loss of both AtMCM10 and CAF‐1 is embryo lethal, indicating that AtMCM10 and CAF‐1 are indispensable for replication‐coupled nucleosome assembly. AtMCM10 interacts with both new and parental histones. Atmcm10 mutants have lower H3.1 abundance and reduced H3K27me1/3 levels with releasing some silenced transposons. We propose that AtMCM10 deposits new and parental histones during nucleosome assembly, maintaining proper epigenetic modifications and genome stability during DNA replication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA methylation, a conserved epigenetic mark, is critical for tuning temporal and spatial gene expression. The Arabidopsis thaliana DNA glycosylase/lyase REPRESSOR OF SILENCING 1 (ROS1) initiates active DNA demethylation and is required to prevent DNA hypermethylation at thousands of genomic loci. However, how ROS1 is recruited to specific loci is not well understood. Here, we report the discovery of Arabidopsis AGENET Domain Containing Protein 3 (AGDP3) as a cellular factor that is required to prevent gene silencing and DNA hypermethylation. AGDP3 binds to H3K9me2 marks in its target DNA via its AGD12 cassette. Analysis of the crystal structure of the AGD12 cassette of AGDP3 in complex with an H3K9me2 peptide revealed that dimethylated H3K9 and unmodified H3K4 are specifically anchored into two different surface pockets. A histidine residue located in the methyllysine binding aromatic cage provides AGDP3 with pH‐dependent H3K9me2 binding capacity. Our results uncover a molecular mechanism for the regulation of DNA demethylation by the gene silencing mark H3K9me2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium sulfur batteries (LSBs) have attracted tremendous attention owing to their high theoretical specific capacity and specific energy. However, their practical applications are hindered by poor cyclic life, mainly caused by polysulfide shuttling. The development of advanced materials to mitigate the polysulfide shuttling effect is urgently demanded. Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have been exploited as multifunctional materials for the decoration of separators owing to their high surface area, structural diversity, tunable pore size, and easy tailor ability. In this review, we aim to present the state‐of‐the‐art MOF‐based separators for LSBs. Particular attention is paid to the rational design (pore aperture, metal node, functionality, and dimension) of MOFs with enhanced ability for anchoring polysulfides and facilitating Li+ transportation. Finally, the challenges and perspectives are provided regarding to the future design MOF‐based separators for high‐performance LSBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RNA‐directed DNA methylation (RdDM) is a plant‐specific de novo DNA methylation pathway, which has extensive cross‐talk with histone modifications. Here, we report that the maize RdDM regulator SAWADEE HOMEODOMAIN HOMOLOG 2 (SHH2) is an H3K9me1 reader. Our structural studies reveal that H3K9me1 recognition is achieved by recognition of the methyl group via a classic aromatic cage and hydrogen‐bonding and salt‐bridge interactions with the free protons of the mono‐methyllysine. The di‐ and tri‐methylation states disrupt the polar interactions, decreasing the binding affinity. Our study reveals a mono‐methyllysine recognition mechanism which potentially links RdDM to H3K9me1 in maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a photoinduced copper‐catalyzed asymmetric radical decarboxylative alkynylation of bench‐stable N‐hydroxyphthalimide(NHP)‐type esters of racemic alkyl carboxylic acids with terminal alkynes, which provides a flexible platform for the construction of chiral C(sp3)−C(sp) bonds. Critical to the success of this process are not only the use of the copper catalyst as a dual photo‐ and cross‐coupling catalyst but also tuning of the NHP‐type esters to inhibit the facile homodimerization of the alkyl radical and terminal alkyne, respectively. Owing to the use of stable and easily available NHP‐type esters, the reaction features a broader substrate scope compared with reactions using the alkyl halide counterparts, covering (hetero)benzyl‐, allyl‐, and aminocarbonyl‐substituted carboxylic acid derivatives, and (hetero)aryl and alkyl as well as silyl alkynes, thus providing a vital complementary approach to the previously reported method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies was performed to provide a deeper understanding of the associations between foetal and childhood exposure to famine and the risks of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metabolic syndrome, hypertension, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, obesity, overweight, coronary heart disease, stroke, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in adulthood. Both foetal and childhood exposure to famine were positively associated with the risks of T2DM (foetal exposure: RR 1.37, 95% CI, 1.23‐1.52; childhood exposure: RR 1.33, 95% CI, 1.08‐1.64), metabolic syndrome (RR 1.26, 95% CI, 1.07‐1.50; RR 1.24, 95% CI, 1.13‐1.35), hypertension (RR 1.30, 95% CI, 1.07‐1.57; RR 1.33, 95% CI, 1.02‐1.74), hyperglycaemia (RR 1.27, 95% CI, 1.11‐1.45; RR 1.25, 95% CI, 1.10‐1.42), dyslipidaemia (RR 1.48, 95% CI, 1.33‐1.66; RR 1.27, 95% CI, 1.12‐1.45), obesity (RR 1.19, 95% CI, 1.02‐1.39; RR 1.13, 95% CI, 1.00‐1.28), overweight (RR 1.17, 95% CI, 1.07‐1.29; RR 1.07, 95% CI, 1.00‐1.14), coronary heart disease (RR 1.22, 95% CI, 1.00‐1.51; RR 1.21, 95% CI, 1.09‐1.35), and moderate‐to‐severe NAFLD (RR 1.66, 95% CI, 1.07‐2.57; RR 1.68, 95% CI, 1.41‐1.99) in adulthood. No association was observed for the risks of stroke or mild NAFLD. Adjustments for age, alcohol, smoking, body mass index, and physical activity nullified some associations. The associations were generally stronger in women than in men. In summary, foetal and childhood exposure to famine may confer greater risks of developing certain cardiometabolic conditions in adulthood, particularly in women. The extent to which risks for cardiometabolic conditions are associated with early‐life famine appears to be determined by certain factors in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Certain glucose‐lowering medications have been implicated in the risk of fracture. While there is convincing evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that thiazolidinedione use is associated with a higher risk of fracture, the effects of metformin, insulin, and sulphonylureas on the risk of fracture remain equivocal because these medications are not generally investigated in RCTs. A meta‐analysis of observational studies to provide further insights into the association between the use of metformin, insulin, sulphonylureas, or thiazolidinediones and the risk of fracture was performed. PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched to identify relevant observational studies. A random effects model was used to estimate the summary relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The use of insulin (RR 1.49, 95% CI 1.29, 1.73; n = 23 studies), sulphonylureas (RR 1.30, 95% CI 1.18, 1.43; n = 10), and thiazolidinediones (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.13, 1.35; n = 14) was associated with an increased risk of fracture, whereas the use of metformin was associated with a reduced risk of fracture (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.75, 0.99; n = 12). Regarding types of thiazolidinediones, both pioglitazone (RR 1.38, 95% CI 1.23, 1.54; n = 5) and rosiglitazone (RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.14, 1.58; n = 5) were positively associated with the risk of fracture. In summary, there is compelling evidence to discourage the use of thiazolidinediones in individuals with an increased risk of fracture, whereas metformin appears to have a good safety profile for the risk of fracture. The reduced risk of fracture with metformin could possibly be due to the reduced overall risk of fracture among metformin users, as this medication is typically prescribed in the early stages of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The use of insulin or sulphonylureas may increase fracture risk; this risk is most likely attributed to an increased risk of hypoglycaemia‐induced falls. Further confirmation by additional RCTs is required to determine whether the observed association between the use of metformin, insulin, or sulphonylureas and the risk of fracture is due to treatment with these medications or confounding factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, simulated method is introduced to study LC material pollution by ODF sealant in PSVA LCD producing. By this method, LC material pollution by two kinds of sealant materials cured at different conditions were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we showed the razor narrow border (RNB) and under screen camera 65inch 8K LCD display performace, moreover some of the technological bottlenecks of the sample were reviewed. we studied the unlimited narrow border technology design and process how to achieve four side 0.35mm/0.39mm border spec; meanwhile integrated under screen camera function is also be appied in TV LCD display. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal pathogens secrete effector proteins to suppress plant basal defense for successful colonization. Resistant plants, however, can recognize effectors by cognate R proteins to induce effector-triggered immunity (ETI). By analyzing secretomes of the vascular fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae, we identified a novel secreted protein VdSCP7 that targets the plant nucleus., The green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged VdSCP7 gene with either a mutated nuclear localization signal motif or with additional nuclear export signal was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, and investigated for induction of plant immunity. The role of VdSCP7 in V. dahliae pathogenicity was characterized by gene knockout and complementation, and GFP labeling., Expression of the VdSCP7 gene in N. benthamiana activated both salicylic acid and jasmonate signaling, and altered the plant's susceptibility to the pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Phytophthora capsici. The immune response activated by Vd SCP7 was highly dependent on its initial extracellular secretion and subsequent nuclear localization in plants. Knockout of the Vd SCP7 gene significantly enhanced V. dahliae aggressiveness on cotton. GFP-labeled Vd SCP7 is secreted by V. dahliae and accumulates in the plant nucleus., We conclude that VdSCP7 is a novel effector protein that targets the host nucleus to modulate plant immunity, and suggest that plants can recognize Vd SCP7 to activate ETI during fungal infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Globally, diabetes mellitus is not only considered a leading cause of mortality and morbidities but has also created a substantial economic burden. There is growing evidence that foods and their components can be implemented in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Increased dairy consumption has been linked to a lower risk of T2DM. The protective role of dairy foods in the development of T2DM is thought to be largely attributable to dairy nutrients, one of them being dairy protein. There is considerable evidence that milk proteins increase the postprandial insulin response and lower the postprandial blood glucose response in both healthy subjects and patients with T2DM. The exact mechanisms by which milk proteins lower postprandial glucose levels are yet to established; however, the amino acids and bioactive peptides derived from milk proteins are thought to modify a physiological milieu, which includes delayed gastric emptying and the enhancement of incretin and insulin responses, consequently leading to lower postprandial glucose levels. The present review will focus on providing a clear presentation of the potential implementation of milk proteins as a dietary supplement in the prevention and management of T2DM by summarizing the relevant supporting evidence for this particular topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that investigated the prevalence and causes of visual impairment and blindness associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in mainland China. The study involved a population-based, cross-sectional survey among 2016 adult T2DM residents living in Shanghai, China, examined patients for blindness and visual impairment, and revealed that a large proportion of subjects with impaired vision caused by cataract do not avail of cataract surgery services.