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In 2023, two decades after the restoration of the Victorian Geological Illustrations by the London Borough of Bromley—and the visit of the late HRH Prince Phillip to mark the completion of the restorations—it is clear that these internationally significant sculptures are in a worse state than ever before. Although interest in them remains high, and in spite of the best efforts of the Friends of the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs to protect and interpret them, it is plain that they are greatly at risk. In the year that marks the two‐hundredth anniversary of the description of Megalosaurus, depicted in all its magnificence in the park, it is a matter of urgency that we promote the significance of a site that really should be recognized for what it is—world heritage—and its current state of neglect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surrogate tristructural‐isotropic (TRISO)‐coated fuel particles were oxidized in 0.2 kPa O2 at 1200–1600°C to examine the behavior of the SiC layer and understand the mechanisms. The thickness and microstructure of the resultant SiO2 layers were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, focused ion beam, and transmission electron microscopy. The majority of the surface comprised smooth, amorphous SiO2 with a constant thickness indicative of passive oxidation. The apparent activation energy for oxide growth was 188 ± 8 kJ/mol and consistent across all temperatures in 0.2 kPa O2. The relationship between activation energy and oxidation mechanism is discussed. Raised nodules of porous, crystalline SiO2 were dispersed across the surface, suggesting that active oxidation and redeposition occurred in those locations. These nodules were correlated with clusters of nanocrystalline SiC grains, which may facilitate active oxidation. These findings suggest that microstructural inhomogeneities such as irregular grain size influence the oxidation response of the SiC layer of TRISO particles and may influence their accident tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Battle of Messines (Wytschaete Bogen) of June 1917 is hailed as a triumph of military geology, with the simultaneous explosion of some 19 mines leading to the Allied destruction of the German frontline positions. This story is well known and rightly celebrated; but less well understood and often overshadowed by this success is the story of the effectiveness of the German fortress positions. These were constructed in late 1914 in order to maintain the strategic aim of holding the Allies in the west while pressing the Russians through a series of offensives in east. In this, they were highly effective, even in the face of continuous Allied bombardment. This article seeks to redress this unbalance in our understanding, drawing on archaeological evidence and archival resources to present a clearer picture of the nature of the German positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 16 July 1969, three men set off for the Moon; just four days later, two of them planted their feet on its surface. Their objectives: to explore the lunar surface, carry out experiments, and gather geological samples for study. Geology was at the very centre of the Moon missions, and recovery of Moon rocks one of the measures of success. The samples obtained are amongst the most treasured natural artefacts of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The First World War started a hundred years ago this year. On 4 August 2014 the United Kingdom marked the anniversary of involvement in this war with a remembrance event at Mons, and over the next four years there will be new museums and exhibitions, services and events, conferences and colloquia world-wide. The aim of this collective recognition of a major event in world history is to pick over the impact and effects, innovations and consequences of a war that claimed the lives of at least 16 million people and left the world with geopolitical issues that still reverberate today. One of its notable innovations was the use of geology in warfare. As is well known, compared with the open war fought against the Russians on the eastern front, the war in the west very quickly became positional, with opposing trench lines locked into a position that would dictate the war's approach. And with trench warfare, came the need to understand the geology of the land over which the men were fighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study aimed to explore the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) for adolescent males with eating disorders (EDs) compared with adolescent females with EDs. Method: Data were collected from 48 males and matched on percent median body weight (MBW) and age to 48 females at two sites. Results: Adolescent males with anorexia nervosa-type presentation scored significantly lower than matched females on Shape Concern, Weight Concern, and Global score. They also scored lower on a number of individual items. Discussion: The EDE has clinical utility with adolescent males with anorexic-type presentation although males' scoring ranges are consistently lower than those from adolescent females with similar clinical presentations. Males scored significantly lower on a number of items representing core symptoms such as desire to lose weight. More research is needed to gain a better understanding of the experience of adolescent males with EDs, particularly in relation to the nature of shape concern. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if early weight gain predicted remission at the end of treatment in a clinic sample of adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN). Method: Sixty five adolescents with AN (mean age = 14.9 years, SD = 2.1), from two sites (Chicago n = 45; Columbia n = 20) received a course of manualized family-based treatment (FBT). Response to treatment was assessed using percent ideal body weight (IBW) with remission defined as having achieved ≥95% IBW at end of treatment (Session 20). Results: Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed that a gain of at least 2.88% in ideal body weight by Session 4 best predicted remission at end of treatment (AUC = 0.674; p = 0.024). Discussion: Results suggest that adolescents with AN, receiving FBT, who do not show early weight gain are unlikely to remit at end of treatment. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2010;) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This article provides an analysis of the use of artificial sweeteners, caffeine, and excess fluids in patients diagnosed with anorexia nervosa (AN). Method Seventy participants with AN were recruited to participate in an ecologic momentary assessment study which included nutritional analysis using the Nutrition Data Systems for Research, a computer based dietary recall system. Results When subtypes were compared, participants with AN-restricting subtype (AN-R) and participants with AN-Binge-Purge (AN-B/P) did not differ in quantity of aspartame, caffeine, or water consumed. Daily water consumption was related to daily vomiting frequency in AN-B/P but not to daily exercise frequency in either participants with AN-R or AN-B/P. Discussion Caffeine, water, and aspartame consumption can be variable in patients with AN and the consumption of these substances seems to be only modestly related to purging behavior. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is interest in pre-farm gate fortification of the diet with highly bioavailable selenium (Se) to improve public health, so the aim of the present study was to determine the bioavailabilities of Se from Se-enriched whole milk and milk replacers supplemented with exogenous Se in neonatal pigs. Milk enriched with Se (1070 μg Se/kg dry matter (DM); HSeM) was obtained from cows supplemented with selenised yeast while the control milk diet (135 μg Se/kg DM; LSeM) was made using milk powder from non-supplemented cows. Additional diets were formulated by adding selenised yeast (HSP) or selenate (HSN) to the LSeM diet to give final Se concentrations of 1070 μg Se/kg DM. Neonatal pigs were trained to drink milk and then randomly allocated to their four respective diets and slaughter times (0, 7, 14, 28 and 42 days of feeding). Plasma Se increased over the first 21 days in pigs consuming HSeM, reaching a value over three times higher than the LSeM pigs. Plasma Se concentrations plateaued at 45, 125, 122 and 170 μg/mL for LSeM, HSN, HSP and HSeM pigs, respectively ( P < 0.001). After 28 days, muscle Se plateaued at 47, 106, 237 and 486 μg/kg for LSeM, HSN, HSP and HSeM pigs, respectively ( P < 0.001). Colonic selenoprotein P gene expression was greater ( P = 0.024) in pigs fed HSeM compared with LSeM while the HSP and HSN were intermediate. These data suggest that Se in milk from cows fed selenised yeast is highly bioavailable and may offer a means of delivering supplemental Se to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gettysburg – the most costly of all battles of the American Civil War, and one of the most significant battles ever fought. Contested in rural Pennsylvania, the Battle of Gettysburg took place after a chance encounter by the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia (General Robert E. Lee) with the Union Army of the Potomac (Major-General George Meade). It was to prove the turning point in the war, the so-called ‘high tide’ of the Confederacy, as after Gettysburg the fortunes of war turned in favour of the Union. Fought over three days in early July 1863, the battle continues to be analyzed and re-analyzed from all perspectives. Significantly, it was the first battle to be re-interpreted from the perspective of its geology, by Andrew Brown of the Pennsylvania State Survey in the early 1960s. It continues to fascinate geologists interested in the overall impact of geology and terrain in determining the outcome of battle. This article examines why Gettysburg has been so influential in shaping our understanding of geology in warfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Belemnotheutina is a monophyletic group of mostly late Jurassic belemnites that possess largely plesiomorphic characters of ten subequal arms with hooks, a simple, conical, rostrum, a narrow breviconic phragmocone and a spatulate pro-ostracum. Although some of the best-preserved belemnites with soft parts have been described from this group, until recently, its status has been in question. A new genus from the Upper Jurassic of Antarctica, Antarctiteuthis is described which, like Acanthoteuthis (= Belemnotheutis of authors), possesses unique rostral surface morphology of raised ridges with accompanying grooves unknown in other true belemnites. This is an important apomorphy for the group, which is considered to be a monophyletic suborder of the Belemnitida. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to understand the clinical relevance of dentifrice abrasivity on the dentition in vivo, an in situ enamel wear model has been developed. Polished human enamel blocks were indented with a Knoop diamond, attached to dentures and worn by adult volunteers for 24 h per day. The blocks were brushed for 30 s, twice per day with dentifrices of known relative dentine abrasivity (RDA) and relative enamel abrasivity (REA). The dentifrices used were either dentifrice A (RDA=85, REA=3.4), dentifrice B (RDA=189, REA=2.0) or dentifrice C (RDA=132, REA=42.7). After 28 days, the blocks were removed and the geometry of each Knoop indent was remeasured. From the baseline and post-treatment values of indent length, the amount of enamel wear was calculated from the change in the indent depth. The median values for enamel wear of dentifrices A, B and C were −0.02, 0.01 and −0.48 μm, respectively. The differences between dentifrice C and dentifrices A and B were of statistical significance. This study has demonstrated the usefulness of an in situ technique for investigating the relationship between the abrasivity of a dentifrice in vitro and the wear of enamel in situ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pohlsepia mazonensis gen. et sp. nov. from the Mazon Creek Konservat Lagersta¨tte (Carboniferous) of Illinois is an exceptionally preserved soft-bodied fossil coleoid, with well-defined body and arms. Lacking an internal shell and possessing eight subequal and two modified arms, Pohlsepia can be compared with both the living cirrate octopods and the decabrachian sepiardarids, both of which lack a well-developed internal skeleton. Given its sac-like body, lack of a well-defined head and presence of fins, Pohlsepia can be safely compared with modern cirrate octopods. It is the oldest known completely soft-bodied coleoid and as such has great significance with respect to the phylogeny of the group, given that both the octobrachian and decabrachian clades have previously been thought to have evolved in the Jurassic. Key words: Coleoidea, Octobrachia, Konservat Lagersta¨tte , Mazon Creek, Carboniferous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines factors explaining economic growth in transition on panel data studies. Growth and inflation trends since 1990; Earlier growth regressions that have attempted to account for those trends.

Explores the terrain characteristics of the Gallipoli Peninsula to discuss their influence in the defeat of the Allied troops during the Great War in 1914-1918. Why the Gallipoli campaign was considered controversial; Summary of the 1915 Gallipoli campaign; Terrain evaluation for military purposes; Topography of Gallipoli Peninsula; Strategic and tactical implications of terrain in the 1915 Gallipoli Campaign.

Assesses the influence and importance of terrain in the British area of operations on the Western Front in World War I. Aspects of assessment; Section organization; Geology of the Flanders-Somme region; Principles of trench warfare; Areas of terrain influence; Factors of importance to geology; Classification of shell holes; Factors affecting trench construction; Disadvantages of positions.

This paper demonstrates the use of computer-based multivariate techniques in analysing survey data and segmenting markets. Such techniques are increasingly used to deal with the vast amounts of data currently being collected by market researchers. Three techniques are illustrated and compared in detail-regression analysis, AID, and cluster analysis. These methods have wide application in marketing. A simple data set is used to illustrate their principles and comparative advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of market structure is at the heart of economic theory. Yet the construct has been largely neglected in marketing. Part of the reason is that it has never been effectively operationalized. In examining the implications of market structure empirical researchers have tended to use single indices for an essentially multidimensional construct. Here we show how markets can be classified objectively using the three key dimensions of structure: market concentration, product differentiation and barriers to entry. The methodology proposed should provide a more reliable base for research into strategic and competitive implications of marketing structure. The purpose of this paper is to develop an operational measure of market structure. The concept of market structure is important both in marketing and economics. Yet empirical work has produced disappointing results.1 Both economists and managers have stressed the need for new definitions and measures if useful generalizations are to be developed and the concept is to provide a valuable basis for government regulation over market competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute abdominal pain is a common presentation to the ED. Most patients undergo a chest radiograph as part of their initial investigations, which occasionally reveals pneumoperitoneum. Pneumoperitoneum on imaging suggests a perforated hollow abdominal viscus and therefore often constitutes a surgical emergency. However, if the patient is neither peritonitic nor septic a management dilemma is faced. Some cases of pneumoperitoneum might be managed conservatively thus avoiding unnecessary laparotomy. We present a case of recurrent spontaneous pneumoperitoneum with abdominal pain that was managed conservatively and discuss the possible aetiologies and management issues of spontaneous pneumoperitoneum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if early response predicted remission at the end of a controlled trial. Method: Eighty adolescents with bulimia nervosa participated in an RCT comparing family-based treatment and individual supportive psychotherapy. Response to treatment was assessed via self-report of bingeing and purging. Remission was defined as abstinence from bingeing and purging for the last 28 days and measured by investigator-based interview, that is, the Eating Disorder Examination. Results: Receiver-operating characteristic analyses showed that, regardless of treatment, symptom reduction at session six predicted remission at posttreatment (AUC = 0.814 (p < .001)) and 6-month follow-up (AUC = 0.811 (p < .001)). Conclusion: Results suggest that adolescents with BN who do not show early reductions in bulimic symptoms are unlikely to remit at posttreatment or follow-up. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses problems associated with the depiction of the geology of chalk quarries in the obelisk-like structures found inside the Bluewater shopping complex in Kent, England. Questionable stratigraphical order of fossils depicted in the sculpture; Failure of the structure to promote an understanding of urban geology.