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Highlights: Indigenous Peoples are concerned with previous experience of substance use research as disempowering.Community psychology principles may inform ethical community‐driven substance use research.We explore these principles through seven Indigenous substance use studies across the U.S. and Canada.Indigenous substance use research reflects, expands, and challenges community psychology principles.We discuss implications for Indigenous substance use research and community psychology. Many Indigenous communities are concerned with substance use (SU) problems and eager to advance effective solutions for their prevention and treatment. Yet these communities also are concerned about the perpetuation of colonizing, disorder‐focused, stigmatizing approaches to mental health, and social narratives related to SU problems. Foundational principles of community psychology—ecological perspectives, empowerment, sociocultural competence, community inclusion and partnership, and reflective practice—provide useful frameworks for informing ethical community‐based research pertaining to SU problems conducted with and by Indigenous communities. These principles are explored and extended for Indigenous community contexts through themes generated from seven collaborative studies focused on understanding, preventing, and treating SU problems. These studies are generated from research teams working with Indigenous communities across the United States and Canada—inclusive of urban, rural, and reservation/reserve populations as well as adult and youth participants. Shared themes indicate that Indigenous SU research reflects community psychology principles, as an outgrowth of research agendas and processes that are increasingly guided by Indigenous communities. At the same time, this research challenges these principles in important ways pertaining to Indigenous–settler relations and Indigenous‐specific considerations. We discuss these challenges and recommend greater synergy between community psychology and Indigenous research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims In 2005 the American College of Surgeons passed a mandate requiring that level I trauma centers have mechanisms to identify and intervene with problem drinkers. The aim of this investigation was to determine if a multi-level trauma center intervention targeting both providers and patients would lead to higher-quality alcohol screening and brief intervention ( SBI) when compared with trauma center mandate compliance without implementation enhancements. Design Cluster randomized trial in which intervention site (site n = 10, patient n = 409) providers received 1-day workshop training on evidence-based motivational interviewing ( MI) alcohol interventions and four 30-minute feedback and coaching sessions; control sites (site n = 10, patient n = 469) implemented the mandate without study team training enhancements. Setting Trauma centers in the United States of America. Participants A total of 878 blood alcohol-positive in-patients with and without traumatic brain injury ( TBI). Measurements MI skills of providers were assessed with fidelity coded standardized patient interviews. All patients were interviewed at baseline and 6- and 12-months post-injury with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test ( AUDIT). Findings Intervention site providers consistently demonstrated enhanced MI skills compared with control providers. Intervention patients demonstrated an 8% reduction in AUDIT hazardous drinking relative to controls over the course of the year after injury (relative risk = 0.88, 95%, confidence interval = 0.79, 0.98). Intervention patients were more likely to demonstrate improvements in alcohol use problems in the absence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) ( P = 0.002). Conclusion Trauma center providers can be trained to deliver higher-quality alcohol screening and brief intervention (SBI) than untrained providers, which is associated with modest reductions in alcohol use problems, particularly among patients without TBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aims Clinical trials test the safety and efficacy of behavioral and pharmacological interventions in drug-dependent individuals. However, there is no consensus about the most appropriate outcome(s) to consider in determining treatment efficacy or on the most appropriate methods for assessing selected outcome(s). We summarize the discussion and recommendations of treatment and research experts, convened by the US National Institute on Drug Abuse, to select appropriate primary outcomes for drug dependence treatment clinical trials, and in particular the feasibility of selecting a common outcome to be included in all or most trials. Methods A brief history of outcomes employed in prior drug dependence treatment research, incorporating perspectives from tobacco and alcohol research, is included. The relative merits and limitations of focusing on drug-taking behavior, as measured by self-report and qualitative or quantitative biological markers, are evaluated. Results Drug-taking behavior, measured ideally by a combination of self-report and biological indicators, is seen as the most appropriate proximal primary outcome in drug dependence treatment clinical trials. Conclusions We conclude that the most appropriate outcome will vary as a function of salient variables inherent in the clinical trial, such as the type of intervention, its target, treatment goals (e.g. abstinence or reduction of use) and the perspective being taken (e.g. researcher, clinical program, patient, society). It is recommended that a decision process, based on such trial variables, be developed to guide the selection of primary and secondary outcomes as well as the methods to assess them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultimate goal of alcohol treatment research is to develop interventions that help individuals reduce their alcohol use. To determine whether a treatment is effective, researchers must then evaluate whether a particular treatment affects changes in drinking behavior after treatment. Importantly, drinking following treatment tends to be highly variable between individuals and within individuals across time. Using data from the COMBINE study (), the current study compared 3 commonly used and novel methods for analyzing changes in drinking over time: latent growth curve (LGC) analysis, growth mixture models, and latent Markov models. Specifically, using self-reported drinking data from all participants ( n = 1,383, 69% male), we were interested in examining how well the 3 estimated models were able to explain observed changes in percent heavy drinking days during the 52 weeks following treatment. The results from all 3 models indicated that the majority of individuals were either abstinent or reported few heavy drinking days during the 52-week follow-up and only a minority of individuals (10% or fewer) reported consistently frequent heavy drinking following treatment. All 3 models provided a reasonably good fit to the observed data with the latent Markov models providing the closest fit. The observed drinking trajectories evinced discontinuity, whereby individuals seem to transition between drinking and nondrinking across adjacent follow-up assessment points. The LGC and growth mixture models both assumed continuous change and could not explain this discontinuity in the observed drinking trajectories, whereas the latent Markov approach explicitly modeled transitions between drinking states. The 3 models tested in the current study provided a unique look at the observed drinking among individuals who received treatment for alcohol dependence. Latent Markov modeling may be a highly desirable methodology for gaining a better sense of transitions between positive and negative drinking outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To assess retention in methadone maintenance treatment for prescription-type opioid primary (PTOP) users compared to heroin users. Design and participants A retrospective cohort study was carried out to examine the association between opiate types used on 12-month retention. The study population consisted of adults admitted to one of 11 not-for-profit methadone maintenance clinics in 2004 and 2005 throughout Washington State ( n = 2308). Logistic regression analyses with fixed effects for treatment agencies were conducted. Measurements Opiate use type in past 30 days: any heroin use or primary prescription opioid without heroin use. Demographics, other drugs used, self-reported medical and psychiatric concerns, social, familial and legal issues, public assistance type and housing stability were documented at intake using a comprehensive biopsychosocial instrument, the Treatment and Assessment Reports Generation Tool. Findings The odds of being retained in treatment for PTOP compared to heroin users not adjusting for other factors was 1.33 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03, 1.71). In the final logistic regression model the odds of retention for PTOP compared to heroin users was 1.25 (95% CI, 0.93, 1.67), indicating that there was no statistically significant difference in treatment retention by opiate type after adjusting for demographics, treatment agencies, other drug use, public assistance type, medical, psychiatric, social, legal and familial factors. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that PTOP can be treated at methadone maintenance treatment facilities at least as effectively as heroin users in terms of treatment retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To determine from a review of the available literature the extent to which involvement in 12-Step mutual support groups could play a role in the recovery process for individuals abusing or dependent on methamphetamine. Method Review of the literature on outcomes associated with 12-Step meeting attendance and involvement in 12-Step activities among substance abusers, particularly those who abuse stimulants. Results There are few if any data available on methamphetamine abusers and their use of 12-Step approaches. Evidence derived from work with alcohol- and cocaine-dependent individuals indicates that involvement in 12-Step self-help groups, both attending meetings and engaging in 12-Step activities, is associated with reduced substance use and improved outcomes. Although involvement in 12-Step fellowship improves outcome, many individuals do not engage on their own in 12-Step activities, and there are high rates of dropout from such groups. There are a number of evidence-based therapies available to assist clinicians in facilitating 12-Step involvement; however, these have not been used with methamphetamine abusers. While there are some potential barriers to adopting manualized treatment interventions into clinical practice, the familiarity, in community-based practice, of the 12-Step approach may make this easier. Conclusion More actively integrating 12-Step approaches into the treatment process may provide low- or no-cost options for methamphetamine abusers and increase the capacity for providing treatment. Further research and evaluation are necessary to determine the extent to which methamphetamine abusers do engage in 12-Step self-help programs, whether they prefer more general (e.g. Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, Cocaine Anonymous) or drug-specific (e.g. Crystal Meth Anonymous) meetings, the rate of dropout and the outcomes associated with their involvement. Further, the efficacy of efforts to facilitate involvement of methamphetamine abusers in such 12-Step groups needs to be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To examine among alcohol-dependent out-patient clients the concurrent validity of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) total score and ‘zones’ suggested by the World Health Organization for defining levels of severity of alcohol use problems. Design Participants were classified into AUDIT zones (AUDIT total score = 8–15, 16–19, 20–40) and compared on measures of demographics, treatment goals, alcohol consumption, alcohol-related consequences, severity of dependence, physiological dependence, tolerance, withdrawal and biomarkers of alcohol use. Setting Eleven out-patient academic clinical research centers across the United States. Participants Alcohol dependent individuals ( n = 1335) entering out-patient treatment in the Combined Pharmacotherapies and Behavioral Interventions (COMBINE) study. Measurements The AUDIT was administered as part of an initial screening. Baseline measures used for concurrent validation included the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition (DSM-IV) Disorders, the Alcohol Dependence Scale, the Drinker Inventory of Consequences, the Obsessive-Compulsive Drinking Scale, the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment, the Thoughts about Abstinence Scale, the Form-90, %carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Findings Indicators of severity of dependence and alcohol-related problems increased linearly with total score and differed significantly across AUDIT zones. The highest zone, with scores of 20 and above, was markedly different with respect to severity from the other two zones and members of this group endorsed an abstinence goal more strongly. Conclusions The AUDIT total score is a brief measure that appears to provide an index of severity of dependence in a sample of alcohol-dependent individuals seeking out-patient treatment, extending its potential utility beyond its more traditional role as a screening instrument in general populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article summarizes the proceedings of a symposium that was organized and chaired by Richard Longabaugh and presented at the 2004 Research Society on Alcoholism meeting in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The aim of the presentation was to focus on evidence for the active ingredients of behavioral therapies for patients with alcohol use disorders. Dennis M. Donovan, PhD, reviewed evidence for the active ingredients of cognitive behavioral therapy. Barbara S. McCrady, PhD, presented a conceptual model for mechanisms of change in alcohol behavior couples therapy and reviewed evidence for this model. J. Scott Tonigan, PhD, presented data testing three hypothesized mechanisms of change in twelve-step facilitation treatment. Mitchell P. Karno, PhD, presented therapy process data that tested whether matching therapist behaviors to client attribute across three therapies affected drinking outcomes. Jon Morgenstern served as discussant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates client satisfaction with the three therapies for the treatment of alcohol dependence used in Project MATCH. Primary findings indicate that (1) clients receiving these therapies as aftercare were more satisfied than those receiving them as outpatients; (2) outpatients were less satisfied with Motivational Enhancement and Twelve-Step therapies than with Cognitive-Behavioral therapy; and (3) higher levels of satisfaction were associated with higher levels of therapy attendance, greater reductions in drinking during therapy, and better clinical status at the end of therapy. The results reflect the complexity of the relationship among treatment process, therapy outcome, and client satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims. To evaluate the effectiveness of a motivational intervention to reduce attrition from a waiting list for substance abusers seeking publicly funded treatment. Design. Randomized clinical trial comparing an "attrition prevention" condition to standard care while awaiting treatment admission. Setting. A centralized substance abuse assessment and referral center in Seattle, Washington. Participants. Substance abusers (n = 654) eligible for publicly funded drug abuse treatment. Measurements. Alcohol and drug use, substance-related negative consequences, areas in need of help, perceived need for help, emotional status, readiness to change, reasons for seeking and perceived barriers to entering treatment. Findings. Overall, approximately 70% of clients entered treatment, and of these approximately 70% completed their assigned treatment. Those who entered treatment showed significant reductions in substance use and improved psychosocial function at a short-term 3-month follow-up. However, the attrition prevention intervention had no differential effect on treatment entry, completion or outcome compared to the standard waiting list. Further, there were no differences across therapists on these outcome measures. Conclusions. A motivational attrition prevention intervention did not enhance treatment entry, completion or outcome among treatment-seeking substance abusers. It is suggested that alternative strategies, such as contingency management and case management, may help facilitate treatment entry for individuals seeking publicly funded treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims. To examine the effects of different follow-up rates on estimates of treatment outcome and predictive models thereof, and to specify participant characteristics associated with tracking difficulty. Design. An observational study using data collected for a randomized, experimental design. Setting. The King County Assessment Center in Seattle, Washington, an organization responsible for referral to publicly funded substance abuse treatment. Participants. Substance-addicted individuals referred to publicly funded inpatient or outpatient treatment. Measurements. Standardized self-report instruments measuring substance use, substance use consequences and general functioning. Chart review was used to measure treatment entry and completion. Findings. There was a significant association between follow-up difficulty and outcomes related to addiction treatment and later substance use. However, outcome estimates based on 60% of the sample who were easiest to locate were only minimally different from those based on the 90-100% ultimately captured, and predictive models of outcome based on the 60% group were reasonably similar to those based on the final sample. Of baseline characteristics examined, only age was associated with later tracking difficulty. Conclusions. Studies reporting follow-up rates below 70% may produce valid findings and study attrition may be largely unpredictable from participant characteristics at baseline. However, a number of factors such as type of population studied, geographical location of the sample, reasons for loss to follow-up and sample size must be considered when attempting to generalize the findings of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims. To determine pre-treatment abstinence rates among treatment seekers and identify factors associated with pre-treatment abstinence. To evaluate the association between pre-treatment abstinence and subsequent outcome. Design. An observational study using data collected for a randomized, experimental design. Setting. Conducted with participants immediately after assessment for publicly funded substance abuse treatment at the King County Assessment Center (KCAC) in Seattle. Participants. People referred for outpatient or inpatient treatment by KCAC who had illicit drug use in the previous 90 days (N = 565). Participants waited a median of 12 days (range = 0-108 days) until either treatment entry or waiting-list dropout. Measurements. A modified Drug History Questionnaire quantified drug use at baseline, treatment entry or waiting-list dropout and 3 months later. Other measurement methods: Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale, participant confidence ratings and KCAC chart review. Findings. Sample-wide, 45% of participants reported abstinence from initial assessment to when they entered or failed to enter treatment. Higher rates of abstinence were associated with shorter waiting periods, less substance use prior to initial assessment and higher scores on change readiness. Pre-treatment abstinence was not associated with either treatment entry or completion. There was a non-significant trend towards less improvement in substance use with pre-treatment abstinence, with the greatest effect observed for short waits. Conclusions. Participants can become abstinent prior to treatment, but this is not a good predictor of treatment entry, completion or outcome. A decisional balance strategy may be a more productive use of client and treatment program energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on application of discriminate analysis to level of performance of alcoholics and nonalcoholics on Wechsler-Bellevue and Halstead-Reitan subtests. A number of authors have compared the performance of alcoholic and nonalcoholic Ss on measures of general intelligence and cognitive impairment. The measures frequently used in such studies have included the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and tests derived from the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery.

This article focuses on perceived locus of control, experienced control, and depression. This model predicts a positive relationship between depression and measures of perceived control. A number of laboratory analogue studies support this position. Individuals with an external locus of control are characterized by a generalized perception of their inability to control significant life events and contingent reinforcement. Internals, on the other hand, perceive themselves as able to exert control over such events. The learned helplessness model of depression predicts a significant relationship between an external locus of control and depression.

The article focuses on a study that examines the relationship between psychopathology, experienced control and perceived locus of control with respect to psychosocial functioning and drinking behavior among alcoholic subgroups. The results suggested a linear relationship between perceived locus of control and psychosocial adjustment and external individuals tended to exhibit a greater degree of psychopathology. It also was suggested that individuals with an internal locus of control tend to have better impulse control and to utilize more constructive, adaptive behaviors, which provide a greater degree of control over their environments than do external persons.

This article focuses on inpatient alcoholics. The concept of locus of control within an alcoholic population has received much attention in recent literature. However, it appears that no unequivocal relationship has been demonstrated between locus of control and alcoholism. An important aspect of the control orientation issue among alcoholics is the effect of treatment on both perceived and experienced control. One of the basic tenets of treatment is that the individual is to assume greater personal responsibility for his behavior and is to build a repertoire of adaptive responses to both interpersonal and intrapersonal sources of stress.

This article focuses on personality characteristics of alcoholics. A heterogeneous alcoholic population requires a multifaceted therapeutic approach, and the identification of subtypes can serve to increase the probability that individual patients' treatment needs will be met. An important aspect of subtype identification, as well as program evaluation, is to predict potential dropouts among alcoholic inpatients. Little empirical research that utilized objective personality scales has been done in this area Furthermore, the findings have been equivocal.

The article focuses on the relationship between distortions in self-perception of depression and psychological adjustment. It was hypothesized that the inability to perceive accurately the level or severity of depression, regardless of the direction of distortion, would be related to a greater degree of overall psychopathology. The present results provide further support for the previous finding that distortions in the self-perception of depression are related to the severity of the affective disorder. The present findings also support the hypothesis that accurately the severity of one's own depression degree of overall psychopathology.

The article reports on the perceptual differentiation and defense mechanisms in alcoholics. Alcoholics, as a clinical population, have been found to be markedly field-dependent when compared with nonalcoholic normal and hospitalized psychiatric control groups. Further evidence tends to substantiate the presence of cognitive and personality correlates of limited perceptual differentiation in alcoholics. It was assumed that defense mechanisms, like other personality traits, should vary within an alcoholic population in a manner consistent with predictions from differentiation theory.

This article presents information on male alcoholics. There has been a paucity of research concerning the ability of clinical populations to perceive the relative position of themselves and other patients along certain psychological dimensions. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the degree and direction of distortion between alcoholics' self-ratings of depression and the ratings made by staff members and other patients as well as ranks based upon an objective measure of depression.

Aftercare contributes to improved drinking outcome, yet maintenance has been overlooked as a point for intervention. This project evaluated the effect of cognitive-behavioural relapse prevention (RP) and interpersonal process (IP) aftercare groups for recently hospitalized alcoholics, consisting of eight weekly 90 min sessions delivered by three co-therapy teams conducting one group in each condition. Six cohorts of patients were assigned to conditions (N = 39) and assessed at pretreatment, post-treatment, and 6 month follow-up. RP and IP resulted in comparable improvement/outcome on alcohol consumption, alcohol-related impairment, cognitive coping, drinking days, time to first drink, abstinence, and aftercare attendance. In secondary analyses, improvement on temptation was attributed to RP, on behavioural coping to IP, and effects on self-efficacy appeared marginally related to greater short term improvement for RP. The lack of differential outcome is discussed with respect to inadequate power, possible ceiling effects in outcome, the brevity of the follow-up period, and the possibility that treatments may have been more similar in implementation than intended. Suggestions for improving aftercare and relapse prevention research are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to investigate a number of factors that may influence the relationship between neuropsychological impairment and treatment outcome among alcoholics. Cognitive deficit upon admission to treatment was significantly related to the individual's age but independent of the years of problem drinking and the recency of the last drink prior to assessment. Significant improvement was noted on measures of neuropsychological function over the period from treatment admission to 6-month follow-up assessment On the average, improvement in functioning occurred across time despite drinking relapses during the intervening period. The individual's age, but not years of problem drinking, was associated with recovery of function; neither of these variables interacted with subsequent drinking status to affect differentially the changes in cognitive functioning. Finally, selected measures of neuropsychological function assessed both at admission and 6-month follow-up were reliably related to follow-up employment status but unrelated to the average amount of alcohol consumed per day and to the number of heavy drinking days during the 3-month period between the 6- and 9-month foltow-ups. The results are discussed in terms of the need for determining the utility of neuropsychological measures in predicting everyday functioning among alcoholics and for selecting domains of assessment other than cognitive status to predict treatment outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on the reliability and validity of Marlatt's taxonomy of relapse precipitants in alcoholics. Findings that degree of reliability and predictive validity was lower than expected; Limitations of study and methodological factors; Recommendation.

Presents a brief overview of methodological issues involved in the process of assessment related to the classification and prediction of relapse among alcoholics. Conceptual and operational definitions; General domains representing personal characteristics and background; Contributing factors to relapse situations.

The article focuses on a study which investigates the Luria-Nebraska Intellectual Processes Scale as a predictor of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) IQs among alcoholic inpatients. Subjects were 28 males who were receiving inpatient alcoholism treatment. Patients were administered the WAIS and the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery as part of a more extensive investigation of neuropsychological assessment in alcoholics. Frequency of agreement between obtained IQs and those predicted from the present regression equations was assessed using Wechsler's seven category classification system.

The article focuses on an evaluation of a program based upon congnitive-behavioral techniques as it impacts on the depressed affect and behavior of people with epilepsy. Findings from a controlled, randomized study indicate that recently developed cognitive-behavioral interventions result in significant decreases in depression and increases in related areas of psychosocial functioning that are maintained over time. These preliminary findings suggest the potential usefulness of such psychoeducational skills training programs in the treatment of psychosocial dysfunction among individuals with epilepsy.

This article discusses the perceived locus of control as a function of level of depression. This contention has direct relevance in comparative studies of control orientation between alcoholics and nonalcoholics because the former group is characterized by a high incidence of clinical depression. The purpose of the present investigation was to confirm previous findings that have related depression to the I-E scale and to cross-validate evidence of the effects of a mood-response bias on a sample of alcoholics and nonalcoholic.

The article focuses on the relationship among locus of control, self-concept and anxiety. A number of recent studies have found Locus of Control scale to be correlated significantly with the IPAT Anxiety scale (IPAT) and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety scale (MAS). These results have been interpreted as an indication that external samples, those who perceive life events as beyond personal control, are significantly more anxious than internal samples. It was hypothesized that the observed differences between internal and external samples on the MAS and IPAT occurred because all three tests are moderated by neuroticism and/or negativism toward self. Support for this contention has been provided indirectly by the finding of high positive correlations between neuroticism and the MAS, IPAT and IE scales.

The article discusses the shifts in perceptual differentiation and defense mechanisms in alcoholics. The construct of psychological differentiation allows the prediction of a number of cognitive, behavioral, and personality dimensions from an individual's characteristic, self-consistent style of engaging a perceptual field. Field-dependent persons are those who are unable to make accurate perceptual judgments divorced from contextual cues of the field. The present study investigated the stability of perceptual differentiation and one of its correlates, defense mechanisms, in an alcoholic sample. Defense mechanisms, found to be significantly related to the level of differentiation among alcoholics, have been shown to be relatively stable across time.

The article reports on the shifts in component factors of locus of control as a function of treatment in male alcoholics. The concept of locus of control is related directly to the degree of accountability or responsibility that one perceives oneself to hive for events in one's life. Persons with an internal locus of control perceive life events and their consequences to be directly contingent upon their own behavior. In contrast, persons with an external orientation tend to see events in their lives as beyond personal control and unrelated to their actions.

The primary purpose of the article was to replicate the researcher A. Goss and T.E. Morosko and researcher J. Gozali and J. Sloan studies in an attempt to clarify the ambiguity of their results. A second purpose was to investigate the relationship between MMPI scales and two sets of factor analytically derived subscales of the Locus of Control scale. Psychologist J.B. Rotter's Locus of Control scale and the MMPI were administered to 100 male alcoholic veterans. Significant positive correlations were found betwenn total IE score and the F, D, Pt and Si scales; IE was found to correlate negatively with the L and K scales.

The discusses the existence of more mice or a better mouse trap that reflects on primary outcome of drug abuse treatment in clinical trials. He is critical of the measures undertaken by A. Uchtenhagen to evaluate substance abuse treatment involving the psychosocial function, quality of life, and patient satisfaction. Also investigated the possibility that the use secondary outcome measures the broader complexities of clinical outcomes as well as clinical trials.

The article reports on the relationship between locus of control and defensive style among alcoholics. Recent investigators have demonstrated a positive relationship between perceived locus of control and defensive style as measured by the Repression-Sensitization Scale. The results indicate that external Ss, those who perceive themselves as having little control over life events, respond to threatening stimuli with sensitizing, approach-oriented defenses such as intellectualization. The present study investigated the relationship between locus of control and defensive style as assessed by the defense mechanism inventory.

The article discusses relationship between locus of control, self-report and non-obstrusive measures of anxiety. The subjects were 52 male alcoholic veteran inpatients who had volunteered to participate in a larger research projects None of the subjects was assessed to have organic brain syndrome or other major psychiatric diagnosis. The significant positive correlation between the Rotter's Locus of Control scale and Activity Preference Questionnaire supports psychologist W.J. Ray and M. Katahn's contention that locus of control and anxiety are conceptually separate, yet correlated, variables.